Advancing the predictive capability for pedestal structure through experiment and modeling

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1 Advancing the predictive capability for pedestal structure through experiment and modeling Highlights from the US Fusion Energy Science FY11 Joint Research Target J.W. Hughes 1, C.S. Chang 2, R.J. Groebner 3, R. Maingi 4, P.B. Snyder 3, X. Xu 5 and FY11 JRT Contributors* 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 3 General Atomics 4 Oak Ridge National Laboratory 5 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory TI th APS-DPP Providence, RI November 1, 2012 *full list found below Topics of the talk 1. Motivation: why is the pedestal important? 2. Experimental trends and comparisons with model for pedestal pressure 3. ITER prediction 4. Pedestal regulation mechanisms between ELMs and without ELMs 5. Outstanding questions for pedestal prediction Supported by US. Department of Energy

2 Performance of burning plasmas will be strongly determined by the edge pedestal Hughes, Nucl. Fusion 51 (2011) Experimental impact of pedestal on core performance observed universally on existing machines (C-Mod example shown) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

3 Performance of burning plasmas will be strongly determined by the edge pedestal As predictive capability for core transport improves, the boundary condition becomes increasingly critical to modeling fusion plasmas Modeling baseline operation in ITER: (% b ped ) J. Kinsey, IAEA 2010 Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

4 Performance of burning plasmas will be strongly determined by the edge pedestal As predictive capability for core transport improves, the boundary condition becomes increasingly critical to modeling fusion plasmas Need predictive capability to determine this! (% b ped ) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

5 A Joint Research Target was initiated in the US to address the problem of pedestal prediction? US devices Ellipses represent approx. range of data used in ELMy H-mode modeling Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

6 A Joint Research Target was initiated in the US to address the problem of pedestal prediction Many contributors, many institutions: GA: E.A. Belli, B.D. Bray, J. Candy, T.M. Deterly, N.M. Ferraro, R.J. Groebner, J.E. Kinsey, A.W. Leonard, C. Liu, T.H Osborne, D.M. Ponce, S.P. Smith, P.B. Snyder, G.M. Staebler, R.E. Waltz Georgia Tech: W.M. Stacey LLNL: M.E. Fenstermacher, I. Joseph, C.J. Lasnier, M.V. Umansky, E. Wang, X.Q. Xu MIT: R.M. Churchill, I. Cziegler, E. Davis, A.E. Hubbard, J.W. Hughes, B. LaBombard, B. Lipschultz, Y. Ma, J.C. Rost, L. Sugiyama, J.L. Terry, J. Walk, A.E. White, D.G. Whyte, S. Wolfe ORNL: J. Canik, J.D. Lore, R. Maingi, A.C. Sontag PPPL: D.P. Boyle, C.S. Chang, A. Diallo, S. Zweben SNL: J.G. Watkins Tech-X: A.Y. Pankin U. Calif. Irvine: D. Fulton, Z. Lin UCLA: E.J. Doyle, T.L. Rhodes, L. Schmitz, L. Zeng UCSD: J.A. Boedo, P.H. Diamond, D. Eldon U. Colo. Boulder: S.E. Parker, W. Wan U. Toronto: J.D. Elder U. Wisconsin: J.D. Callen, G.R. McKee, Z. Yan JRT goals Identification of important physics mechanisms relevant in the pedestal Examine these through coordination of experiment, modeling and theory Improve predictive capability JRT results Improved confidence that we can predict limits of pedestal pressure Evaluated various candidate mechanisms/models for transport in pedestal Identified open questions for future research Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

7 What are some key features of the edge pedestal? Barrier to cross-field transport forms in close proximity to last closed flux surface Edge gradients drive significant bootstrap current Local p, j provide drive for MHD instabilities which can limit pressure pedestal H-mode: barrier is in both particle and thermal transport, so that p has both n and T component Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

8 Edge localized modes (ELMs) can be driven by peeling-ballooning instability PB modes: finite-n pressure gradient and edge current driven instabilities Peeling boundary: unstable modes at low n Linear stability typically calculated from experiments using measured pressure modeled edge current Ballooning boundary: unstable modes at moderate n Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

9 Current Density (10 5 A/m 2 ) Current Density (10 5 A/m 2 ) Conventional models for (unmeasured) bootstrap current have been tested using kinetic codes NEO: ~10% 20% differences in the bootstrap current from simplified models Direct comparisons with Sauter s [PoP 99] model: XGC0: Agreement in banana/plateau regimes; departure in collisional regime [Koh, PoP 12] MIT Global Pedestal DK Code: Agreement in banana; disagreement in plateau [Landreman + Ernst, PPCF 12] DIII-D: n *e ~ 0.15 R/a ~ 3 XGC0 Sauter Normalized Psi Normalized Psi Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI Koh, Phys. Plasmas 19, (2012) 1 NSTX: n *e ~ 7.7 R/a ~ 1.3 XGC0 Sauter

