A Study Extracting Information on Ground Objects from Characteristics of Space Thermal Distribution

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1 A Study Extracting Infrmatin n Grund Objects frm Characteristics f Space Thermal Distributin Atsushi Rikimaru,Masakazu Kamij,Taichi Oshima Hsei University,Faculty f Engineering Kganei-shi Tky, Japan, 184 Cmmissin VII Abstract It is necessary t gather many pieces f infrmatin and put them tgether t superimpse precisely in rder t analyze the thermal characteristics f grund bjects frm thermal infrared date which were btained frm LANDSAT r airbrne MSS. The thermal characteristics f bjects are presumed frm the bservatin date and space mdels f thermal distributin, especialy the thermal gradient f plane, in rder t extract the useful infrmatin n vegetatin, sil, gelgical data and s frth. This result f experiments shwed as having high crrelatin between thermal characteristics f Tempral axis and Spatial axis directins and temperature fluctuatin n the grund is affected by meterlgical items, sil and vegetatin cnditins n the grund. 1.Intductin The Earth Resurces Technlgy with Satellite and Airbrne are required t extract the characteristics such as specific heat and thermal cnductivity f the bjects t get the mre detail results by analyzing the thermal infrared infrmatin frm MSS data. These analysis is geneally carried ut t estimate the heat cnditins frm the thermal inertia in relatin t the tempral factrs. In this case, it is necessary t gather the tempral data within the several hurs, but there is practically few chances t gather them frm the pints f weather cnditins and satellite rbits. This study prpses t presume the thermal characteristics f bjects frm the special mdels f heat distributin with nly single bservatin data and t extract the useful infrmatin n vegetatin, sil, gelgy and s frth. This is the interim reprt f the fundamental experiment dne up t nw. 2.Backgrund f the Studies The infrmatin f heat distributin n the bjects are nt nly the signals f temperature values, but als simptn f the bject cnditins. Therefre, Frm the analysis f these heat distributin ur study aims t estimate the thermal characteristics and present status f the bject characteristics. Table-1 shws the relatinship between the grund surface cnditins and thermal characteristic frm a view f qualitative pint.in these items shwn in the table-i, the temperatures in a day time and the temperature gradients are mstly eligible t measure by remte sensing technique. There are a few insufficient cases t estimate the bject characteristic by the item which is plain temperature gradient,prpsed here in this paper. In general, the tempral gradient by methd f thermal inertia have been used. But in analyzing these factrs in cnnectin with time, it is required t acquire the data f the dual time intervals and t superimpse them precisely. Therefre the authrs have investigated abut the methd using 452

2 the date f nly single time which can save the time. Frm ur fundamental survey, the bjects which the rise and fall f temperature drastically are changeable in relatin t the tempral axis, that means, they are having the lwer specific heat cnductin, as a result, we assume are eligible t cause the temperature fluctuatin. As indicated in Fig.l, when the 3 X 3 matrix data f temperature have been acquired the standard deviatin f temperature this paper aims t survey and t verify under what cnditins the plane temperature gradient rises and falls in relatin t the grund surface cnditins and heat characteristic, especially here stresses t study the relatinship with plane temperature gradient. In rder t simplify f the field measurement, the measurement were dealt with nly ne dimensinal directin. As the additinal experiment, the respnding characteristic and the cnditins f temperature, vegetatin grwth density and s frth have been investigated and bserved the characteristic f temperature stability as the fundamental characteristic f the heat. 3.The experiments and the test species The test plantatin species were prepared planting bxes and under the several cnditins f weather, the fluctuatins f plane and tempral were bserved and the data were summed up. 3.1 Observed species ( see pht-l,2 ) in several misture and temperature (1) The lawn cultivated in planting bxes (six species changed the sil misture cnditins and grwth density) *Sparsely planted lawn(5%) *Standard sil(5%) *Damp sil(9%) *Dried sil *Trimmed lawn *Withered lawn (2) Sil in the planting bx (tw species changed the misture cnditin) *Damp sil(9%) *Dried sil(l%) The number in the parenthesis shws mean value f misture cntents every day. (3) Water pured int the planting bxes The surface temperature f water pured int the planting bxes was measured its deviated values each 100 secnds as the stable standard. (4) The mean misture cntents was estimated frm the water quantity given each species. 3.2 The insturments used fr experiments *Thermal radimeter *Wet and Dry bulb Hydrmeter *Wind gauge *Recrder *Slar radimeter *Therm-cuple thermmeter *Umbrella(white clr) 453

