Let s start with ionization energy - The minimum energy needed to remove and electron from an atom.
|
|
- Joleen Hicks
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Early Quantum Theory In what may seem like an abrupt change of pace, we will now drop our periodic table with its focus on practical chemistry of elements and start working on the background needed to understand and advanced theory called Quantum theory. Don t worry, the two are related but you won t see the tie until the next chapter. 4-1 First ionization energies Let s do a quick review of atom structure again Nucleus - dense and tiny. Surrounded by cloud of electrons. Electrons have virtually no mass but they are what occupies the volume of the atom. They are also how one atom interacts chemically with another atoms SO if you want to understand chemistry, you have to understand electrons Let s start with ionization energy - The minimum energy needed to remove and electron from an atom. In particular I want to discuss the first ionization energy (I 1), the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom (A) to produce a positively charged gaseous cation A A(g) A (g) + e (g) First ionization energy There are also second, third, fourth, etc ionization energies for the reactions until you run out of electrons: A (g) A (g) + e (g) 2nd ionization energy A (g) A (g) + e (g) 3rd ionization energy A (g) A (g) + e (g) 4th ionization energy With each ionization getting harder and harder to do, so the energy gets higher and higher (Can you explain why?) st Let s look at the 1 ionization energies of the elements and see if we can dicover any periodic trends Figure 4.1 Very distinct trend the group 1 metal has the lowest E 1 in any period, and the inert gas has the highest E, with atoms in the middle generally following along. 1 Thinking chemically the electron cloud of the inert gas must be very stable, and that of the 1A metal very unstable. The low ionization energy of the group 1 metals ties to their high reactivity So our first insight is that periodic properties of the elements are tied to the stability of the electron cloud around the atom
2 4-2 Ionization Energies and periodicity Now let s look at he successive ionization, what happens as you remove more electrons Table 4.1 (aj = attaj = 10 joules/atom) First let s get oriented. Flip back to Figure 4.1 Moderately hard ti ionize H, then really hard to do He, then really easy for Li then gets harder as you go to Ne, then easy to Na, etc (maybe sketch on board?) You can see that inthe first column of data in Table 4.1 No go across for Na Easy for the first Then a lot harder for the second, then slowly increases up to I 9 Then big jump to I (don t bother with figures, just rough sketch on board) 10 Figure 4.6 & 4.7 in powerpoint, but just as easy to sketch onboard Kind of like peeling an onion first few come off easy (outer skin) Then a big break and a bunch that come off ~ the same Then a bigger break and anoth bunch that com off the same Suggest Shells of electrons with similar properties Now look again at Table 4.1 Always 2 in innermost shell Then 8 in next shell The 8 in next Key Concept: Call the electrons in the outermost shell the valence electrons Call the electrons in inner shells the core electrons Another way to represent valence electrons is with a Lewis dot diagram Put the name of the atom in the middle and surround it with one dot for each valence electron Na. He: etc Similarly we can emphasize the core by writing the [core] See Table 4.2 Clicker question: Write Lewis diagram for some atoms
3 4-3 Electromagnetic Spectrum Now that we are focusing on electrons, we need to better understand how electrons and matter interact, and to do that we need to understand the electromagnetic spectrum EM spectrum - Radio, Microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet X-rays and gamma rays all part of EM spectrum Figure 's about the time the periodic table was getting nailed down Maxwell proposed electromagnetic theory of radiation. Radiation was oscillating electronic and magnetic fields moving through space Figure 4.9 Magnetic field and electronic fields are perpendicular to each other Key Concepts/Equations: Wavelength(ë) - the distance between consecutive peaks or troughs Frequency (í) - # of crests that pass a point in 1 sec 8 í ë = c Speed of light: x10 m/s Exercise What is the frequency of green light (green ë= 500 nm)? nm = 500x10 m = 5x10 m ëí=c í=c/ë =3x10 /5x10 = 6x10 Hz What is the wavelength of an FM radio wave with a frequency of 91.1MHz? MHz = 91.1x10 Hz = 91.1x10 sec ëí=c ë=c/í 8 +6 =3x10 m/s / 91.1x10 /s = 3.29 meters Clicker question more of same? Maybe a set up rather than a calculation?
