Uniform Circular Motion. Uniform Circular Motion

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1 Uniform Circular Motion Uniform Circular Motion

2 Uniform Circular Motion An object that moves at uniform speed in a circle of constant radius is said to be in uniform circular motion. Question: Why is uniform circular motion accelerated motion? Answer: Although the speed is constant, the velocity is not constant since an object in uniform circular motion is continually changing direction.

3 Question: What is centrifugal force? Answer: That s easy. Centrifugal force is the force that flings an object in circular motion outward. Right? Wrong! Centrifugal force is a myth! There is no outward directed force in circular motion. To explain why this is the case, let s review Newton s 1st Law.

4 Newton s 1st Law and cars When a car accelerates forward suddenly, you as a passenger feel as if you are flung backward. What is actually occurring? > You are in fact NOT flung backward. Your body s inertia resists acceleration and wants to remain at rest as the car accelerates forward. When a car brakes suddenly, you as a passenger feel as if you are flung forward. What is actually occurring? > You are NOT flung forward. Your body s inertia resists acceleration and wants to remain at constant velocity as the car decelerates.

5 When a car turns You feel as if you are flung to the outside. You call this apparent, but nonexistent, force centrifugal force. You are NOT flung to the outside. Your inertia resists the inward acceleration and your body simply wants to keep moving in straight line motion! As with all other types of acceleration, your body feels as if it is being flung in the opposite direction of the actual acceleration. The force on your body, and the resulting acceleration, actually point inward.

6 Centripetal Acceleration Centripetal (or center seeking) acceleration points toward the center of the circle and keeps an object moving in circular motion. This type of acceleration is at right angles to the velocity. This type of acceleration doesn t speed up an object, or slow it down, it just turns the object.

7 Centripetal Acceleration a c = v 2 /r > a c : centripetal acceleration in m/s 2 > v: tangential speed in m/s > r: radius in meters a c v ac r Centripetal acceleration always points toward center of circle!

8 Centripetal Force A force responsible for centripetal acceleration is referred to as a centripetal force. Centripetal force is simply mass times centripetal acceleration. F c = m a c F c = m v 2 / r > F c : centripetal force in N > v: tangential speed in m/s > r: radius in meters Fc Always toward center of circle!

9 Any force can be centripetal The name centripetal can be applied to any force in situations when that force is causing an object to move in a circle. You can identify the real force or combination of forces which are causing the centripetal acceleration. Any kind of force can act as a centripetal force.

10 Static friction Example 1 As a car makes a turn on a flat road, what is the real identity of the centripetal force?

11 Tension Example 2 As a weight is tied to a string and spun in a horizontal circle, what is the real identity of the centripetal force?

12 Gravity Example 3 As the banana moon orbits the Earth, what is the real identity of the centripetal force?

13 Normal force with help from static friction Example 4 As a race car turns on a banked curve on a racing track, what is the real identity of the centripetal force?

14 Tension, with some help from gravity As you swing a flail in a vertical circle, what is the true identity of the centripetal force? Are these forces constant?

15 Normal force, gravity When you are riding a roller coaster, what is the real identity of the centripetal force when you are on a vertical loop? Are these forces constant?

16 To calculate the centripetal force, you must sum up all the forces that act directly toward or away from the center of the circular path. Remember: Like all forces direction is important. If a force is directed the same way as the acceleration, it is considered positive (toward the center of the circle) If a force is directed opposite to the acceleration, it is considered negative (away from the center of the circle) At top of loop: ΣF c = On side of loop: ΣF c = At bottom of loop: ΣF c =

17 Sample problem A 1200 kg car rounds a corner of radius r = 45 m. If the coefficient of static friction between tires and the road is 0.93 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between tires and the road is 0.75, what is the maximum velocity the car can have without skidding?

18 Sample problem You whirl a 2.0 kg stone in a horizontal circle about your head. The rope attached to the stone is 1.5 m long. a) What is the tension in the rope? (The rope makes a 10 o angle with the horizontal). b) How fast is the stone moving?

19 The time it takes for one complete trip around the circle is known as the Period (T). It is measured in seconds. The distance around the edge of a circle is the perimeter. Formula: d = P = 2πr The speed (v) of an object traveling in uniform circular motion is given by the following formula. v = d / t = P / T = 2πr / T Why isn't this a velocity measurement? The number of times an object completes its trip around a circle in one second is known as the frequency (f). It is measured in Hertz (1 Hz = 1 cycle/s) It is inversely related to the period of the motion. Formula: T = 1/f

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