3 3.3 The bserved items *Distributin f Surface Temperature(Thermal Radimeter) *Slar Radiatin(Lawbich Slar Radiatin) *Distributin f grund Temperature (Therm-Cuple Thermmeter) *Radiatin Reflectance (Prtable Phtmeter) *Air Temperature/Misture cntents(wind Hydrmeter) *Wind Velcity(Wind gauge) *Respnce Characteristic fr temperature by cut-ff f the slar irradiatin 3.4 Methelgical cnditins *Existing r nt f Natural Wind (Use f the prtectin frame) *Fractuatin f Direct slar irradiatin (Use f white umbrella) 3.5 Experiment date July.20 - Oct.30, Place Campus Grund (Hsei University,Faculty f Engineering Kganei-City,Tky,Japan) 3.7 Prcess f Experiments Fig.2 shws the instruments and their arrangement used fr measurement in the field experiment. The thermal radimeter, radi refrectr and the surrunding me thelgical data were measured each 100 secnds by scanning and ne fixed pinting methd n the planting bx. T bserve the thermal respnse characteristic under the direct slar irradiatin, we measured the fluctuatin f the surface temperature during the time flw frm the case f pening and shutting ut the direct slar irradiatin t the bjects. The switching f sunny and shadw is using the white shelter (umbrella). The items fr measurement are as fllwss; thee fluctuatin fr surface temperature, such as its maximum value, minimum value and itss duratin fr temperature variatin. 4. Results and Cnsideratin fr experiments The fllwings are the results and cnsideratin fr experiments. (1) The result f experiments shwed as having the crrealatin between the bservatin f ne fixed pinting and scanning (Fig.3). In this case, the crrelatin value was 0.86 at the maximum, which shws t have high crrelatin between the fluctuatin f temperature in tempral prgress and special extensin. (2) The fluctuatin fr special and tempral temperature shws the cnstant deviatin f temperature in bth lawn and naked land. Frm this phenmena, it is estimated that the specific relative characteristic between each bject are maintained with cnstant relatinship but the abslute value fr the 454

4 fluctuatin in this characteristic used t change depending upn the surrunding cnditins such as the meterlgy and the thers.(fig.4 and Fig.5) (3) The discriminatin f varius kinds f lawn is t hard nly frm measurement f temperature distributin, but it is eligible t judge its wrk f discriminating by cnsidering the temperature fluctuatin(fig.6). In case f having been intercepted the wind effect, withered lawn and dry naked land shws the phenmena f small temperature deviatin in spite f being the big temperature difference between bjects and air. This prves, these is fairly large effect f the wind t the surface temperature(fig.7). (4) Fig.8 shws the spectral refractance f the several species. It clearly shws us that the grwth cnditin f lawn and water cntents are clsely cnnected with the wave length and refractance cefficient f the vegetatin. (5) The respnse characteristic f temperature cutting ff the wind is sensible fr the time difference between rising and falling f temperature, that means, the gradient f rising is bigger than the ne f falling. This tendency appears, the mre being vegetatin distributin dense, the mre being land wet. In case f dense vegetatin cnditin and wet land, as the time cnsuming f temperature rising and falling, is needed much quantity and there is few difference between the max and min temperature, the species cntaining small quantity f water varies in shrt perid f time and als the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature appears big. This cause f phenmena cmes mainly frm the autmatic cntrl functin f temperature in physilgical actin which are clsely related t the temperature equibrium and evapratin functin f vegetatin. 5. Cnclusin This result f experiment shwed us having high crrelatin between thermal characteristics f tempral axis and special axis directins and als the special factrs f thermal characteristic are clsely cnnected t the varius parameters such as weather cnditins, sil and vegetatin factrs with the data fluctuatin gained frm bservatin f the land surface temperature and s n. But in this present stage, as the affect fr the relative change pattern f each parameter is rather difficult t digitize, its wrks have nt been realized. In case f digitizing the relatin between water cntents and standard deviatin f land surface temperature, there are many parameters besides them under natural circumstances which cannt neglect. The authrs cnfirmed frm the experiment that by cmbining the bth infrmatins, such as results f field experiments and data f thermal infrared images, the prductin ptentiality f vegetatin and sil factrs in certain places might be estimated. In future, there are a few image prcessing ways which culd be useful fr planning f civil enginnering prjects, they are cnnectin with thermal cnductin mdel by Furier series r image prcessing f the feature extractin f each parameter in experimental thermal infrared images and s fth. 455

