Intense Slow Positron Source
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1 Intense Slow Positron Source Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 532 (2004) ~ 14 m 10 MeV Linac 10 MeV rhodotron beam dump target - collector target - collector moderator - buffer gas - trap e+ 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 1
2 Intense Slow Positron Source Introduction Geometry, heat inside target, e + production rate Collection e - spread, e - dump e - beam, e + e - separation, rotating coils 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 2
3 e + Production and Collection Beam energy/intensity : 10 MeV 2~10 ma Target geometry : thin foil at grazing incidence ( 3 degrees) Probability of first interaction (e + & Xrays) Thermal effects : Xrays + e - leak Large angle collection and selection < 1 MeV 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 3
4 Thin Target at Grazing Angle Study energy deposit as a function of incidence angle Y e beam section 1 mm x 20 mm LINAC 10 MeV e 3 degree Thickness = D equivalent thickness: D = D / sin 3 0 e+ 3 0 D Z e+ e+ e+ X D Tungsten target 20 mm x 20 mm x 50 µm 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 4
5 Track Length inside Target 10 4 e - track length inside targets of 1mm equivalent thickness <L> rms ( cm) ( cm) track length (cm) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 5
6 Kinetic energy at target exit positrons electrons Energy (GeV) 2004 Energy (GeV) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 6
7 Target e - soldering test on Tungsten 50 μm 40 kv / 20 ma on 20 mm 2 not perforated at 15 ma Melting limit: 4 kw / cm 2 Working hypothesis: 2 kw / cm 2 Study hypothesis: 1 kw / cm 2 Test with high intensity beam from IBA foreseen T rise, evaporation 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 7
8 Electron welding tests Illuminated area = 0.2 cm KV μm MAX (ma) I Power (W) I MAX (ma) Power (W) I MAX Power Thickness (mm) Voltage (KV) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 8
9 Input e - energy comparisons Rule of the game: Target sustains 1 KW continuous deposited power per cm 2 Goal: optimize rate of e + with E e+ < 1 MeV Input variables: E = e - energy, I = e - current, θ = e - incidence angle on target, D = target equivalent thickness Generate e - Power deposited in target & e + Production rate = f (E, I, D, θ) Limit current I Optimal production rate Here try 2 values for E (10 and 100 MeV) and θ (3 and 90 degrees) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 9
10 Energy Deposit in 1cm 2 Target Simulation with GEANT Power (W) E(e - ) = 10 MeV E=10MeV puissance deposee pour 1mA de e Deposited power for 1 ma E(e - ) = 100 MeV E=100MeV puissance deposee pour 1mA de e Deposited power for 1 ma kw/ma kw/ma D (μm) D (μm) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky kw/ma 3 0
11 Maximum input current Simulation with GEANT Current (ma) E(e - ) = 10 MeV E=10MeV courant d e - pour 1kW puissance deposee I MAX for 1 kw deposited Current (ma) 10 1 E(e - ) = 100 MeV E=100MeV courant d e - pour 1kW puissance deposee I MAX for 1 kw deposited 0.3 ma ma ma D (μm) D (μm) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 11
12 Production Rate (forward) 10 7 electrons on 1 cm 2 target Ne E(e - ) = 10 MeV e + forward E=10MeV nombre de e + a l avant pour 10 7 e - sur la cible 3 0 Ne + X x E(e - ) = 100 MeV e + forward E=100MeV nombre de e + a l avant pour 10 7 e - sur la cible ~ / 10 7 = ~ / 10 7 = D (μm) D (μm) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 12
13 Production Rate (E e+ <1 MeV) 10 7 electrons on 1 cm 2 target Ne E(e - ) = 10 MeV Ee + <1 MeV E=10MeV nombre de e + de moins de 1 MeV a l avant pour 10 7 e - sur la cible 3 0 Ne + X 10 2 x E(e - ) = 100 MeV E=100MeV nombre de e + de moins de 1 MeV a l avant pour 10 7 e - sur la cible Ee + <1 MeV ~ 3500 / 10 7 = ~ / 10 7 = D (μm) D (μm) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 13
14 Optimal Production Rates (forward) Power deposited in 1 cm 2 target = 1 kw Ne + (s -1 ) X 10 9 x E(e - ) = 10 MeV E=10MeV taux de e + a l avant pour 1kW depose dans la cible e + forward Ne + (s -1 ) X x E(e - ) = 100 MeV E=100MeV taux de e + a l avant pour 1kW depose dans la cible e + forward D (μ m) D (μ m) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 14
15 Optimal Production Rates (E e+ <1 MeV) Power deposited in 1 cm 2 target = 1 kw Ne + (s -1 ) X 10 9 x E(e - ) = 10 MeV E=10MeV taux de e + de moins de 1 MeV a l avant pour 1kW depose dans la cible Ee + <1 MeV Ne + (s -1 ) X 10 9 x E(e - ) = 100 MeV E=100MeV taux de e + de moins de 1 MeV a l avant pour 1kW depose dans la cible Ee + <1 MeV D (μ m) D (μ m) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky μm at 3 0 /10MeV 2mm at 90 0 /100MeV