10 Linear peeling-ballooning stability can explain onset of Type I ELMs in C-Mod, DIII-D and NSTX NSTX: (1) XGC0-derived j b used in edge current (2) Stability calculation extended to lower n C-Mod/DIII-D: Identity experiment with matched dimensionless parameters Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

11 Bottom line: peeling-ballooning provides ultimate pedestal pressure limit Typical H-modes with PB constraint applied: pedestal height increases with width β ped Δ x, where x 3 4 Need a constraint for the width in pedestal model, preferably consistent with this (Obviously the experiment has such a constraint) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

12 Kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) impose an additional limit to pedestal pressure gradient KBMs: smaller scale and more localized than PBMs Controlled by pedestal pressure gradient and magnetic shear (current density) Guidance from modeling gives a constraint of Δ β pol,ped x, where x 1 2 Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

13 EPED model combines PBM and KBM constraints to predict maximum achievable height and width Combined models for bootstrap current, PB stability, KBM stability Inputs: B T, I P, R, a, κ, δ, m i, n ped, β global Outputs: Pedestal height and width (no free or fit parameters) Hypothesis: EPED prediction should match pressure height/width observed just prior to ELM onset Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

14 KBM: Experiments reveal clear pedestal width trends with poloidal beta Data are taken prior to ELM crashes Pedestal Width (y n ) NSTX: a=1.06 DIII-D: a=0.50 C-Mod, DIII-D widths show approximately square root dependence on poloidal pedestal beta C-Mod: a=0.49 Dashed lines are fits to data of Δ ψ = c β pol,ped a NSTX: dependence is closer to linear Diallo, Nucl. Fusion 51 (2011) Walk, Nucl. Fusion 52 (2012) Snyder, Phys. Plasmas 19 (2012) Pedestal Poloidal b Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

15 KBM: Modeling can closely reproduce width trends observed in experiment NSTX: a=0.8 Infinite-n ballooning limit used as a surrogate for KBM stability to yield critical gradients in pedestal Pedestal Width (y n ) Diallo, Nucl. Fusion 51 (2011) Walk, Nucl. Fusion 52 (2012) Dashed lines are model a predictions of Δ ψ = c β pol,ped Snyder, Phys. Plasmas 19 (2012) Pedestal Poloidal b C-Mod, DIII-D: a=0.5 Predictions: Snyder 2012 IAEA Predicted widths closely reproduce trends in C-Mod, DIII-D Captures stronger scaling on NSTX, but still underestimates Complex dependences on collisionality, shaping, etc. are seen in the model predictions at low aspect ratio Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

16 KBM: Ballooning-like scalings appear to clamp pressure gradients across devices NSTX C-Mod (Pre-ELM) (Pre-ELM) (Post-ELM) (Post-ELM) Diallo, Nucl. Fusion 51 (2011) After ELM-induced degradation of pedestal, a rebuild with clamped gradient is often observed Pedestal width may expand for large portion of ELM-cycle Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

17 KBM signatures are seen in simulations using experimental inputs DIII-D Ratio of simulation to experimental pressure GYRO simulations find KBM threshold similar to that for -n ideal ballooning modes E. Wang, Nucl. Fusion 52 (2012) Global EM simulations with GEM predict KBM in two discharges near Type I ELM threshold W. Wan, accepted, Phys. Rev. Lett. Results help validate the KBM physics module in EPED Caveat: GK expansions begin to break down in region of study Are KBM signatures observed in experiment? Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

18 n/n ~ (%) We observe edge fluctuations that appear correlated to the arrest of pedestal growth BES pedestal density fluctuations Coherent mode DIII-D Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI ( khz) normalized psi Coherent mode localized to pedestal by beam emission spectroscopy 17 17

19 n/n ~ (%) We observe edge fluctuations that appear correlated to the arrest of pedestal growth BES pedestal density fluctuations Pressure gradient increases rapidly after L-H transition to near the predicted KBM threshold Coherent mode DIII-D Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI ( khz) normalized psi Coherent mode localized to pedestal by beam emission spectroscopy 18 18

