Integration of an Active Brake Pedal Simulator in the CarMaker Environment for Design and Evaluation of Haptic Driver Assistance Systems
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1 Integration of an Active Brake Pedal Simulator in the CarMaker Environment for Design and Evaluation of Haptic Driver Assistance Systems IPG apply & innovate 2014, September 23/24 Simon Rothfuss, Michael Flad, Sören Hohmann Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) / Institute of Control Systems (IRS) KIT University of the state of Baden-Württemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
2 Research Fields of the IRS Automation Solutions Cooperative Assistance Systems Alternative Energy Storage Solutions Haptic Cooperative Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS) Sources: cdn.redmondpie.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ios-battery-logo.png bosch-kraftfahrzeugtechnik.de/media/ubk_europe/db_application/stage_funktion/bilder/esp_function_w982.jpg 2 09/24/2014
3 Haptic Cooperative ADAS Direct Perception Direct Integration Instant Communication Intuitive Cooperative System Source: /24/2014
4 Cooperative ADAS Development Cooperative ADAS development requires test environment Virtual Car Simulation HW-in-the-loop Human 4 09/24/2014
5 Overview Driving Simulator Brake Simulator HiL Integration Overview Mechanics Overview Components Electronics Concepts Control Validation 5 09/24/2014
6 Advanced Driving Simulator Steering Wheel Realtime System Sound Throttle Screen Brake Sources: pk-soundandmusic.com/imagebase/ gif sensodrive.de/ we_thumbs /1035_5_s-pr-wheelHT-1.jpg autosieger.de/images/articles/continental_gaspedal_3.jpg bosch-automotivetechnology.com/media/en/ubk_europe/db_application/......downloads/pdf/antrieb/de_5/gs_datenbl_apm_de.pdf dspace.com/files/jpg2/px4_px10_px20-de-002_desktopversion_schraeg......_refl_dp_300dpi_200x250mm_cmyk_ jpg 6 09/24/2014
7 Overview Driving Simulator Brake Simulator HiL Integration Overview Mechanics Overview Components Electronics Concepts Control Validation 7 09/24/2014
8 Requirements Conventional Hybrid Human car perception characteristic pedal force characteristic Recuperation only Recuperation & Conventional Brake Nonlinear force characteristic Nonlinear dynamic Accuracy according perception Short response time 8 09/24/2014
9 New Concept Requirements Accuracy according perception Nonlinear force characteristic Short response time Nonlinear dynamic Basic concepts for pedal force simulator Passive Active New Concept: Brake Feedback Force Generation by Electric Drive 9 09/24/2014
10 Brake Pedal Simulator - Mechanics Gearbox Connector Synchronous Motor Torque Sensor Pedal 10 09/24/2014
11 Brake Pedal Simulator - Mechanics Spring Limit Stops Incremental Encoder 11 09/24/2014
12 Electrical System Torque Sensor A/ D DSP CAN Interface Incremental Encoder QEI PWM CAN Bus Pedal Control Unit Gate SM Converter µc Unit QEI Drive Control Unit 12 09/24/2014
13 Software Architecture Sensor Input Filtering System State Estimation Reference Calculation Control Algorithm Emergency Stop Failure Detection System Supervision Output Enable & Limit Pedal Control Unit (DSP) Gate Signals Field-Oriented Control PWM Signal Drive Control Unit (μc) 13 09/24/2014