16 Production For 1 cm 2 of target Normalization to same number of e - generated D = 1mm Limit 1 kw / cm in units of s -1 Imax Ne + Ne + (<1MeV) ma ma E c (MeV) ma 2.3 ma for 4 cm Ee+ (MeV) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 16
17 Energy versus angle Production point inside target At target exit angle Kinetic energy (GeV) 2004 Kinetic energy (GeV) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 17
18 Magnetic Bulb B target e + e + e - B B dump x target e + 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 18
19 Collection Setup WALL SHIELD MAGNET H1 QUADRUPOLE TARGET DUMP MAGNET H2 HELMOLTZ GUIDING TUBE 20 cm 50 cm 40 cm 1 m count e + here 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 19
20 Setup /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 20
21 3D view 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 21
22 Setup /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 22
23 3D setup /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 23
24 Positrons y z x 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 24
25 Positrons in plane H /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 25
26 energy versus radius at x = 200 cm positrons Radius (cm) electrons Energy (GeV) 2004 Energy (GeV) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 26
27 Positrons radius at x = 200 cm Kinetic energy < 1 MeV All kinetic energies Radius (cm) 2004 Radius (cm) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 27
28 Transversal cuts: positrons 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 28
29 e+ position in (y, z) planes Before 4-poles X = 3 cm 2004 X = 200 cm 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 29
30 Collection efficiency Fraction of e + at exit plane inside circle of radius 5 or 2 cm centered on axis 1 r = 5 cm 1 r = 2 cm 0.9 E < 600 KeV with quad slit shaped beam E < 1 MeV no quad x 4 cm x 2 cm transverse radius of e + source at target level (cm) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 30
31 Version 2004 I = 2.5 ma X = 200 cm X = 320 cm e + e R yield 5 e + coll = 5 cm + rate 5 yield xe12 all 24% 5.0E E <1 MeV 33% 2.4E E < 600 KeV 25% 1.0E I = 2.5 ma R coll = 10 cm all E <1 MeV E < 600 KeV 10 31% 36% 25% X = 200 cm e + yield 6.3E-4 2.6E-4 1.0E-4 e + rate xe % 4.87E % 23% 2.37E E E E E-4 e + rate xe12 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky X = 320 cm e + e yield + rate 10 xe12 29% 35% 25%
32 Electrons (2003) x z 10 cm 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 32
33 Scattered electrons /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 33
34 Scattered electrons 2004 Energy deposited into SC10 from 0 to 200 cm 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 34
35 Scattered electrons inside 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 35
36 Scattered electrons /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 36
37 Scattered electrons /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 37
38 Scattered electrons /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 38
39 Energy deposited energy in % of total deposited beam energy de/dx magnet H1 HLM1 = de/dx magnet H2 HLM2 = de/dx magnet H4 HLM4 = de/dx dump SCR2 = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx magnet H3 HLM3 I = de/dx rod H3 ROD3 I = de/dx rod H3 ROD3 I = de/dx rod H3 ROD3 I = de/dx rod H3 ROD3 I = de/dx SCR4 = 0. de/dx SCR5 = 0. de/dx SCR6 = 0. de/dx SCR7 = de/dx SCR8 = E-05 de/dx SCR9 = E-05 de/dx SC10 = de/dx SC11 = de/dx SC12 = E-05 de/dx SC4P = de/dx ROD2 = de/dx RDUP = de/dx LIK3 = de/dx RAIL = de/dx deflector H2 = de/dx deflector H3 = de/dx deflector DFDU = de/dx deflector SC11 = de/dx deposited in moderator = total de/dx inside target-selector cylinder = /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 39
40 Electron and photon fluxes Two possible setups with same e + output Beam and coils on same axis e - Target and downstream coils on same axis e - 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 40
41 Fluxes of electrons and photons I = 2.3 ma R = 1 cm R = 2 cm R = 3 cm R = 4 cm Setup 1 5 W 140 W 450 W 1.5 kw Setup 2 10 W 45 W 80 W 110 W at exit plane Power (kw) Power (kw) plots for 1 ma Setup 1 4 Setup X (along coils axis) (cm) X (along coils axis) (cm) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 41
42 No target No dump ( setup 2) Exit tube 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 42
