A LATTICE POINT ENUMERATION APPROACH TO PARTITION IDENTITIES
|
|
- Lester Sutton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A LATTICE POINT ENUMERATION APPROACH TO PARTITION IDENTITIES A thesis presented to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfilment of The Requirements for The Degree Master of Arts In Mathematics by Nguyen Hong Le San Francisco, California August 2010
2 Copyright by Nguyen Hong Le 2010
3 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read Integer Partitions by George E Andrews and Kimmo Eriksson and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree: Master of Arts in Mathematics at San Francisco State University Matthias Beck Professor of Mathematics Federico Ardila Professor of Mathematics Serkan Hosten Professor of Mathematics
4 A LATTICE POINT ENUMERATION APPROACH TO PARTITION IDENTITIES Nguyen Hong Le San Francisco State University 2010 In this paper, we present a novel method to find generating functions of partition identities Our method is based on integer-point enumeration in polyhedra We show how lattice-point enumeration can be applied to partition identity theorems that were proved using MacMahon s Ω-operator, and establish the full generating functions of these theorems In addition to introducing our new method, we establish connections between the different mathematic areas of Geometric Combinatorics and Number Theory I certify that the Abstract is a correct representation of the content of this thesis Chair, Thesis Committee Date
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my awesome advisor, Dr Matthias Beck for his direction, assistance and guidance I also wish to thank my committee members Dr Serkan Hosten and Dr Federico Ardila for serving on my Thesis Committee Thanks are also due to Ngan Le, my sister, for her assistance Special thanks should be given to my parents who supported me in many forms Finally, words alone cannot express the thanks I owe to my husband, Kennard Ngo, for his encouragement, unconditional support and love throughout my Master s career v
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 11 Leibniz and Euler 1 12 Goal of This Paper 2 2 Partition Functions and Ω Theorems 3 21 Partition Functions 3 22 Generating Functions 4 23 Ω Theorems k-gon Partitions Partitions with Difference Conditions Partitions with Higher Order Difference Conditions Partitions With Mixed Difference Conditions 10 3 Polyhedra The Language of Cones Integer-Point Transforms for Rational Cones 13 4 Geometric Proofs of Ω Theorems Integer-Sided Triangles of Perimeter n Geometric Proof of Theorem Geometric Proof of Theorem Geometric Proofs of Theorem vi
7 45 Geometric Proof Of Theorem Bibliography 39 vii
8 LIST OF FIGURES 31 The simplicial cone K = {(0, 0) + λ 1 ( 2, 3) + λ 2 (1, 1) : λ 1, λ 2 0} The cone K and its fundamental parallelogram The cone K = {(λ 1 (0, 1, 1)+λ 2 (1, 1, 1)+λ 3 (1, 1, 2) : λ 1, λ 3 0 and λ 2 > 0} 19 viii
9 Chapter 1 Introduction 11 Leibniz and Euler According to [2], Leibniz ( ) was the first person who was asking a question about the number of partitions of integers Leibniz observed that there are three partitions of 3 (3, 2+1, and 1+1+1), five partitions of 4, seven partitions of 5, and eleven partitions of 6 These beginnings opened the field of partitions On September 4, 1740, Naude ( ) wrote Euler ( ) to ask how many partitions there are of 50 into seven distinct parts The correct answer is 522 [2] However, it is not likely to be obtained by writing out all the ways of adding seven distinct positive integers to get 50 To solve this problem Euler introduced generating functions, arguably the most important innovation in the history of partitions We can find the use of generating functions in the theory of partitions in [3, Ch 13], [4, Chs 1 1
10 2 and 2], [6, Ch 5], and later in this paper 12 Goal of This Paper This paper presents a novel method for finding generating functions for various forms of partitions In Chapter 2 we introduce the definitions of these objects and highlight the utility of generating functions We also give some theorems of partition identities which Andrews et al proved in [5] and [7] using the Ω-operator [8] Our method is based on integer-point enumeration in polyhedra [9] Chapter 3 provides the mathematical background for this method We start with the language of cones in term of the affine structure of R d and integer-point transforms for rational cones We introduce theorems and a lemma which help us to obtain the generating functions for the Ω theorems of Chapter 2 The main results of this paper appear in Chapter 4 We will reprove and extend the theorems of Chapter 2 using our lattice-point enumeration approach In particular, Chapter 4 provides the full generating functions of the theorems of Chapter 2 The motivation for this paper is to shed new lights on known theorems We hope that the method that we have used will establish further connections between geometric combinatorics and number theory
11 Chapter 2 Partition Functions and Ω Theorems 21 Partition Functions A partition of a positive integer n ( or a partition of weight n ) is a non-increasing sequence λ = (λ 1, λ 2,, λ k ), where the λ is are non-negative integers such that k λ i = n The λ is are the parts of the partition λ i=1 Example 21 The partitions of 5 are: (5), (4, 1), (3, 2), (3, 1, 1), (2, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1, 1), and (1, 1, 1, 1, 1) In particular, the number of partitions of 5 is 7 There are various forms of partitions For example, we can have partitions of at most k parts, partitions into odd parts, partitions into distinct parts, and so on Example 22 The partitions of 5 into odd parts are: (5), (3, 1, 1), and (1, 1, 1, 1, 1) Thus, the number of partitions of 5 into odd parts is 3 3
12 4 22 Generating Functions Generating functions form a tool to deal with partitions Let {a k } k=0 be an infinite sequence The generating function of the sequence a k is a function F (x) expressed as the formal power series F (x) = a k x k k=0 Example 23 A key generating function is the one for the constant sequence 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,, namely F (x) = x k = 1 1 x k=0 Generating functions are very useful in that the degree of each monomial keeps track of the position in the sequence while the coefficient provides the actual value of the term Then if we play by the rules of either formal or analytic power series, we may be able to derive results The following is one of the examples of the power of generating functions provided in [9, p 3] Consider the classic example of the Fibonacci sequence f k, named after Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci ( ) and defined by the recursion f 0 = 0, f 1 = 1, and f k+2 = f k+1 + f k for k 0 This gives the sequence {f k } k=0 = (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ) Let F (z) = k 0 f k z k