5 Table-l Grund surface and thermal prperties Grund misture cntents less -~much Vegitatin grawth ptentiality lw ~'high Thermal cnductin cefficient lw ~high Specific heat lw ~high (lw~high) Tempral temperature high ~lw steep+-+-gentle radient Plane temperature high ~lw steep~gentle radient Daytime temperature high ~ lw high ~lw Tl T2 T3 S t d T4 T5 T6 --> S5 T7 T8 T9 Tl-T9:measured temp. at each designated pints Std :The standard deviatin SS:Flding value at TS point frm the standrad deviatin values f 3X3 matrics Fig.l Variable quantity f mean-value temperature Wind directin Thermal radime~erand wind gauge GJ u e in planting Therm-cuplethermmeter c-~""':":':'-~-~':"':":"--'"'. ~~~.:~~~/~~~~.~~~~ ~~.~;;'.~~,., Fig.2 Grund truth instruments E E< 00 c::: c::: c::: ~1.0 CJ) O:Outdrs e:indrs 6:rndr withu~ wind e 0 e '0 I 0.0 Fixed Temp. deviatin Fig.3 Crrelatin f radiatin temp. deviatin between single and scanning measurment 456

6 u 't: 2.5..j.,.I a3.~ 2.0 aj "0 ~1.5 aj E-i 1.0 Fixed :Outdrs :Indrs ~ :Indr withut wind u c I a3 ~2. aj "0 ~1.5 aj E-i 1.0 Scanning :Outdrs e : Indrs t::.. : Indr wi thu t wind ~ J / / it r N.1 N.2 N.3 N.4 N.5 N.6 N.7 N.8 N.9 Fig.S Vaiable temp. fluctuatin (scanning thermal radimeter) N.1 water N.2 damped lawn N.3 standard lawn N.4 trimed lawn N.5 sparaely planted lawn N.6 dried lawn N.7 withered lawn N.8 damped sil N.9 dried sil lawn velcity (m/sec) u Dried Fig.6 Cmparisn f prperties between.. tem. deviatin and weather cnd1t1ns lawn Trimed lawn Sparaely planted lawn sil lawn Fig.? Cmparisn f prperties between temp. deviatin and weather cnditins b 457

$8 Spectral refractance prperties f difference species Duratin f in temp. Vegetatin Misture Time Table-2 Factrs cnnecting with temp. 'respnding prperty rising and falling Diff.$

7 60' ~50 OJ..., ~ 40 c:.~ 30..., (J! Withered lawn _ Dried s-il ~10 ~f Damped sil E:~e:-::~~ '00 Wave lenght(nm) Fig.8 Spectral refractance prperties f difference species Duratin f in temp. Vegetatin Misture Time Table-2 Factrs cnnecting with temp. 'respnding prperty rising and falling Diff. f maximum minimum n the surface temperature much -~ less Vegetatin less much'..- much less Misture less_much lng -shrt Diff f temp. much -less :Aug :Aug. 24 :Aug. 26 :Aug. 8 ~ :Au!<'. 24 e :Aug.26 ".. t:: Fig.9 Crrelatin between By-band rati Fig.lO Crrelatin between By-band rati f vegetatin spectral and temp. deviatin f vegetatln speatral and temp. deviatin spectral refractance rati 750/ 650 spectral refractance rati 750/ 650 Pht-l (Frm left side: Sparsely planted, Standerd,Damped,Dried,Trimed lawn) Pht-2 (Frm left:witherd lawn, Damped and Dried sil ) 458

U C/l 200 150 E ~ I E-< 100 ;1AX... Q I 0'" / 4 C r. / '---- CT "I ''r!; I~ / I t I? b U C/l 200 150 E E-< 100 A / "- / '/ '0 ''rf 50 3 C ZC 50 I"C ~. ------~--~------~~~--~--~--- N.2 N.. J N.

8 U C/l E ~ I E-< 100 ;1AX... Q I 0'" / 4 C r. / '---- CT "I ''r!; I~ / I t I? b U C/l E E-< 100 A / "- / '/ '0 ''rf 50 3 C ZC 50 I"C ~ ~--~------~~~--~--~--- N.2 N.. J N.4 N.5 N.6 N.7 N. B N.9 Fig.II Temp. respnse prperty by cuting ff direct light(in case f rising) N.2 N.3N.4N.5N.6 N.. 7N.8N.9 Fig.I2 Temp. respnse prperty by cuting ff direct light(in case f falling)

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