43 No target (2004) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 43
44 Selector field map 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 44
45 electrons positrons 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 45
46 Selector: electrons electrons 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 46
47 Selector: positrons 0.5~0.2 positrons selected 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 47
48 Separation e+ e- Target Collector e- from pairs e+ below 1 MeV Selector e- not from pairs e+ above 1 MeV e+ below 1 MeV 2 steps e+ isolation priority to e+ << 1 MeV!!! 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 48
49 A very first design of a 2D expander/uniformizer F. Meot and T. Daniel, NIM, A 379 (1996) β (m) (m) G4 inverse, expander Linux version 8.23/06 02/11/ βx βy Postprocessor/Zgoubi NoDate... Z (m) vs. Y Z (m) s (m) δe/ p0c =0. Table name = TWISS G4 inverse, expander Linux version 8.23/06 02/11/ SIGX SIGY Y (m) s (m) δe/ p0c =0. Table name = TWISS x (m) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 49
50 Expander (2) 0.02 Z (m) vs X 0.02 Y (m) vs X X (m) X (m) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 50
51 Expander (3) q (rad) j (rad) Z (m) Y (m) 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 51
52 Optimal Production Rates (E e+ <1 MeV) What next Finalize injection scheme (F. Meot/Saclay) Finalize engineering of collection system (SACM/Saclay) Shielding scheme: depends on location Study moderation a la DELFT hot or cold before trap 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 52
53 Design differences (1) Rossendorf / Aarhus converter e - extraction lenses trap EPOS design + trap MeV e + W moderator E(decel.) dump 1.5 ev e + E (2-5 kv) converter Proposed design MeV e + e - efficiency trap temperature Tungsten 10-4 room Neon K Ne moderator 1.5 ev e + 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 53
54 Design differences (2) Original EPOS design: 40 MeV, 0.25 ma, ~CW Linac Pt or W moderator, 3.5 mm Pt target Neutron activation Collection efficiency before trap 20% Expected Rate before trap s -1 At 10 MeV, 2.5 ma 1mm target = s -1 Proposed design: 10 MeV, 2.5 ma, CW Ne Moderator, thin W target Collection efficiency before trap 20% Expected rate before trap s -1 E (MeV) I(mA) Mod. Activ. L wall Rate Pt yes 30m 3m W no 3m 2m Ne no 3m 2m /03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 54
55 Other designs Thermal neutron capture: 113 Cd(n,) 114 Cd = barn!! By nuclear research reactor FRM2 in Munich (Germany) can reach s -1 Building size: 40 m x 40 m x 30 m 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 55
56 IBA / Apr 1999
57 Operating principle (1) D E E G IBA / Apr 1999
58 Rhodotron Models - Basic Specifications TT100 TT200 TT300 Energy (MeV) 3-10 Power range at 10 MeV (kw) 1-35 Design value (kw)* > 200 Full (cavity) diameter (m) Full (cavity) height (m) Weight (T) 1.60 (1.05) 3.00 (2.00) 3.00 (2.00) 1.75 (0.75) 2.40 (1.80) 2.40 (1.80) MeV/pass Number of passes Stand-by kw used Full beam kw used <15 <15 <15 <210 <260 <370 IBA / Apr 1999
59 Our bias. Idea for e+ use since 10 ~ 20 years.. but 10 largest US Univ: how many have a source? off the shelves components No neutron safety required low maintnance : 1 engineer low running costs : < 500 kwatts 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 59
60 Compact e+ factory Ne + below 1 MeV > s -1 Ne + at 1 ev > s -1 Beam energy/intensity : 10 MeV ~2.5 ma Interdisciplinary lab: HEP Plasma Condensed Matter SR radiation control and infrastructure 10 MeV Linac target - collector beam dump 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 60
61 Engineering improvements Replace H1 and the 4-poles Use hight Tc supraconductor No field on the beam axis: stable injection New vaccum chamber with magnets outside 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky 61
62 Version 2004 I = 2.5 ma X = 200 cm X = 320 cm e + e R yield 5 e + coll = 5 cm + rate 5 yield xe12 all 24% 5.0E E <1 MeV 33% 2.4E E < 600 KeV 25% 1.0E I = 2.5 ma R coll = 10 cm all E <1 MeV E < 600 KeV 10 31% 36% 25% X = 200 cm e + yield 6.3E-4 2.6E-4 1.0E-4 e + rate xe % 4.87E % 23% 2.37E E E E E-4 e + rate xe12 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky X = 320 cm e + e yield + rate 10 xe12 29% 35% 25%
63 Positron energy spectrum Same number of electrons on target E(e - ) = 10 MeV E(e - ) = 100 MeV Ne Ne Low energy e + escape thin target mm μm μm mm E c (MeV) E e+ (MeV) E e+ (GeV) 10 MeV 18/03/2005 P. Pérez & A. Rosowsky MeV
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