13 5 We embed both sides of the recursion identity into their generating functions: f k+2 z k = (f k+1 + f k )z k = f k+1 z k + f k z k (21) k 0 k 0 k 0 k 0 Then the left-hand side of (21) is f k+2 z k = 1 f z 2 k+2 z k+2 = 1 f z 2 k z k = 1 (F (z) z), z2 k 0 k 0 k 2 and the right-hand side of (21) is f k+1 z k + k 0 k 0 f k z k = 1 F (z) + F (z) z So (21) can be restated as 1 z (F (z) z) = 1 F (z) + F (z) 2 z Solving for F (z) we obtain F (z) = z 1 z z 2 F (z) has the following partial fraction expansion F (z) = z 1 z z = 1/ z 1/ z 2 2
14 6 Now, we use the well known geometric series from Example 23 with x = z and x = z, respectively We obtain ( z F (z) = 1 z z = z k 0 ( 1 5 = k ) k 1 5 ) k ( k ( 1 5 z 2 ) k ) k This provides the desired closed-form expression for the Fibonacci sequence ( f k = ) k ( ) k 5 2 The rational function obtained using the properties of geometric series is called a rational generating function Often we will jump back and forth from generating functions to rational generating functions Furthermore, we can obtain interesting results about partitions by using generating functions Throughout this paper we will see the utility of generating functions in establishing relations between various partition functions 23 Ω Theorems In this section, we introduce some partition theorems which Andrews et al established using the Ω-operator in [5] and [7] First, we introduce some definitions
15 7 231 k-gon Partitions Definition 21 [7, Definition 2] As the set of non-degenerate k-gon partitions into positive parts we define τ k := {(a 1,, a k ) Z k : 1 a 1 a 2 a k and a a k 1 > a k } As the set of non-degenerate k-gon partitions of n into positive parts we define υ k (n) := {(a 1,, a k ) τ k : a a k = n} The corresponding cardinality is denoted by t k (n) := υ k (n) The term non-degenerate refers to the restriction to strict inequality, ie to a 1 + a a k 1 > a k Definition 22 [7, Definition 3] For an integer k 0, let T k (q) := n k t k (n)q n, and S k (x 1,, x k ) := x a1 1 x a k (a 1,,a k ) τ k k
16 8 Theorem 21 [7, Theorem 1] Let k 3 and X i = x i x k for 1 i k Then S k (x 1,, x k ) = X 1 (1 X 1 )(1 X 2 ) (1 X k ) X 1X k 2 k 1 1 X k (1 X k 1 )(1 X k 2 X k )(1 X k 3 Xk 2) (1 X 1X k 2 k ) 232 Partitions with Difference Conditions Theorem 22 [5, Theorem 31] Let m (n) denote the number of partitions of n into 2m + 1 nonnegative parts n = a 1 + a 2 + a a 2m+1, where the parts are listed in non-increasing order and additionally a 1 a 2 a 3 + a 4 0, a 3 a 4 a 5 + a 6 0, a 2m 3 a 2m 2 a 2m 1 + a 2m 0, a 2m 1 a 2m a 2m+1 0
17 9 Then m (n) equals the number of partitions of n into parts that are either 2m and even or of the form (j + 1)(2m + 1 j) with 0 j m 233 Partitions with Higher Order Difference Conditions For the following theorem, we will need to define triangular numbers A triangular number is the number of dots we need to make triangles These are the first few triangular numbers The following image is provided in [1] The way to get these numbers without drawing pictures is to add up all the numbers that come before a certain number For example, the tenth triangular number is By this method, a triangular number is, equivalently, the sum of the natural numbers from 1 to n, and the nth triangular number, T n, is T n = (n 1) + n = n(n + 1) 2 ( ) n + 1 = 2 Theorem 23 [5, Theorem 41] Let p 2 (n) denote the number of partitions of n of the form a 1 + a a s (s arbitrary) where the first differences are nonnegative, ie, a i a i+1 0 for 1 i s 1, and the the second differences are nonnegative, ie, a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i s 1 (assuming a s+1 = 0) Then p 2 (n) equals
18 10 the number of partitions of n into triangular numbers 234 Partitions With Mixed Difference Conditions Theorem 24 [5, Theorem 51] Let p ± (m, n) denote the number of partitions of n of the form a 1 + a a m, wherein a i a i+1 0 for 1 i m 1, while a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i m 1 (with a m+1 = 0) Then p ± (m, n) equals the number of partitions of n of the form (m j)(m + j + 1)/2 where 0 j m Note that Theorems constituted the main content of [5] and [7] In Chapter 4, we will prove and extend the above theorems using lattice-point enumeration
19 Chapter 3 Polyhedra 31 The Language of Cones Let a R d and b R Then a hyperplane is a set of the form {x R d : a 1 x 1 +a 2 x 2 + +a d x d = b} and a halfspace is a set of the form {x R d : a x b} A pointed cone K R d is a set of the form K = {v + λ 1 w 1 + λ 2 w λ m w m : λ 1, λ 2,, λ m 0}, where v, w 1, w 2,, w m R d are such that there exists a hyperplane H for which H K = {v} The vector v is called the apex of K and each w i is called a generator K is said to be rational if all of its generators and apex are rational The dimension of K is the dimension of the affine space spanned by K; if K is 11
20 12 of dimension d, we call it a d-cone A d-cone K is said to be simplicial if it has exactly d linearly independent generators Figure 31: The simplicial cone K = {(0, 0) + λ 1 ( 2, 3) + λ 2 (1, 1) : λ 1, λ 2 0} Figure 31 shows the hyperplanes 3x + 2y = 0, x y = 0 and the cone K is created by the intersection of two halfspaces 3x + 2y 0 and x y 0 We say that the hyperplane H = {x R d : a x = b} is a supporting hyperplane of the pointed d-cone K if K lies entirely on one side of H, that means, K {x R d : a x b} or K {x R d : a x b}
21 13 A face of K is a set of the form K H, where H is a supporting hyperplane of K The (d 1)-dimensional faces are called facets and the 1-dimensional faces are called edges and the apex of K is its unique 0-dimensional face 32 Integer-Point Transforms for Rational Cones For a cone K R n, let σ K (z) = σ K (z 1, z 2,, z d ) = m K Z d z m, with the usual monomial notation z m = z m 1 1 z m 2 2 z mn The generating function σ K lists all integer points in K in a special form: not as a list of vectors, but as a formal sum of monomials For example, the integer point (3, 4) would be listed as the monomial z 3 1z 4 2 We call σ K the integer-point transform of K; the function σ K also goes by the name moment generating function or simply generating function of K Now we are ready to state the following theorem, which helps us to find the generating function of a simplicial cone Theorem 31 [9, Theorem 35] Let K be an n-dimensional, rational, simplicial cone with generators, w 1, w 2,, w n Z n Then n σ K (z) = σ πk (z) (1 z w 1 )(1 z w 2) (1 z w n)
22 14 where π K is the half-open parrallelepiped π K := {λ 1 w 1 + λ 2 w λ n w n : 0 λ 1, λ 2,, λ n < 1} Example 31 Find S(z 1, z 2 ) = z m 1 1 z m 2 2m 1 m 2,2m 2 m 1 2, where the sum ranges over all pairs (m 1, m 2 ) of non-negative integers satisfying the indicated inequalities Figure 32: The cone K and its fundamental parallelogram Proof We see that all the integer points (m 1, m 2 ) satisfying the indicated inequalities lie on the intersection of the halfspaces m 1 2m 2 and m 2 2m 1, as shown in Figure 32 This intersection creates the two-dimensional simplicial cone K with
