Physics 663. Par t icle Physics Phenomenology. May 7, Physics 663, lecture 8 1
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1 Physics 663 Par t icle Physics Phenomenology May 7, 2002 Physics 663, lecture 8 1
2 Det ect or s I nt er act ion of Char ged Par t icles and Radiat ion wit h Mat t er I onizat ion loss of char ged par t icles Coulomb scat t er ing Radiat ion loss by elect r ons Absor pt ion of J-r ays in Mat t er Det ect or s of Single Char ged Par t icles Pr opor t ional count er s, Spar k and st r eamer chamber s, Dr if t chamber s, Scint illat ion count er s, Cer enkov count er s, Solid-st at e count er s, Bubble chamber s Shower Det ect or s and Calor imet er s Elect r omagnet ic-shower det ect or s Hadr on-shower det ect or s Ref er ences: Donald H. Per kins, I nt r oduct ion t o High Ener gy Physics, Four t h Edit ion Par t icle Dat a Gr oup: pdg.lbl.gov Physics 663, lecture 8 2
3 Shower Det ect or s and Calor imet er s Par t icle ener gies can be measur ed by absor bing t he ener gy of an incident par t icle and measur ing t he signals gener at ing in t he absor ber The absor bed ener gy appear s as ionizat ion, excit at ion, r adiat ion, or ot her signals pr opor t ional t o t he t ot al absor bed ener gy Examples: ionizat ion in liquid ar gon Cer enkov r adiat ion in lead glass scint illat ion light in scint illat ing plast ic Such devices ar e t he only met hod of det ect ion neut r al par t icles, such as gammas K 0 L neut r ons Physics 663, lecture 8 3
4 Shower Det ect or s and Calor imet er s Typical t r acking det ect or s have r esolut ions t hat det er ior at e wit h incr easing ener gy since t he bending in a magnet ic f ield is r educed Absor pt ion det ect or s, on t he cont r ar y, impr ove wit h incr eased ener gy, of t en impr oving as E -1/ 2 Tot al absor pt ion det ect or s also pr ovide ver y f ast signals, which ar e of t en employed as f ast t r igger s f or exper iment s Physics 663, lecture 8 4
5 Elect r omagnet ic Cascades Elect r omagnet ic cascades ar e t he basis f or elect r omagnet ic shower det ect or s High-ener gy elect r ons and phot ons incident on an absor ber init iat e elect r omagnet ic cascades as pair pr oduct ion and br emsst r ahlung gener at e mor e elect r ons and phot ons wit h lower ener gy Longit udinal development is gover ned by t he high-ener gy par t of t he cascade, and scales as t he r adiat ion lengt h in t he mat er ial Elect r on ener gies event ually f all below t he cr it ical ener gy, and t hen dissipat e t heir ener gy by ionizat ion and excit at ion r at her t han by t he gener at ion of mor e shower par t icles. I n descr ibing shower behavior, it is t her ef or e convenient t o int r oduce t he scale var iables t = x/ X 0 y = E/ E c so dist ance is measur ed in unit s of r adiat ion lengt h and ener gy in unit s of cr it ical ener gy. Physics 663, lecture 8 5
6 Elect r omagnet ic Cascades Physics 663, lecture 8 6
7 Elect r omagnet ic Cascades C e = -0.5 Cγ = +0.5 Physics 663, lecture 8 7
8 Tr ansver se Pr of iles Elect r omagnet ic Cascades The t r ansver se pr of iles of elect r omagnet ic cascades ar e nicely r espr esent ed by t he Molier e r adius (R M ) R M = X 0 E s / E c (E s = 21 MeV). Typical r elat ions ~ 10% of ener gy out side R M ~ 99% of ener gy wit hin 3.5 R M shower char act er ized by nar r ow cor e t hat br oadens as t he shower develops Physics 663, lecture 8 8
9 Lengt hs of shower s The lengt hs of shower s scale as 1/ E c t his r esult s f r om t he f act t hat when t he par t icles of t he shower r each t he cr it ical ener gy, r adiat ion ceases and t he ener gy is deposit ed as ionizat ion. Elect r omagnet ic Cascades Physics 663, lecture 8 9
10 Elect r omagnet ic Cascades Review of Main Qualit at ive Feat ur es Maximum occur s at a dept h t hat incr eases logr it hmically wit h pr imar y ener gy The number of shower par t icles at t he maximum is pr opor t ional t o t he pr imar y ener gy t he t ot al t r ack-lengt h int egr al is pr opor t ional t o t he pr imar y ener gy Fluct uat ions in t he t ot al ener gy deposit ed about t he aver age var ies inver sely wit h t he squar e r oot of t he number of par t icles in t he shower, or inver sely as t he squar e r oot of t he pr imar y ener gy Physics 663, lecture 8 10
11 Elect r omagnet ic-shower Det ect or s Each calor imet er will det ect a specif ic r esponse which is pr opor t ional t o t he shower development, but may var y f r om t echnique t o t echnique ener gy deposit ion t r ack lengt h t hr eshold ener gy Not e: at ver y high ener gy t hese r esolut ions will be limit ed by t he size of t he const ant t er m Physics 663, lecture 8 11
12 Elect r omagnet icshower Det ect or s Homogeneous Calor imet er s Lead Glass NaI BGO BaF 2 CeF 3 CsI eg BaBar, 5760 cr yst als in t he bar r el 820 in t he endcap Physics 663, lecture 8 12
