Positron and positronium for the GBAR experiment
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1 Positron and positronium for the GBAR experiment László Liszkay CEA, IRFU, Centre de Saclay, France and the GBAR collaboration Outline The GBAR (GravitaConal Behaviour of AnCmaEer in Rest) experiment Linac- based positron source for GBAR Mesoporous silica film as efficient positron/positronium converter Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
2 H The Direct test of the weak equivalence principle by the observacon of the free fall of anchydrogen at extremely low energy (~20 µk) ~1 % precision in g, determined mostly by temperature (+stat.) Cooling path through posicvely charged anchydrogen ions + SympatheCc cooling + Raman sideband cooling (Be + ) H + Photodetachment of e + H (~20 μk) (cold) gravitaconal free fall measurement J. Walz and T. Hänsch, General Rela5vity and Gravita5on 36, 561 (2004). P.Pérez and A. Rosowsky, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 532 (2004) Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
3 ProducCon of the anchydrogen ion p + Ps H + e H + Ps H + + e (only o- Ps can be used) p CERN AnCproton Decelerator (AD)+ ELENA dense, slow positronium target ~ Ps cm - 2 low energy* ~10 10 e+, ~100 ns pulse H + (10-7 prob.) *no need for ultracold o- Ps i r f u saclay ~10 8 e+/s slow (3 kev) positron source Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
4 e - e + Linac W target Moderator Buncher e + trap 10 MeV ~1 MeV ev kev Laser Lasers Laser Experimental chamber with detectors H 20 µk - e + H + 20 µk Cooling H + 1eV Capture H + 1 kev e + e + e + kev Scheme of GBAR at CERN Positronium target cloud AD p 5.3 MeV ELENA p 100 kev Decelerator p 1 kev Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
5 DetecCon of the free fall H + Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
6 Status of the Recommended by the SPS and PS experiments CommiEee (SPSC) of CERN Decision of the CERN Research Board (RB) is pending (expected in May) Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
7 The slow positron source Linac 4.3 MeV e -, 200 Hz,~2.5 µs, ~120 ma (peak) Water cooled W electron target W B ~8 mt ~10 ev e+ ~1 MeV e+ Moderator: Annealed W mesh (~10 µm) Total efficiency is approximately 5 x 10-9 slow e + / e - Efficiency has to be improved (higher electron energy, improvement in moderacon) OpConal solucon: solid Ne moderator (using exiscng electron/positron separator) Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
8 The slow positron source at Saclay (CEA/IRFU) Positron produccon by a low energy (<10 MeV) linear electron accelerator (linac) Saclay source 22 Na- based sources Positron sources based on nuclear reactors or high energy accelerators On/off operacon, < 10 MeV electron source (no accvacon) RadioacCve source can't be switched off, capsule with thin exit window (~open source) Limited access to the source, permanent accvacon of the source environment, radioaccve waste Dedicated positron source Dedicated source Time- sharing (reactor cycle, shared facility) Possibly compact (+ biological shield) High intensity (up to about 10 8 e + /s Compact (thinner biological shield) Intensity limited to about 6x10 6 e + /s Large installacon Very high intensity possible (up to ~10 9 e + /s) Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
9 The slow positron source at Saclay (CEA/IRFU) Beam switch/user port (materials science) Slow positron drin tube (~10 ev) Penning trap for e+ (RIKEN) e- linac (4.3 MeV) GBAR experiment e+/e- W target + W mesh moderator magnecc separator Present slow e+ rate s- 1 Extrap. to 10 MeV linac (CERN) s- 1 target value s- 1 Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
10 Positron- positronium converter for the Ps cloud High efficiency Low o- Ps energy but no need for ultracold o- Ps Must withstand radiacon with intense e+ pulse SiO 2 coacng i r f u saclay fast extraction from trap Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
11 Material of choice: porous silica films 1 nm pore size 1000 nm 100 nm 10 nm i r f u microporous mesoporous macroporous saclay F- 127 CTAB zeolites (pure silica) nm e + (kev) substrate o- Ps (mev- ev) pure SiO 2 structure known efficiency in positron- positronium conversion very large variety of structures, tunable properces intensively studied because of the current or potencal applicacons Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
12 Characterization: experimental methods Energy distribucon of the annihilacon radiacon 3 gamma annihilacon fraccon + Doppler broadening shape parameters (S, W) Ortho- positronium lifecme (PALS) LifeCme spectrum (more detail on trapping + escape) Ortho- positronium Cne- of- flight (TOF) KineCc energy (temperature) spectrum Counts with ops without ops total Energy (kev) High resolucon gamma spectrometer Counts photomulcplier beam pipe BGO(bismuth germanate) scincllators > 40 % o-ps emission (~ 1 ev) τ=142 ns < 10 % o-ps emission Time (ns) ETHZ- IRFU PALS spectrometer mumetal shield 200 mm ETHZ- IRFU 220 Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in mm Astrophysics, 21 March 2012 TOF spectrometer 12
13 3 gamma annihilacon fraccon: energy distribucon of the annihilacon photons 3 gamma annihilation fraction nm pore size; Si substrate samples made on 21/01/10 (450 C calc) heated at 450C 15 min in air (slow heatup) b0zmaj_i3g 20 % b0zoag_i3g 40 % b0zlag_i3g 45 % b0zlae_i3g 50 % b0zmah_i3g 55 % b0zlad_i3g 60 % b0zlaf_i3g 65 % b0zmai_i3g 70 % Positron energy (kev) (mean depth) Quick and available method No direct evidence for o- Ps emission into vacuum Upper limit for vacuum o- Ps (Film thickness ~250 nm) i r f u saclay Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
14 o-ps emission: lifetime (PALS) measurements 30 Counts 1000 > 40 % o-ps emission (~ 1 ev) τ=142 ns Lifetime τ 2 (ns) < 10 % o-ps emission Time (ns) photomulcplier beam pipe mumetal shield Intensity (%) Ca32 Saclay 1000 rpm meas 21/12/2007 CERN I 2 I Positron energy (kev) UNTITLED/gCa32Lt BGO(bismuth germanate) scincllators 220 mm 200 mm Proof of o- Ps emission into vacuum + reemission (escape) yield Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
15 o-ps energy: TOF measurements ~50 mev o- Ps energy Minimum is reached at ~3-4 kev e+ energy Minimum energy is determined by quantum confinement P. Crivelli et al, Phys. Rev. A 81, (2010) Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
16 o- Ps reemission at intense puses: comparison CERN / UCR Measurement at UCR D. Cassidy et al, Phys. Rev; A 81, (2010) ~ 5.6x10 16 e + cm - 2 s - 1 Measurement at the ETHZ/ IRFU spectrometer Intensity of the 142 ns component (%) Cb 44 CTACl-0.22 Saclay 1000 rpm Positron energy (kev) > x ~ 3.5x10 5 e + cm - 2 s - 1 No loss in conversion efficiency due to the high e + intensity is observed Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
17 Conclusions GBAR collaboracon has been formed A feasible experimental scheme was developed Advances in the development of Positron/positronium converter Linac- based positron source Positron trap Model calculacons on Ps excitacon, anchydrogen produccon cross seccons, cooling are underway First beamcme is expected in 2016 (see ELENA) First measurements in 2017 Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
18 Multiring trap (RIKEN): cooling by trapped electrons 5 T field Laszlo Liszkay, Positrons in Astrophysics, 21 March
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