20 n/n ~ (%) We observe edge fluctuations that appear correlated to the arrest of pedestal growth BES pedestal density fluctuations Coherent mode Pressure gradient increases rapidly after L-H transition to near the predicted KBM threshold Rate of increase of pressure gradient slows markedly when fluctuations turn on DIII-D Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI ( khz) normalized psi Coherent mode localized to pedestal by beam emission spectroscopy 19 19

21 Short-wavelength electromagnetic mode has been identified between ELMs in C-Mod Ion-scale mode with n, B components f~300khz, kpol~0.5cm -1 Localized to pedestal region Fluctuation turn-on seems to coincide with T ped (or p ped ) saturation C-Mod Candidate for inter-elm pedestal regulator. KBM? Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

22 Short-wavelength electromagnetic mode has been identified between ELMs in C-Mod Ion-scale mode with n, B components f~300khz, kpol~0.5cm -1 Localized to pedestal region Fluctuation turn-on seems to coincide with T ped (or p ped ) saturation C-Mod Candidate for inter-elm pedestal regulator. KBM? Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

23 KBM model can predict pressure pedestal height/width evolution between ELMs DIII-D P.B. Snyder, Phys Plasmas 19, (2012) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

24 KBM model can predict pressure pedestal height/width evolution between ELMs DIII-D P.B. Snyder, Phys Plasmas 19, (2012) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

25 EPED model agrees well with current experiments, allowing more confident projection to ITER Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

26 EPED model agrees well with current experiments, allowing more confident projection to ITER JET and AUG pedestals are also accurately predicted [Snyder, EPS12] Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

27 EPED model agrees well with current experiments, allowing more confident projection to ITER C-Mod data increase maximum pressure for benchmarking by >2X JET and AUG pedestals are also accurately predicted [Snyder, EPS12] Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

28 EPED model agrees well with current experiments, allowing more confident projection to ITER C-Mod data increase maximum pressure for benchmarking by >2X Work ongoing to extend EPED to R/a<3 (NSTX) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

29 EPED is used to predict maximum achievable pedestal in ITER baseline* EPED full model predicts (taking n ped ~7x10 19 m -3 ): Width ~4.4 cm P ped ~ 100 kpa T ped ~ 4.5 kev EPED predictions represent lower bounds on values at ψ n 0.95 *actual performance may vary Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

30 Models that independently characterize pedestals in density and temperature require more development JRT work included experiment between C-Mod and DIII-D to match dimensionless parameters (e.g. b, n*, r*) wind tunnel test for pedestal physics Data normalized according to machine size ~a 5/2 Calculated pedestal stability, edge relaxation found quite similar Differences in density pedestal observed ~a 1/2 May indicate a role for recycling, neutral fueling in determining details of pedestal structure ITER pedestal is extremely opaque to neutrals, even more so than C-Mod ~a 2 Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

31 Substantial pedestal changes on NSTX with Li are being understood through modeling Li coatings drop D recycling, giving relaxed density profiles Reduction in transport calculated inside of the recycling zone GK calculations suggest a combination of mechanisms at play KBM / ETG in sharpgradient region Increased gradient in interior zone stabilizes microtearing modes, suppressing c e. J. Canik PoP 2011 Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

32 Substantial pedestal changes on NSTX with Li are being understood through modeling Li coatings drop D recycling, giving relaxed density profiles Reduction in transport calculated in the recycling zone GK calculations suggest a combination of mechanisms at play KBM / ETG in sharpgraident region Increased gradient in interior zone stabilizes microtearing modes, suppressing c e. P.B. stability is improved by shifting peak in bootstrap current: ELMy ELM-free Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

33 Snyder, NF 49 (2009) Burrell, NF v49 (2009) ITER and reactors need stationary high confinement operation without ELMs; fortunately, we can do that QH-mode (DIII-D) EDA H-mode (C-Mod) H-mode with RMPs (DIII-D) I-mode (C-Mod) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

34 There is documented pedestal regulating activity in intrinsically ELM-suppressed regimes EDA H-mode I-mode ν 1 ν < 1 Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

35 There is documented pedestal regulating activity in intrinsically ELM-suppressed regimes EDA H-mode I-mode M. Greenwald et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 51 (2007) 266. A. Dominguez, MIT PhD Thesis, also submitted to Nucl. Fusion Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

36 Can EPED-like model predict pedestal in stationary ELM-suppressed regimes? Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

37 Can EPED-like model predict pedestal in stationary ELM-suppressed regimes? Works for QH-mode Saturated peeling modes can explain QHmode operation EPED still gives valid prediction PB threshold no longer explosive P.B. Snyder, Phys Plasmas 19, (2012) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