23 15 generators (2, 1) and (1, 2) Hence, K = {λ 1 (1, 2) + λ 2 (2, 1) : λ 1, λ 2 0} and π K = {λ 1 (1, 2) + λ 2 (2, 1) : 1 > λ 1, λ 2 0} Applying Theorem 31, we obtain σ K (z 1, z 2 ) = σ πk (z 1, z 2 ) (1 z 1 z 2 2)(1 z 2 1z 2 ) Figure 32 shows π K Z 2 = {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)} This implies π K = 1 + z 1 z 2 + z 2 1z 2 2 Therefore, S(z 1, z 2 ) = σ K (z 1, z 2 ) = 1 + z 1z 2 + z 2 1z 2 2 (1 z 2 1z 2 )(1 z 1 z 2 2) The following lemma is a well-known result in lattice-point enumeration This version was formulated in [10] for easy application to partition and composition enumeration problems Lemma 32 Let C = [c i,j ] be an n n matrix of integers such that C 1 = B = [b i,j ] exists and b i,j are all nonnegative integers Let e 1,, e n be nonnegative integers
24 16 For each 1 i n, let c i be the constraint c i,1 λ 1 + c i,2 λ c i,n λ n e i Let S C be the set of nonnegative integer sequences λ = (λ 1, λ 2, λ n ) satisfying the constraints c i for all i, 1 i n Then the generating function for S C is: F C (x 1, x 2,, x n ) = λ S C x λ 1 1 x λ 2 2 x λn n = n (x b 1,j j=1 1 x b 2,j n (1 x b 1,j j=1 2 x b n,j n 1 x b 2,j ) e j n ) 2 x b n,j
25 Chapter 4 Geometric Proofs of Ω Theorems This chapter contains proofs of the Ω theorems that are listed in Chapter 2, using lattice-point enumeration Before proving the Ω theorems, we start with an elementary problem 41 Integer-Sided Triangles of Perimeter n The following has been posed as a problem and solved using the Ω-operator in [7, Problem 1] We want to show that the problem can be solved using lattice-point enumeration Problem: Let t 3 (n) be the number of non-congruent triangles whose sides have integer length and whose perimeter is n For instance, t 3 (9) = 3, corresponding to , , Find t 3 (n)q n n 3 17
26 18 The corresponding generating function is T 3 (q) := n 3 t 3 (n)q n = q a 1 +a 2 +a 3, where is the restricted summation over all positive integer triples (a 1, a 2, a 3 ) satisfying a 1 a 2 a 3 1 and a 1 + a 2 > a 3 In other words, we want to find all partitions of n of the form a 1 + a 2 + a 3, where 1 a 1 a 2 a 3 and a 1 + a 2 > a 3 Proof Figure 41 shows all integer points (a 1, a 2, a 3 ) that satisfy the conditions above lie in the cone K = {(λ 1 (0, 1, 1) + λ 2 (1, 1, 1) + λ 3 (1, 1, 2) : λ 1, λ 3 0 and λ 2 > 0}, which is the intersection of three halfspaces: a 1 a 2, a 2 a 3 and a 1 + a 2 > a 3 This implies π K = {(λ 1 (0, 1, 1) + λ 2 (1, 1, 1) + λ 3 (1, 1, 2) : 1 > λ 1, λ 3 0 and 1 λ 2 > 0}, and π K Z 3 = {(1, 1, 1)} Using Theorem 31, we obtain σ K (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) = x 1 x 2 x 3 (1 x 1 x 2 )(1 x 1 x 2 x 2 )(1 x 2 1x 2 x 3 ) Note that σ K (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) = S 3 (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) in the language of Theorem 21
27 19 of K: Since n = a 1 + a 2 + a 3, we let q = x 1 = x 2 = x 3 Hence, the generating function σ K (q, q, q) = T 3 (q) = n 3 t 3 (n)q n = q x 1 +x 2 +x 3 = q 3 (1 q 2 )(1 q 3 )(1 q 4 ) (41) Figure 41: The cone K = {(λ 1 (0, 1, 1)+λ 2 (1, 1, 1)+λ 3 (1, 1, 2) : λ 1, λ 3 0 and λ 2 > 0}
28 20 Now we consider Theorem 21, the generalization of the triangle problem to k- gons, where k 3, which was proved using the Ω-operator in [7, Theorem 1] In the following section, with the lattice-point enumeration method in hand, we are able to reprove this main result for k-gon partitions 42 Geometric Proof of Theorem 21 In Section 41, we computed the generating functions T 3 (q) = n 3 t 3(n)q n and S 3 (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) Our goal in this section is to compute the generating function where S k (x 1, x 2,, x k ) = x a1 1 x a k (a 1,a 2,,a k ) τ k k, τ k = {(a 1, a 2,, a k ) Z k : a k a k 1 a 1 > 0 and a 1 +a 2 + +a k 1 > a k } Proof of Theorem 21 Let K := {(a 1, a 2,, a k ) Z k : a k a k 1 a 1 > 0} and P := {(a 1, a 2,, a k ) Z k : a k a k 1 a 1 > 0 and a 1 +a 2 + +a k 1 a k }
29 21 We see that τ k = K \ P The constraints of K are given by the system a 1 a 2 a k 1 a k (42) Now let C be the matrix on the left side of (42) Then det(c) = 1, which implies that C is invertible, and C 1 = We see that the integer entries of C 1 are all nonnegative, and Lemma 32 gives the generating function of K : σ K (x 1, x 2,, x k ) = X 1 (1 X 1 )(1 X 2 ) (1 X k )
30 22 Recall that X i = x i x k for 1 i k The constraints of P are given by the system a 1 a 2 a 3 a k 1 a k (43) Since x k 1 x k 2 x 1 1 and x k x 1 + x x k 1, this implies x k x k 1 Therefore, we do not need the condition x k x k 1 Now, let D be the matrix on the left side of (43) Then det(d) = 1, and D 1 = k k 1 k 2 k Again, we see that the integer entries of D 1 are all nonnegative, and Lemma 32
31 23 gives the generating function of P : σ P (x 1, x 2,, x k ) = X 1 X k 2 k (1 X k )(1 X k 1 )(1 X k 2 X k )(1 X k 3 X 2 k ) (1 X 1X k 2 k ) We have τ k = K \ P, and so S k (x 1, x 2,, x k ) = σ K (x 1, x 2,, x k ) σ P (x 1, x 2,, x k ) = X 1 (1 X 1 )(1 X 2 ) (1 X k ) X 1 X k 2 k (1 X k )(1 X k 1 )(1 X k 2 X k )(1 X k 3 Xk 2) (1 X 1X k 2 k ) To show that our method can be applied for other cases of partition identities, we will reprove Theorem 22 using our method in the following section 43 Geometric Proof of Theorem 22 In this section, our goal simplifies to computing the generating function of m (n): σ K (q) := m (n)q n = q a 1+a 2 + +a 2m+1, n 0 (a 1,a 2,,a 2m+1 ) K where K := {(a 1, a 2,, a 2m+1 ) Z 2m+1 : a 1 a 2 0 and
32 24 a 1 a 2 a 3 + a 4 0, a 3 a 4 a 5 + a 6 0, a 2m 3 a 2m 2 a 2m 1 + a 2m 0, a 2m 1 a 2m a 2m+1 0} Proof of Theorem 22 We see that a 1 a 2 a 3 + a 4 0 a 1 + a 4 a 2 + a 3 This implies a 3 a 4 because a 1 a 2 Similarly, a 2m 3 a 2m 2 a 2m 1 + a 2m 0 a 2m 3 +a 2m a 2m 2 +a 2m 1 This implies a 2m 1 a 2m, and a 2m 1 a 2m a 2m+1 0 a 2m 1 a 2m + a 2m+1 This condition guarantees that a 2m+1 0 because
33 25 a 2m 1 a 2m Therefore, the constraints of K are given by the system a 1 a 2 a 3 a 2m a 2m+1 0 (44)
34 26 Let A be the matrix on the left side of (44) Then det A = =
35 27 Adding all odd-numbered rows together we get det A =
36 28 Thus, det A = 1, and A 1 = m m m m m m m m m m m 1 m m m 1 m The integer entries of A 1 are all nonnegative, and Lemma 32 gives the generating function of K as σ K (x 1, x 2,, x 2m+1 ) = 1 (1 x m+1 1 x m 2 x 2m+1 )(1 x 1 x 2 ) (1 x 1 x 2 x 2m+1 ) Now let q = x 1 = x 2 = = x 2m+1, we get σ K (q, q,, q) as 1 (1 q 2 ) (1 q 2m )(1 q 2m+1 )(1 q 4m )(1 q 3(2m 1) ) (1 q m(m+2) )(1 q (m+1)(m+1) )
37 29 Hence, the generating function we set out to find is σ K (q) = m j=1 1 (1 q 2j ) m i=0 1 (1 q (i+1)(2m+1 i) ), and this is precisely the generating function for the partitions described in Theorem 22 Note that we actually derived the full generating function of Theorem 22 Theorem 41 For an integer m 0, let σ(x 1, x 2,, x 2m+1 ) := x a 1 1 x a 2 2 x a 2m+1 2m+1, where is the restricted summation over all nonnegative integers (a 1, a 2,, a 2m+1 ) satisfying a 1 a 2 0 and a 1 a 2 a 3 + a 4 0, a 3 a 4 a 5 + a 6 0, a 2m 3 a 2m 2 a 2m 1 + a 2m 0, a 2m 1 a 2m a 2m+1 0