14 System Model Mechanics φ i Shaft Angle left/right side J M/G Inertia of Motor/Gearbox J 1 Inertia of connecting elements left J 2 Inertia right k DK Spring Constant of Torque Sensor & Connector Damping Rate d DK M M M F M P M G M Ri i Motor Torque Spring Torque Pedal Torque Pedal Mass Torque Friction Torque Gear Ratio 14 09/24/2014
15 System Equations Coupled nonlinear differential equations J ( t) k ( t) ( t) d ( t) ( t) i M ( t) M ( () t ) 1 1 DK 1 2 DK 1 2 M R1 1 J ( t) k ( t) ( t) d ( t) ( t) M ( t) M ( ( t) ) DK 1 2 DK 1 2 p R2 2 M G ( ( t) ) M ( ( t) ) 2 F 2 with J J i J J 2 1 1' ( M G) Constraints 0 ( t) : Angle of Limit Stops Nm i M ( t) 120 Nm M 15 09/24/2014
16 Software Architecture Sensor Input Filtering System State Estimation Reference Calculation Control Algorithm Emergency Stop Failure Detection System Supervision Output Enable & Limit Pedal Control Unit Gate Signals Field-Oriented Control PWM Signal Drive Control Unit 16 09/24/2014
17 PI-State Feedback Control V M S - ʃ K p K i - u z System M P x K x M P M S x u z Pedal torque Reference torque System states Command input torque to motor Disturbances 17 09/24/2014
18 System State Estimation Measurement equation ( t) () t 1 2 1() t 2( t) () t MMes( t) kdk 0 kdk 0 2() t Problem: Not all system states x and pedal torque M P can be measured Use of Extended Kalmanfilter for estimation Estimated quantities System states ˆ 1( t) ˆ 1( t) ˆ 2( t) ˆ 2( t) T Pedal torque ˆM P 18 09/24/2014
19 PI-State Feedback Control V K p z M S - ʃ K i - u System y K x ˆx ˆM P Kalmanfilter z k ˆM P M S ˆx z k Pedal torque, estimated Command input torque System states, estimated Disturbances, known, used in Kalmanfilter 19 09/24/2014
20 Measurement Results Deviations Root-Mean-Square-Error below human perception < 12N 20 09/24/2014
21 Summary Brake Pedal Simulator System Model Control Algorithm ( t) k 1 1( ) DK ddk d kdk d DK t d 1( t) J1 J1 J1 J 1 1( t)... dt 2( t) ( t) 2( t) k DK S F ( 2) 2 2( t) DK ddk k g k ddk d J2 J2 J2 J i 0 0 sign( 1) M R10 J1 J1 MM () t ( 2) sign MR 0 MP( t) Mg 0( 2) MF 0( 2) J2 J2 M S - ʃ V K p K i - x' Kalmanfilter M P ' K x z u System z k y System control and state estimation designed Simulator emulates arbitrary nonlinear force characteristics Required accuracy of pedal force achieved 21 09/24/2014
22 Overview Driving Simulator Brake Simulator HiL Integration Overview Mechanics Overview Components Electronics Concepts Control Validation 22 09/24/2014
23 Brake Pedal Simulator Integration CAN Brake Pedal Simulator CarMaker Source: duden.de/_media_/small/p/pc jpg dspace.com/files/jpg2/px4_px10_px20-de-002_desktopversion_schraeg......_refl_dp_300dpi_200x250mm_cmyk_ jpg 23 09/24/2014
24 Integration Concepts Concept 1 Brake pedal simulation in CarMaker Feedback force command to brake simulator Pedal position used in CarMaker Complex brake pedal simulation possible Concept 2 Brake pedal characteristic implemented on brake pedal simulator CarMaker selects characteristic Pedal position returned to CarMaker Higher torque / time resolution Brake Pedal Simulator CarMaker CAN 24 09/24/2014