38 Can EPED-like model predict pedestal in stationary ELM-suppressed regimes? STOP Saturated peeling modes can explain QHmode operation EPED still gives valid prediction PB threshold no longer explosive Wall effect has been used to explain RMP ELM suppression Region of enhanced transport prevents radial expansion of pedestal P.B. Snyder, Phys Plasmas 19, (2012) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

39 Can EPED-like model predict pedestal in stationary ELM-suppressed regimes? STOP Saturated peeling modes can explain QHmode operation EPED still gives valid prediction PB threshold no longer explosive Wall effect has been used to explain RMP ELM suppression Region of enhanced transport prevents radial expansion of pedestal Do benevolent fluctuations provide such a wall? P.B. Snyder, Phys Plasmas 19, (2012) Do we require a supplement or replacement of the KBM criterion? Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

40 Can EPED-like model predict pedestal in stationary ELM-suppressed regimes????? Saturated peeling modes can explain QHmode operation EPED still gives valid prediction PB threshold no longer explosive Wall effect has been used to explain RMP ELM suppression Region of enhanced transport prevents radial expansion of pedestal Do benevolent fluctuations provide such a wall? P.B. Snyder, Phys Plasmas 19, (2012) Do we require a supplement or replacement of the KBM criterion? Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

41 In conclusion, the JRT in pedestal physics has proved a highly successful collaborative effort Results from JRT activity support a framework for how the pressure pedestal works EPED model provides robust prediction of maximum achievable edge pressure Increased confidence that we can predict the maximum obtainable pedestal in ITER Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

42 In conclusion, the JRT in pedestal physics has proved a highly successful collaborative effort Results from JRT activity support a framework for how the pressure pedestal works EPED model provides robust prediction of maximum achievable edge pressure Increased confidence that we can predict the maximum obtainable pedestal in ITER BUT, details of pedestal in ITER also likely sensitive to relative degrees of particle, thermal (momentum?) transport C-Mod Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

43 In conclusion, the JRT in pedestal physics has proved a highly successful collaborative effort Results from JRT activity support a framework for how the pressure pedestal works EPED model provides robust prediction of maximum achievable edge pressure Increased confidence that we can predict the maximum obtainable pedestal in ITER BUT, details of pedestal in ITER also likely sensitive to relative degrees of particle, thermal (momentum?) transport Models for individual profiles were tested as part of FY11 JRT JRT conclusion: several processes likely to be operative in pedestal profile formation Future goals include gyrokinetic simulation of pedestal growth and saturation, incorporating neutral physics, real SOL Density profile Neoclassical transport Paleoclassical transport Pinch Neutral fueling Electron temperature profile Electron temperature gradient turbulence Paleoclassical transport Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

44 In conclusion, the JRT in pedestal physics has proved a highly successful collaborative effort Results from JRT activity support a framework for how the pressure pedestal works EPED model provides robust prediction of maximum achievable edge pressure Increased confidence that we can predict the maximum obtainable pedestal in ITER BUT, details of pedestal in ITER also likely sensitive to relative degrees of particle, thermal (momentum?) transport Models for individual profiles were tested as part of FY11 JRT JRT conclusion: several processes likely to be operative in pedestal profile formation Future goals include gyrokinetic simulation of pedestal growth and saturation, incorporating neutral physics, real SOL Open question: How will the need to avoid ELMs affect attainable performance? FY13 JRT in ELM-suppressed regimes should advance these investigations further Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

45 In conclusion, the JRT in pedestal physics has proved a highly successful collaborative effort Results from JRT activity support a framework for how the pressure pedestal works EPED model provides robust prediction of maximum achievable edge pressure Increased confidence that we can predict the maximum obtainable pedestal in ITER BUT, details of pedestal in ITER also likely sensitive to relative degrees of particle, thermal (momentum?) transport Models for individual profiles were tested as part of FY11 JRT JRT conclusion: several processes likely to be operative in pedestal profile formation Future goals include gyrokinetic simulation of pedestal growth and saturation, incorporating neutral physics, real SOL Open question: How will the need to avoid ELMs affect attainable performance? FY13 JRT in ELM-suppressed regimes should advance these investigations further Answers to remaining questions are possible. Let s keep up the joint experimental and theory efforts. (And keep them funded.) Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

46 END OF TALK Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

47 EPED Model Has Been Tested on an International Tokamak Database Comparison of model to 270 cases on 5 tokamaks Snyder, 2012 EPS Hughes / APS-DPP, Providence / 1 Nov 2012 / TI

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