38 30 Let X i = x 1 x i for 1 i 2m + 1 Then σ(x 1, x 2,, x 2m+1 ) = 1 (1 X 2 ) (1 X 2m )(1 X 1 X 3 X 5 X 2m+1 )(1 X 3 X 5 X 2m+1 ) (1 X 2m+1 ) Once we have seen the results of Theorems 22 and 41, it is natural to consider a variety of partition identities related to further difference conditions 44 Geometric Proofs of Theorem 23 In this section, we give a novel proof of Theorem 23 This theorem requires us to prove that p 2 (n) equals the number of partitions of n into triangular numbers Proof of Theorem 23 The generating function of p 2 (n) is p 2 (n)q n = q a 1+a 2 + +a s, n 0 (a 1,a 2,,a s) K where K := (a 1, a 2,, a s ) Z s : a 1 a 2 a s 0 and a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i s 1 and a s+1 = 0
39 31 Claim: The conditions a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i s 1 and a s+1 = 0 guarantee that a i a i+1 for 1 i s 1 Proof of Claim: We will use induction on s Base case: If s = 1 then a 1 0 If s = 2, we have a 1 2a 2 0, this implies a 1 2a 2 Thus a 1 a 2 Induction step: Assume the claim is true for s 1, ie, if a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i s 2, then a 1 a 2 a s 1 We want to prove that it is also true for s The condition a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 implies a s 1 2a s Therefore, a s 1 a s Next, a s 2 2a s 1 + a s 0 a s 2 + a s 2a s 1 We have shown that a s 1 a s Thus a s 2 a s 1 Now we use the induction step for (a 1, a 2,, a s 1 ), and the claim is proven Thus, the conditions for K can be simplified: K := (a 1, a 2,, a s ) Z s : a s 0 and a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i s 1 and a s+1 = 0
40 32 Therefore, the constraints of K are given by the system a 1 a 2 a 3 a s 2 a s 1 a s 0 (45) Let A be the matrix on the left side of (45) Then det(a) = 1, and A 1 = s 3 s 2 s 1 s s 4 s 3 s 2 s s 5 s 4 s 3 s The integer entries of A 1 are all nonnegative Thus, Lemma 32 gives the generating
41 33 function of K: σ K (x 1, x 2,, x s ) = = 1 (1 x 1 )(1 x 2 1x 2 ) (1 x s 1x s 1 2 x s ) s 1 (1 x i 1x2 i 1 x i ) i=1 Since n = a 1 +a 2 + +a s, we let q = x 1 = x 2 = = x s The generating function of p 2 (n) is σ K (q) = s i=1 1 s (1 q i q i 1 q) = i=1 1 1 q (i+1 2 ), which is the generating function for partitions into triangular numbers Thus, p 2 (n) equals the number of partitions of n into triangular numbers Note that we actually derived the full generating function of Theorem 23 Theorem 42 For an integer s 1, let σ(x 1, x 2,, x s ) := x a 1 1 x a 2 2 x a 3 3 x as s, where is the restricted summation over all nonnegative integers (a 1, a 2,, a s ) satisfying a s 0 and a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i s 1 and a s+1 = 0 Then σ(x 1, x 2,, x s ) = s i=1 1 (1 x i 1x i 1 2 x i ) Once one becomes aware of the discoveries that the geometry of lattice-point
42 34 enumeration yields almost painlessly, it is possible to produce the next result 45 Geometric Proof Of Theorem 24 In this section, we give a geometric proof that p ± (m, n) equals the number of partitions of n of the form (m j)(m + j + 1)/2 where 0 j m Proof of Theorem 24 The generating function of p ± (m, n) is p ± (m, n)q n = q a 1+a 2 + +a m, n 0 (a 1,a 2,,a m) K where K := (a 1, a 2,, a m ) Z m : a 1 a 2 a m 0 and a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i m 1 and a m+1 = 0 Claim: If a 1 a 2 and a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0, then a i a i+1 and a m 0 for 1 i m 1 Proof of Claim: We will use induction on m Base case: If m = 2, we have a 1 a 2 and a 1 2a 2 0 a 1 a 2 and a 1 2a 2 Thus a 2 0 If m = 3, then we have a 1 a 2 and a 1 2a 2 +a 3 0 a 1 a 2 and a 1 +a 3 2a 2 Thus, a 2 must be greater or equal to a 3 Next, a 2 2a 3 0 a 2 2a 3 ; however, a 2 a 3 Therefore, a 3 0
43 35 Induction step: Assume the claim is true for m 1 We need to show it is also true for m From the induction step, we get a i a i+1 for 1 i m 2 Thus, a m 2 2a m 1 + a m 0 a m 2 + a m 2a m 1 implies that a m 1 a m because a m 2 a m 1 In addition, a m 1 2a m 0 a m 1 2a m and a m 1 a m imply that a m 0 Therefore, the claim is proven Thus, the conditions for K can be simplified: K := (a 1, a 2,, a s ) Z s : a 1 a 2 and a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i m 1 and a m+1 = 0 Therefore, the constraints of K are given by the system a 1 a 2 a 3 a m 2 a m 1 a m 0 (46)
44 36 Now let C be the matrix on the left side of (46) Then det C = Adding the i th row to the (i + 1) th row for 1 i m, we obtain det C =
45 37 Thus det C = 1, and C 1 = m m 1 m 2 m m 1 m 1 m 2 m m 2 m 2 m 2 m The integer entries of C 1 are all nonnegative Thus, Lemma 32 gives the generating function of K: σ K (x 1, x 2,, x m ) = 1 (1 x m 1 x m 1 2 x 2 m 1x m )(1 x m 1 1 x m 1 2 x 2 m 1x m ) (1 x 1 x 2 x m 1 x m ) Since n = a 1 + a a m, we let q = x 1 = x 2 = = x m and obtain σ k (q) = 1 (1 q m+(m 1)+ +1 )(1 q (m 1)+(m 1)+ +1 ) (1 q m+(m 1) )(1 q m )
46 38 Thus, the generating function we wanted to find is σ K (q) = m j=1 1 (1 q j(2m j+1)/2 ), and this is precisely the generating function for the partitions described in Theoreom Note that in our proof we actually derived the full generating function of Theorem Theorem 43 For an integer m 2, let σ(x 1, x 2,, x m ) := x a 1 1 x a 2 2 x am m, where is the restricted summation over all nonnegative integers (a 1, a 2,, a m ) satisfying a 1 a 2 and a i 2a i+1 + a i+2 0 for 1 i m 1 and a m+1 = 0 Let X j = x 1 x j for 1 j m Then σ(x 1, x 2,, x m ) = 1 (1 X 1 X 2 X m )(1 X 2 X m ) (1 X m 1 X m )(1 X m )
47 Bibliography [1] Glossary of numbers, [2] George E Andrews, Partitions, andrews/chapterpdf [3], Number theory, Dover Publications Inc, New York, 1994, Corrected reprint of the 1971 original [4], The theory of partitions, Cambridge Mathematical Library, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, Reprint of the 1976 original [5], MacMahon s partition analysis II Fundamental theorems, Ann Comb 4 (2000), no 3-4, , Conference on Combinatorics and Physics (Los Alamos, NM, 1998) [6] George E Andrews and Kimmo Eriksson, Integer partitions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004 [7] George E Andrews, Peter Paule, and Axel Riese, MacMahon s partition analysis IX k-gon partitions, Bull Austral Math Soc 64 (2001), no 2, [8], MacMahon s partition analysis VII Constrained compositions, q-series with applications to combinatorics, number theory, and physics (Urbana, IL, 2000), Contemp Math, vol 291, Amer Math Soc, Providence, RI, 2001, pp [9] Matthias Beck and Sinai Robins, Computing the continuous discretely, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, New York,
48 [10] Sylvie Corteel, Carla D Savage, and Herbert S Wilf, A note on partitions and compositions defined by inequalities, Integers 5 (2005), no 1, A24, 11 pp (electronic) 40
MACMAHON S PARTITION ANALYSIS IX: k-gon PARTITIONS
MACMAHON S PARTITION ANALYSIS IX: -GON PARTITIONS GEORGE E. ANDREWS, PETER PAULE, AND AXEL RIESE Dedicated to George Szeeres on the occasion of his 90th birthday Abstract. MacMahon devoted a significant
More informationA MINIMAL-DISTANCE CHROMATIC POLYNOMIAL FOR SIGNED GRAPHS
A MINIMAL-DISTANCE CHROMATIC POLYNOMIAL FOR SIGNED GRAPHS A thesis presented to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfilment of The Requirements for The Degree Master of Arts In
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.nt] 4 Mar 2014
VARIATIONS ON A GENERATINGFUNCTIONAL THEME: ENUMERATING COMPOSITIONS WITH PARTS AVOIDING AN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE arxiv:403.0665v [math.nt] 4 Mar 204 MATTHIAS BECK AND NEVILLE ROBBINS Abstract. A composition