13 Elect r omagnet ic-shower Det ect or s Sampling Calor imet er s Examples: lead-scint illat or lead-liquid ar gon silicon-t ungst en Physics 663, lecture 8 13
14 Elect r omagnet ic-shower Det ect or s Lead- scint illat or Example: CDF bar r el 0.5 cm t hick scint illat or 0.32 cm Pb absor ber 31 layer s = 18 X 0 Physics 663, lecture 8 14
15 Elect r omagnet ic-shower Det ect or s Lead- liquid ar gon Example: SLD Calor imet er 2 mm Pb 2.75 mm Ar gon 56 layer s = 21 X 0 Physics 663, lecture 8 15
16 Elect r omagnet ic-shower Det ect or s Silicon- t ungst en SLD Luminosit y Monit or 3.5 mm t ungst en 3.5 mm gaps f or inser t ion of silicon diode det ect or s 23 layer s = 21 X 0 Physics 663, lecture 8 16
17 Elect r omagnet ic-shower Det ect or s Silicon- t ungst en Physics 663, lecture 8 17
18 Hadr on-shower Development Hadr on shower s ar e mor e complicat ed nuclear int er act ions absor b ener gy f r om t he shower t his loss of ener gy t ypically r emoves 30% of t he incident par t icle ener gy, but f luct uat ions in t he number and nat ur e of t he nuclear int er act ions give t his loss lar ge f luct uat ion t her ef or e, t he ener gy r esolut ion is much wor se t han f or elect r omagnet ic calor imet er s t he best is about 35% / E many of t he best calor imet er s achieve only 50-70% / E not e: an addit ional const ant t er m can be lar ge (see compensat ion) Scale lengt h: Shower maximum: Physics 663, lecture 8 18
19 Hadr on-shower Development Aver age shower pr of iles Fluct uat ions about t he aver age ar e ver y lar ge Physics 663, lecture 8 19
20 Hadr on-shower Development Shower cont ainment Physics 663, lecture 8 20
21 Hadr on-shower Development The r eponse of a calor imet er t o t he elect r omagnet ic component (pr imar ily f r om π 0 s) is much dif f er ent t han t he r esponse t o t he char ge hadr ons. Fluct uat ions f r om shower t o shower in t he f r act ion of ener gy deposit ed elect r omagnect ically t r anslat es int o ener gy r esolut ion f luct uat ions, unless t he calor imet er is compensat ing Compensat ing r ef er s t o t he r est or ing of a balance in t he calor imet er r esponse t o EM and char ged ener gy deposit ion t his can be achieved by boost ing t he signal when ener gy is lost t hr ough nuclear br eakup - t he or iginal t echnique of Ur anium calor imet r y (Willis et al) or by suppr essing t he r esponse when ener gy is deposit ed by elect r omagnet ic sub-shower s Physics 663, lecture 8 21
22 Hadr on-shower Development The hadr onic component shower s have been shown t o be well descr ibed by (E/ E 0 ) m < m < 0.85 E 0 ~ 1 GeV f or pions E > f ew t ens of GeV Then t he r at io of t he r esponse of t he calor imet er t o t he t wo component s is wher e e/ h is t he int r insic r esponse Calor imet er s wit h e/ h close t o one ar e t hen compensat ing and t end t o have t he best ener gy per f or mance Physics 663, lecture 8 22
23 Hadr on-shower Det ect or s I t was discover ed in t he 1980 s t hat t he pr oper combinat ion of scint illat or and ur anium achieved t he best compensat ing calor imet er. This was implement ed by ZEUS at HERA 3.3 mm U, 2.6 mm scint illat or 35% / E + 1% f or hadr ons 17% / E + 1% f or elect r ons Physics 663, lecture 8 23
24 Hadr on-shower Det ect or s Physics 663, lecture 8 24
25 Hadr on-shower Det ect or s Ener gy f low calor imet er s Since t he t r acker of a det ect or is mor e pr ecise t han t he calor imet er in det ect ing char ged par t icles, a measur ement of j et ener gies based on t he ener gy f low can give bet t er j et ener gy measur ement s t han a calor imet er alone measur ement. Physics 663, lecture 8 25
26 Hadr on-shower Det ect or s Ener gy f low calor imet er s To do t his well r equir es a separ at ion of t he signals in t he calor imet er f r om char ged and neut r al par t icles Physics 663, lecture 8 26
27 Hadr on-shower Det ect or s Ener gy f low calor imet er s The linear collider pr oj ect s ar e st udying a silicon-t ungst en calor imet er f or t his: densest calor imet er conf ines shower s most gr anular segment at ion allows r eadout of det ails builds on exper ience wit h silicon calor imet er s at SLD and LEP Physics 663, lecture 8 27
28 Det ect or s I nt er act ion of Char ged Par t icles and Radiat ion wit h Mat t er I onizat ion loss of char ged par t icles Coulomb scat t er ing Radiat ion loss by elect r ons Absor pt ion of J-r ays in Mat t er Det ect or s of Single Char ged Par t icles Pr opor t ional count er s, Spar k and st r eamer chamber s, Dr if t chamber s, Scint illat ion count er s, Cer enkov count er s, Solid-st at e count er s, Bubble chamber s Shower Det ect or s and Calor imet er s Elect r omagnet ic-shower det ect or s Hadr on-shower det ect or s Ref er ences: Donald H. Per kins, I nt r oduct ion t o High Ener gy Physics, Four t h Edit ion Par t icle Dat a Gr oup: pdg.lbl.gov Physics 663, lecture 8 28
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