25 Conclusion Advanced Driving Simulator presented Haptic interfaces available Test bench for cooperative ADAS 25 09/24/2014
26 Result 26 09/24/2014
27 Thank you for your attention 27 09/24/2014
28 Appendix 28 09/24/2014
29 Pedal Feedback Force Characteristic Real brake pedal force introduced by braking system Modelling with pedal force characteristic F ( ( )) Static s t F ( s( t), s( t)) F ( s( t)) Pedal Static F ( s( t), s( t)) Hysteresis F ( s( t), s( t)) Damping st ( ): Pedal Travel 29 09/24/2014
30 Pedal Feedback Force Characteristic F ( s( t)) F ( s( t), s( t)) d( s( t)) Static Hysteresis 30 09/24/2014
31 Pedal Feedback Force Characteristic Idealized pedal force characteristic for 2 different pedal velocities 31 09/24/2014
32 Software Architecture Emergency Stop Failure Detection System Supervision Drive Control Unit Sensor Input Filtering Output Enable & Limit PWM Signal CAN Signal Internal Signal System State Estimation Reference Calculation Pedal Control Unit Control Algorithm Field- Oriented Control Gate Signals 32 09/24/2014
33 System Equations Coupled differential equations J ( t) k ( t) ( t) d ( t) ( t) i M ( t) M ( () t ) 1 1 DK 1 2 DK 1 2 M R1 1 J ( t) k ( t) ( t) d ( t) ( t) M ( t) M ( () t ) DK 1 2 DK 1 2 p R2 2 M G ( ( t)) M ( ( t)) 2 F 2 Friction model M ( ) sign( ) M d Ri i i Ri 0 Ri i 33 09/24/2014
34 System Equations Coupled differnetial equations Non-Linearities l MG( 2) mp g sin 2( t) 2 Linearization through 0 and l sin MG( 2) mp g sin 2( t) 2 g g () t O t t J ( t) k ( t) ( t) d ( t) ( t) im ( t) M ( ) 1 1 DK 1 2 DK 1 2 M R1 1 J ( t) k ( t) ( t) d ( ) ( ) M ( t) M ( ) M ( ) M ( ) 2 2 DK 1 2 DK 1 2 p R2 2 G 2 F 2 S /24/2014
35 System Equations Coupled differnetial equations J ( t) k ( t) ( t) d ( t) ( t) im ( t) M ( ) 1 1 DK 1 2 DK 1 2 M R1 1 J ( t) k ( t) ( t) d ( t) ( t) M ( t) M ( ) M ( ) M ( ) 2 2 DK 1 2 DK 1 2 p R2 2 G 2 F 2 Non-Linearities M k a sin t cos t ( ) ( ) ( ) F Linearization through and cos sin MF ( 2) k a 2( t) M ( ) k ( ) ( t) F0 2 F /24/2014
36 Control Concepts Overview State Feedback SISO - Control H - Control Control Compensator Constant State Feedback Deadbeat Controller PI State Feedback 36 09/24/2014
37 Control Implementation with additional Spring V K p z M S -M F - ʃ K i - u System y ˆx K x ˆM P -M F Kalmanfilter z k 37 09/24/2014
38 Identification 38 09/24/2014
39 State Space Model for Kalmanfilter System equation ˆ 1( t) k ˆ1( ) DK ddk d1 kdk d t DK 0 ˆ 1( t) J ˆ 1 J1 J1 J1 1( t) ˆ 2( t) ˆ 2( t)... ˆ ( 2( t) kdk ddk kdk gs kf 2) ddk d2 1 ˆ 2( t) Mˆ ( ) J2 J2 J2 J2 J 2 ˆ P t MP( t) /24/ J1 i MM( t) sign( 1) MR Mg 0 MF 0( 2) sign( 2) M R J2 0 0
40 State Space Model for Kalmanfilter Measurement equation ˆ 1() t ˆ 2( t) () t ( t) ˆ () t 2 2 MMes( t) k DK 0 kdk 0 0 ˆ 2() t ˆ MP () t 40 09/24/2014
41 Kalmanfilter - Simulation Time [s] 41 09/24/2014
42 Kalmanfilter - Simulation Time [s] 42 09/24/2014
43 Kalmanfilter - Measurement 43 09/24/2014
44 Measurement Setup Pedal force sensor attached to pedal Actuation via human foot Hence, no possibility to apply velocity profiles Record command input torque Used pedal characteristics: Quelle: m/medias/sys_mast er/ celum_assets/ _ _web_6407_png.jpg? /24/2014
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