More informationMAXIMAL PERIODS OF (EHRHART) QUASI-POLYNOMIALS
MAXIMAL PERIODS OF (EHRHART QUASI-POLYNOMIALS MATTHIAS BECK, STEVEN V. SAM, AND KEVIN M. WOODS Abstract. A quasi-polynomial is a function defined of the form q(k = c d (k k d + c d 1 (k k d 1 + + c 0(k,
More informationPartition Identities
Partition Identities Alexander D. Healy ahealy@fas.harvard.edu May 00 Introduction A partition of a positive integer n (or a partition of weight n) is a non-decreasing sequence λ = (λ, λ,..., λ k ) of
More informationMacMahon s Partition Analysis VIII: Plane Partition Diamonds
MacMahon s Partition Analysis VIII: Plane Partition Diamonds George E. Andrews * Department of Mathematics The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 6802, USA E-mail: andrews@math.psu.edu Peter
More informationThe Kth M-ary Partition Function
Indiana University of Pennsylvania Knowledge Repository @ IUP Theses and Dissertations (All) Fall 12-2016 The Kth M-ary Partition Function Laura E. Rucci Follow this and additional works at: http://knowledge.library.iup.edu/etd
More informationA thesis presented to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfilment of The Requirements for The Degree
ON THE POLYHEDRAL GEOMETRY OF t DESIGNS A thesis presented to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfilment of The Requirements for The Degree Master of Arts In Mathematics by Steven
More informationOn q-series Identities Arising from Lecture Hall Partitions
On q-series Identities Arising from Lecture Hall Partitions George E. Andrews 1 Mathematics Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Par, PA 16802, USA andrews@math.psu.edu Sylvie Corteel
More informationASPHERIC ORIENTATIONS OF SIMPLICIAL COMPLEXES
ASPHERIC ORIENTATIONS OF SIMPLICIAL COMPLEXES A thesis presented to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfillment of The requirements for The degree Master of Arts In Mathematics
More informationSTRONG FORMS OF ORTHOGONALITY FOR SETS OF HYPERCUBES
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Mathematics STRONG FORMS OF ORTHOGONALITY FOR SETS OF HYPERCUBES A Dissertation in Mathematics by John T. Ethier c 008 John T. Ethier
More informationMaster of Arts In Mathematics
ESTIMATING THE FRACTAL DIMENSION OF SETS DETERMINED BY NONERGODIC PARAMETERS A thesis submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulllment of The Requirements for The Degree
More informationDoubly Indexed Infinite Series
The Islamic University of Gaza Deanery of Higher studies Faculty of Science Department of Mathematics Doubly Indexed Infinite Series Presented By Ahed Khaleel Abu ALees Supervisor Professor Eissa D. Habil
More informationABSTRACT. Department of Mathematics. interesting results. A graph on n vertices is represented by a polynomial in n
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: GRÖBNER BASES WITH APPLICATIONS IN GRAPH THEORY Degree candidate: Angela M. Hennessy Degree and year: Master of Arts, 2006 Thesis directed by: Professor Lawrence C. Washington
More informationSome congruences for Andrews Paule s broken 2-diamond partitions
Discrete Mathematics 308 (2008) 5735 5741 www.elsevier.com/locate/disc Some congruences for Andrews Paule s broken 2-diamond partitions Song Heng Chan Division of Mathematical Sciences, School of Physical
More informationInteger Partitions and Why Counting Them is Hard
Portland State University PDXScholar University Honors Theses University Honors College 3-3-207 Integer Partitions and Why Counting Them is Hard Jose A. Ortiz Portland State University Let us know how
More informationOn some inequalities between prime numbers
On some inequalities between prime numbers Martin Maulhardt July 204 ABSTRACT. In 948 Erdős and Turán proved that in the set of prime numbers the inequality p n+2 p n+ < p n+ p n is satisfied infinitely
More informationINITIAL COMPLEX ASSOCIATED TO A JET SCHEME OF A DETERMINANTAL VARIETY. the affine space of dimension k over F. By a variety in A k F
INITIAL COMPLEX ASSOCIATED TO A JET SCHEME OF A DETERMINANTAL VARIETY BOYAN JONOV Abstract. We show in this paper that the principal component of the first order jet scheme over the classical determinantal
More informationHIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENCES AND HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL SUMS OF EULER S PARTITION FUNCTION
ISSN 2066-6594 Ann Acad Rom Sci Ser Math Appl Vol 10, No 1/2018 HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENCES AND HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL SUMS OF EULER S PARTITION FUNCTION Mircea Merca Dedicated to Professor Mihail Megan on
More informationA quasisymmetric function generalization of the chromatic symmetric function
A quasisymmetric function generalization of the chromatic symmetric function Brandon Humpert University of Kansas Lawrence, KS bhumpert@math.ku.edu Submitted: May 5, 2010; Accepted: Feb 3, 2011; Published:
More informationSingular Overpartitions
Singular Overpartitions George E. Andrews Dedicated to the memory of Paul Bateman and Heini Halberstam. Abstract The object in this paper is to present a general theorem for overpartitions analogous to
More informationA PERIODIC APPROACH TO PLANE PARTITION CONGRUENCES
A PERIODIC APPROACH TO PLANE PARTITION CONGRUENCES MATTHEW S. MIZUHARA, JAMES A. SELLERS, AND HOLLY SWISHER Abstract. Ramanujan s celebrated congruences of the partition function p(n have inspired a vast
More informationOn Construction of a Class of. Orthogonal Arrays
On Construction of a Class of Orthogonal Arrays arxiv:1210.6923v1 [cs.dm] 25 Oct 2012 by Ankit Pat under the esteemed guidance of Professor Somesh Kumar A Dissertation Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment
More informationSome Results Concerning Uniqueness of Triangle Sequences
Some Results Concerning Uniqueness of Triangle Sequences T. Cheslack-Postava A. Diesl M. Lepinski A. Schuyler August 12 1999 Abstract In this paper we will begin by reviewing the triangle iteration. We
More informationCompositions, Bijections, and Enumerations
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses & Dissertations COGS- Jack N. Averitt College of Graduate Studies Fall 2012 Compositions, Bijections, and Enumerations Charles
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.co] 21 Sep 2015
Chocolate Numbers arxiv:1509.06093v1 [math.co] 21 Sep 2015 Caleb Ji, Tanya Khovanova, Robin Park, Angela Song September 22, 2015 Abstract In this paper, we consider a game played on a rectangular m n gridded
More informationS. Mrówka introduced a topological space ψ whose underlying set is the. natural numbers together with an infinite maximal almost disjoint family(madf)
PAYNE, CATHERINE ANN, M.A. On ψ (κ, M) spaces with κ = ω 1. (2010) Directed by Dr. Jerry Vaughan. 30pp. S. Mrówka introduced a topological space ψ whose underlying set is the natural numbers together with
More informationThe Structure of the Jacobian Group of a Graph. A Thesis Presented to The Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Reed College
The Structure of the Jacobian Group of a Graph A Thesis Presented to The Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Reed College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of
More informationAn Approach to Constructing Good Two-level Orthogonal Factorial Designs with Large Run Sizes
An Approach to Constructing Good Two-level Orthogonal Factorial Designs with Large Run Sizes by Chenlu Shi B.Sc. (Hons.), St. Francis Xavier University, 013 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
More informationUnbounded Regions of Infinitely Logconcave Sequences
The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library Geschke Center Mathematics College of Arts and Sciences 007 Unbounded Regions of Infinitely Logconcave Sequences
More informationDeterminants of Partition Matrices
journal of number theory 56, 283297 (1996) article no. 0018 Determinants of Partition Matrices Georg Martin Reinhart Wellesley College Communicated by A. Hildebrand Received February 14, 1994; revised
More informationarxiv:math/ v5 [math.ac] 17 Sep 2009
On the elementary symmetric functions of a sum of matrices R. S. Costas-Santos arxiv:math/0612464v5 [math.ac] 17 Sep 2009 September 17, 2009 Abstract Often in mathematics it is useful to summarize a multivariate
More informationNew lower bounds for hypergraph Ramsey numbers
New lower bounds for hypergraph Ramsey numbers Dhruv Mubayi Andrew Suk Abstract The Ramsey number r k (s, n) is the minimum N such that for every red-blue coloring of the k-tuples of {1,..., N}, there
More informationTwo-boundary lattice paths and parking functions
Two-boundary lattice paths and parking functions Joseph PS Kung 1, Xinyu Sun 2, and Catherine Yan 3,4 1 Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 2,3 Department of Mathematics
More informationTHE LECTURE HALL PARALLELEPIPED
THE LECTURE HALL PARALLELEPIPED FU LIU AND RICHARD P. STANLEY Abstract. The s-lecture hall polytopes P s are a class of integer polytopes defined by Savage and Schuster which are closely related to the
More informationCONGRUENCES MODULO 2 FOR CERTAIN PARTITION FUNCTIONS
Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 9 2016, 400 409 doi:10.1017/s000497271500167 CONGRUENCES MODULO 2 FOR CERTAIN PARTITION FUNCTIONS M. S. MAHADEVA NAIKA, B. HEMANTHKUMAR H. S. SUMANTH BHARADWAJ Received 9 August
More informationARITHMETIC PROPERTIES FOR HYPER M ARY PARTITION FUNCTIONS
ARITHMETIC PROPERTIES FOR HYPER M ARY PARTITION FUNCTIONS Kevin M. Courtright Department of Mathematics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 kmc260@psu.edu James A. Sellers Department
More informationMATH2210 Notebook 2 Spring 2018
MATH2210 Notebook 2 Spring 2018 prepared by Professor Jenny Baglivo c Copyright 2009 2018 by Jenny A. Baglivo. All Rights Reserved. 2 MATH2210 Notebook 2 3 2.1 Matrices and Their Operations................................
More informationOn an identity of Gessel and Stanton and the new little Göllnitz identities
On an identity of Gessel and Stanton and the new little Göllnitz identities Carla D. Savage Dept. of Computer Science N. C. State University, Box 8206 Raleigh, NC 27695, USA savage@csc.ncsu.edu Andrew
More informationEnumerating integer points in polytopes: applications to number theory. Matthias Beck San Francisco State University math.sfsu.
Enumerating integer points in polytopes: applications to number theory Matthias Beck San Francisco State University math.sfsu.edu/beck It takes a village to count integer points. Alexander Barvinok Outline
More informationMATH3283W LECTURE NOTES: WEEK 6 = 5 13, = 2 5, 1 13
MATH383W LECTURE NOTES: WEEK 6 //00 Recursive sequences (cont.) Examples: () a =, a n+ = 3 a n. The first few terms are,,, 5 = 5, 3 5 = 5 3, Since 5
More informationMath 240 Calculus III
The Calculus III Summer 2015, Session II Wednesday, July 8, 2015 Agenda 1. of the determinant 2. determinants 3. of determinants What is the determinant? Yesterday: Ax = b has a unique solution when A
More informationEnumeration of Concave Integer Partitions
3 47 6 3 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 7 (004), Article 04..3 Enumeration of Concave Integer Partitions Jan Snellman and Michael Paulsen Department of Mathematics Stockholm University SE-069 Stockholm,
More informationSUMS OF ENTIRE FUNCTIONS HAVING ONLY REAL ZEROS
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 00, Number 0, Pages 000 000 S 0002-9939(XX)0000-0 SUMS OF ENTIRE FUNCTIONS HAVING ONLY REAL ZEROS STEVEN R. ADAMS AND DAVID A. CARDON (Communicated
More informationEQUAL LABELINGS FOR P K -SIDED DICE
EQUAL LABELINGS FOR P K -SIDED DICE A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Mathematics
More informationCAYLEY COMPOSITIONS, PARTITIONS, POLYTOPES, AND GEOMETRIC BIJECTIONS
CAYLEY COMPOSITIONS, PARTITIONS, POLYTOPES, AND GEOMETRIC BIJECTIONS MATJAŽ KONVALINKA AND IGOR PAK Abstract. In 1857, Cayley showed that certain sequences, now called Cayley compositions, are equinumerous
More informationMany proofs that the primes are infinite J. Marshall Ash 1 and T. Kyle Petersen
Many proofs that the primes are infinite J. Marshall Ash and T. Kyle Petersen Theorem. There are infinitely many prime numbers. How many proofs do you know that there are infinitely many primes? Nearly
More informationPARTITIONS WITH FIXED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARGEST AND SMALLEST PARTS
PARTITIONS WITH FIXED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARGEST AND SMALLEST PARTS GEORGE E. ANDREWS, MATTHIAS BECK, AND NEVILLE ROBBINS Abstract. We study the number p(n, t) of partitions of n with difference t between
More informationCalifornia Common Core State Standards for Mathematics Standards Map Mathematics I
A Correlation of Pearson Integrated High School Mathematics Mathematics I Common Core, 2014 to the California Common Core State s for Mathematics s Map Mathematics I Copyright 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
More informationCounting Matrices Over a Finite Field With All Eigenvalues in the Field
Counting Matrices Over a Finite Field With All Eigenvalues in the Field Lisa Kaylor David Offner Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Westminster College, Pennsylvania, USA kaylorlm@wclive.westminster.edu
More informationPARTITIONS WITH FIXED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARGEST AND SMALLEST PARTS
PARTITIONS WITH FIXED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LARGEST AND SMALLEST PARTS GEORGE E. ANDREWS, MATTHIAS BECK, AND NEVILLE ROBBINS Abstract. We study the number p(n, t) of partitions of n with difference t between
More informationWRONSKIANS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE... f (n 1)
WRONSKIANS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE ALIN BOSTAN AND PHILIPPE DUMAS Abstract We give a new and simple proof of the fact that a finite family of analytic functions has a zero Wronskian only if it is linearly
More informationSOLUTIONS: ASSIGNMENT Use Gaussian elimination to find the determinant of the matrix. = det. = det = 1 ( 2) 3 6 = 36. v 4.
SOLUTIONS: ASSIGNMENT 9 66 Use Gaussian elimination to find the determinant of the matrix det 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 8 8 = det = det 0 7 9 0 0 0 6 = 1 ( ) 3 6 = 36 = det = det 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 6 61 Consider a 4
More informationA First Course in Linear Algebra
A First Course in Linear Algebra About the Author Mohammed Kaabar is a math tutor at the Math Learning Center (MLC) at Washington State University, Pullman, and he is interested in linear algebra, scientific
More informationREALIZING TOURNAMENTS AS MODELS FOR K-MAJORITY VOTING
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations Office of Graduate Studies 6-016 REALIZING TOURNAMENTS AS MODELS FOR K-MAJORITY VOTING Gina
More informationSome notes on Coxeter groups
Some notes on Coxeter groups Brooks Roberts November 28, 2017 CONTENTS 1 Contents 1 Sources 2 2 Reflections 3 3 The orthogonal group 7 4 Finite subgroups in two dimensions 9 5 Finite subgroups in three
More informationOperators on k-tableaux and the k-littlewood Richardson rule for a special case. Sarah Elizabeth Iveson
Operators on k-tableaux and the k-littlewood Richardson rule for a special case by Sarah Elizabeth Iveson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
More informationRHOMBUS TILINGS OF A HEXAGON WITH TWO TRIANGLES MISSING ON THE SYMMETRY AXIS
RHOMBUS TILINGS OF A HEXAGON WITH TWO TRIANGLES MISSING ON THE SYMMETRY AXIS THERESIA EISENKÖLBL Institut für Mathematik der Universität Wien, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Wien, Austria. E-mail: Theresia.Eisenkoelbl@univie.ac.at
More informationMATH Topics in Applied Mathematics Lecture 12: Evaluation of determinants. Cross product.
MATH 311-504 Topics in Applied Mathematics Lecture 12: Evaluation of determinants. Cross product. Determinant is a scalar assigned to each square matrix. Notation. The determinant of a matrix A = (a ij
More informationPascal Eigenspaces and Invariant Sequences of the First or Second Kind
Pascal Eigenspaces and Invariant Sequences of the First or Second Kind I-Pyo Kim a,, Michael J Tsatsomeros b a Department of Mathematics Education, Daegu University, Gyeongbu, 38453, Republic of Korea
More informationProblems for Putnam Training
Problems for Putnam Training 1 Number theory Problem 1.1. Prove that for each positive integer n, the number is not prime. 10 1010n + 10 10n + 10 n 1 Problem 1.2. Show that for any positive integer n,
More informationThe Catalan matroid.
The Catalan matroid. arxiv:math.co/0209354v1 25 Sep 2002 Federico Ardila fardila@math.mit.edu September 4, 2002 Abstract We show how the set of Dyck paths of length 2n naturally gives rise to a matroid,
More informationMath 324 Summer 2012 Elementary Number Theory Notes on Mathematical Induction
Math 4 Summer 01 Elementary Number Theory Notes on Mathematical Induction Principle of Mathematical Induction Recall the following axiom for the set of integers. Well-Ordering Axiom for the Integers If
More informationThe Intersection Problem for Steiner Triple Systems. Bradley Fain
The Intersection Problem for Steiner Triple Systems by Bradley Fain A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of
More informationDisjoint G-Designs and the Intersection Problem for Some Seven Edge Graphs. Daniel Hollis
Disjoint G-Designs and the Intersection Problem for Some Seven Edge Graphs by Daniel Hollis A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationAiro International Research Journal September, 2016 Volume VII, ISSN:
1 DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Neelam Rani Asstt. Professor in Department of Mathematics Shri Krishna Institute of Engg, & Technology, Kurukshetra (Haryana) ABSTRACT A Diophantine equation
More informationThesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for The award of the degree of. Masters of Science in Mathematics and Computing
SOME n-color COMPOSITION Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for The award of the degree of Masters of Science in Mathematics and Computing Submitted by Shelja Ratta Roll no- 301203014
More information1 Introduction 1. 5 Rooted Partitions and Euler s Theorem Vocabulary of Rooted Partitions Rooted Partition Theorems...
Contents 1 Introduction 1 Terminology of Partitions 1.1 Simple Terms.......................................... 1. Rank and Conjugate...................................... 1.3 Young Diagrams.........................................4
More information2011 Olympiad Solutions
011 Olympiad Problem 1 Let A 0, A 1, A,..., A n be nonnegative numbers such that Prove that A 0 A 1 A A n. A i 1 n A n. Note: x means the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x.) Solution: We
More informationNumber Theory: Niven Numbers, Factorial Triangle, and Erdos' Conjecture
Sacred Heart University DigitalCommons@SHU Mathematics Undergraduate Publications Mathematics -2018 Number Theory: Niven Numbers, Factorial Triangle, and Erdos' Conjecture Sarah Riccio Sacred Heart University,
More informationCombinatorics for algebraic geometers
Combinatorics for algebraic geometers Calculations in enumerative geometry Maria Monks March 17, 214 Motivation Enumerative geometry In the late 18 s, Hermann Schubert investigated problems in what is
More informationTHESIS. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University
The Hasse-Minkowski Theorem in Two and Three Variables THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By
More informationThe Pigeonhole Principle
The Pigeonhole Principle 2 2.1 The Pigeonhole Principle The pigeonhole principle is one of the most used tools in combinatorics, and one of the simplest ones. It is applied frequently in graph theory,
More informationAdditional Constructions to Solve the Generalized Russian Cards Problem using Combinatorial Designs
Additional Constructions to Solve the Generalized Russian Cards Problem using Combinatorial Designs Colleen M. Swanson Computer Science & Engineering Division University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
More informationChapter 4 - MATRIX ALGEBRA. ... a 2j... a 2n. a i1 a i2... a ij... a in
Chapter 4 - MATRIX ALGEBRA 4.1. Matrix Operations A a 11 a 12... a 1j... a 1n a 21. a 22.... a 2j... a 2n. a i1 a i2... a ij... a in... a m1 a m2... a mj... a mn The entry in the ith row and the jth column
More informationTILING PROBLEM FOR LITTLEWOOD S CONJECTURE
TILING PROBLEM FOR LITTLEWOOD S CONJECTURE A thesis submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree Master of Arts In Mathematics by
More informationCHAPTER 8: EXPLORING R
CHAPTER 8: EXPLORING R LECTURE NOTES FOR MATH 378 (CSUSM, SPRING 2009). WAYNE AITKEN In the previous chapter we discussed the need for a complete ordered field. The field Q is not complete, so we constructed
More informationRamanujan-type congruences for broken 2-diamond partitions modulo 3
Progress of Projects Supported by NSFC. ARTICLES. SCIENCE CHINA Mathematics doi: 10.1007/s11425-014-4846-7 Ramanujan-type congruences for broken 2-diamond partitions modulo 3 CHEN William Y.C. 1, FAN Anna
More informationPolynomials, Ideals, and Gröbner Bases
Polynomials, Ideals, and Gröbner Bases Notes by Bernd Sturmfels for the lecture on April 10, 2018, in the IMPRS Ringvorlesung Introduction to Nonlinear Algebra We fix a field K. Some examples of fields
More informationCombinatorics, Modular Forms, and Discrete Geometry
Combinatorics, Modular Forms, and Discrete Geometry / 1 Geometric and Enumerative Combinatorics, IMA University of Minnesota, Nov 10 14, 2014 Combinatorics, Modular Forms, and Discrete Geometry Peter Paule
More informationLecture 1. Toric Varieties: Basics
Lecture 1. Toric Varieties: Basics Taras Panov Lomonosov Moscow State University Summer School Current Developments in Geometry Novosibirsk, 27 August1 September 2018 Taras Panov (Moscow University) Lecture
More informationA basis for the non-crossing partition lattice top homology
J Algebr Comb (2006) 23: 231 242 DOI 10.1007/s10801-006-7395-5 A basis for the non-crossing partition lattice top homology Eliana Zoque Received: July 31, 2003 / Revised: September 14, 2005 / Accepted:
More informationOn minimal solutions of linear Diophantine equations
On minimal solutions of linear Diophantine equations Martin Henk Robert Weismantel Abstract This paper investigates the region in which all the minimal solutions of a linear diophantine equation ly. We
More informationQuivers of Period 2. Mariya Sardarli Max Wimberley Heyi Zhu. November 26, 2014
Quivers of Period 2 Mariya Sardarli Max Wimberley Heyi Zhu ovember 26, 2014 Abstract A quiver with vertices labeled from 1,..., n is said to have period 2 if the quiver obtained by mutating at 1 and then
More informationSituation: Summing the Natural Numbers
Situation: Summing the Natural Numbers Prepared at Penn State University Mid-Atlantic Center for Mathematics Teaching and Learning 14 July 005 Shari and Anna Edited at University of Georgia Center for
More informationCOMBINATORIAL CURVE NEIGHBORHOODS FOR THE AFFINE FLAG MANIFOLD OF TYPE A 1 1
COMBINATORIAL CURVE NEIGHBORHOODS FOR THE AFFINE FLAG MANIFOLD OF TYPE A 1 1 LEONARDO C. MIHALCEA AND TREVOR NORTON Abstract. Let X be the affine flag manifold of Lie type A 1 1. Its moment graph encodes
More informationIntroduction to Mathematical Programming IE406. Lecture 3. Dr. Ted Ralphs
Introduction to Mathematical Programming IE406 Lecture 3 Dr. Ted Ralphs IE406 Lecture 3 1 Reading for This Lecture Bertsimas 2.1-2.2 IE406 Lecture 3 2 From Last Time Recall the Two Crude Petroleum example.
More informationMATRIX ALGEBRA AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS. + + x 1 x 2. x n 8 (4) 3 4 2
MATRIX ALGEBRA AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND MATRICES Representation of a linear system The general system of m equations in n unknowns can be written a x + a 2 x 2 + + a n x n b a
More informationINDISTINGUISHABILITY OF ABSOLUTELY CONTINUOUS AND SINGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS
INDISTINGUISHABILITY OF ABSOLUTELY CONTINUOUS AND SINGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS STEVEN P. LALLEY AND ANDREW NOBEL Abstract. It is shown that there are no consistent decision rules for the hypothesis testing problem
More informationHonors Advanced Mathematics Determinants page 1
Determinants page 1 Determinants For every square matrix A, there is a number called the determinant of the matrix, denoted as det(a) or A. Sometimes the bars are written just around the numbers of the
More informationMATH 324 Summer 2011 Elementary Number Theory. Notes on Mathematical Induction. Recall the following axiom for the set of integers.
MATH 4 Summer 011 Elementary Number Theory Notes on Mathematical Induction Principle of Mathematical Induction Recall the following axiom for the set of integers. Well-Ordering Axiom for the Integers If
More informationComponents and change of basis
Math 20F Linear Algebra Lecture 16 1 Components and change of basis Slide 1 Review: Isomorphism Review: Components in a basis Unique representation in a basis Change of basis Review: Isomorphism Definition
More informationEuler characteristic of the truncated order complex of generalized noncrossing partitions
Euler characteristic of the truncated order complex of generalized noncrossing partitions D. Armstrong and C. Krattenthaler Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146,
More informationarxiv:math/ v1 [math.co] 6 Dec 2005
arxiv:math/05111v1 [math.co] Dec 005 Unimodality and convexity of f-vectors of polytopes Axel Werner December, 005 Abstract We consider unimodality and related properties of f-vectors of polytopes in various
More informationDeterminants Chapter 3 of Lay
Determinants Chapter of Lay Dr. Doreen De Leon Math 152, Fall 201 1 Introduction to Determinants Section.1 of Lay Given a square matrix A = [a ij, the determinant of A is denoted by det A or a 11 a 1j
More informationInteger Partitions With Even Parts Below Odd Parts and the Mock Theta Functions
Integer Partitions With Even Parts Below Odd Parts and the Mock Theta Functions by George E. Andrews Key Words: Partitions, mock theta functions, crank AMS Classification Numbers: P84, P83, P8, 33D5 Abstract
More informationSTABLY FREE MODULES KEITH CONRAD
STABLY FREE MODULES KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction Let R be a commutative ring. When an R-module has a particular module-theoretic property after direct summing it with a finite free module, it is said to
More informationA STUDY ON THE CONCEPT OF DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS
Airo International Research Journal March, 2014 Volume III, ISSN: 2320-3714 A STUDY ON THE CONCEPT OF DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS Alham Research Scholar, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh ABSTRACT
More informationTHE BAILEY TRANSFORM AND FALSE THETA FUNCTIONS
THE BAILEY TRANSFORM AND FALSE THETA FUNCTIONS GEORGE E ANDREWS 1 AND S OLE WARNAAR 2 Abstract An empirical exploration of five of Ramanujan s intriguing false theta function identities leads to unexpected
More information