4 4-4 Line Spectra of atoms When you pass while light through a prism you the visible rainbow 400 nm violet 750 nm red is a continuous spectrum. No gaps When we excite atoms to emit light (in a flame or arc a spark through a gas) we get discrete wavelengths - line spectra If we use a single atom for the source we call this an atomic emission spectrum Simplest atomic emission spectrum is that of hydrogen Figure 4.13 & 4.14 Fore years Scientists tried to make sense of this and figure out why we the lines are where they are Rydberg figured ou an empirical equation that fit the data 2 1/ë = Constant (1/4-1/n ) where n = 3,4,5, The constant was called the Rydberg constant = x 10 m ) Every element will give an atomic spectrum the number of lines and the ë of each line is different can be used as a fingerprint to identify an element 4-5 Photons If light is a continuum, why do atomic spectra consist of discrete line? At this point in time (late 1800's-early 1900's)classical physics, the view that light is a continuum was having all sorts of problems explaining experiment two key phenomena Black Body radiation - Refers to the fact that as heat something up it emits a continuum of radiation. The hotter it gets the more radiation. Practical example heating iron from red hot to white hot. It is emitting a continuum of radiation, so you would think that it would fit the classical (continuum ) theory. But it was emitting the wrong continuum! According to the continuum theory it should give off lots of light at high frequencies (short wavelengths) at all temperature. According to experiment it only did this at very high temperatures The Photo-electric effect - refers to light hitting a metal in a vacuum tube as shown in Figure 4.17 & Here light had to have a certain minimum frequency (called threshold frequency) before electrons would pass from one electrode to the other
5 It took the brilliance of Einstein to figure out that the two things were related. Key Concept: The explanation was that the energy of light is NOT a continuum, but was tied up in small discrete packets called photons (just as matter is tied up in small discrete packets called atoms) Key Equation: The energy of a single photon of light energy is given by: E=hí (if you have the í of light) -or- E=hc/ë (if you have the ë of light) Practice calculation: Going back to our green light. What is the energy of a single photon of green light What is the frequency of green light (green ë= 500 nm)? In our previous work on this problem nm = 500x10 m = 5x10 m ëí=c í=c/ë =3x10 /5x10 = 6x10 Hz E=hí =6.63x10 Js x 6x10 sec -19 =3.98 x10 J or E=hc/ë =(6.63x10 Js 3x10 m/s) /5x10 m -19 =3.98 x10 J Clicker question, set up of more of the same
6 4-6 De Broglie Wavelength So the explanation seems to be that light displays wave-like properties under certain conditions, and particle like properties under other conditions. This is called the wave-particle duality of light In 1924 de Broglie proposed a really radical idea. If the wave of light can display particle like properties under certain conditions, then why can t particles of matter display wavelike properties? Using Einstein s theory of relativity he proposed that both light and matter obey the equation Key Equation: ë=h/mv Where ë is the wavelength, m is the mass of the particle at rest and v is the velocity of the particle Practice problems What is the debroglie wavelength of an electron traveling at 1% of the speed of light -31 mass of electron 9.11x10 kg 8 6 v =.01 x c =.01 x 3x10 m/s = 3x10 m/s ë=h/mv = 6.626x10 J sec/(9.11 kg x 3x10 m/s) 2 2 Note 1 J = 1 kg m /s -10 so ë = 2.43x10 = =.243 nm this is the wavelength of an X-ray What is the mass of a photon of UV light (ë=200 nm) ë=h/mv më= h/v m = h/ëv ë in m = 2x Photons travel at the speed of light so v = c =3x10 m/s =6.626x10 / (2x10 x 3x10 ) -35 =1.10x10 Kg which is about 10,000 less mass than an electron! Clicker question on De broglie equation
7 4-7 Wave-Particle Duality Proof of de Broglie s hypothesis came just a few years latter when 2 Scientists showed that you could point a stream of electrons at a crystal, and the electrons would diffract, Figure 4.22 Something that only wave can do! So we can regard light as wave or a particle depending on the experiment Similarly we can regard matter as particles or waves depending on the experiment! This is called wave-particle duality. (Interesting aside in text: JJ Thomson (and others) got Nobel Prize in 1906 for demonstrating that electron was a particle. His Son GP Thomson (and others) got Nobel prize in 1937 for showing it was a wave!) 4-8 Quantization Getting back to our line spectra for hydrogen In 1913 Niels Bohr had looked at the line spectra for H and the Rydberg equations, and had proposed that the reason the E was quantized was that tha the electrons in H were restricted to certain circular orbitals 10 years later, when debroglie proposed that electrons could act like waves, it was possible to rationalize why the electrons were restricted to only certain orbitals. Figure 4.24 It was proposed that the orbit could only be stable if the wave took an integral number of periods to get around the nucleus so it would return to its starting point after 1 revolution, otherwise it would cancel itself out like waves do in a diffraction pattern Putting a little math together, saying the circumference of the orbit is 2ðr, and this has to equal në. Throwing in the force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron he came up with the equation E = -2.18x10 n J/n 2 This quantized the energy of the orbitals to distinct values or energy states These quantized states are called stationary states The lowest stationary state (n=1) is called the ground state All the higher states (n>1) are called excited states n=2 is called the first excited state
8 Note that the energy of an orbital is negative. This means that energy is released as an electron falls into this state. And then you have to supply energy (ionization energy) to release the electron from this orbital 4-9 Electronic Transitions When an electron is in a stationary state it cannot emit or absorb energy. This only happens when en electron moves from on e state to another So if energy is going to be released from an H atom to make an emission line, and electron has to drop from a high stationary state to a lower stationary state so some energy can be released E of photon = E i - Ef Where E = E of initial state and E = E of final state i f Key Equation: 2 2 E = 2.18x10 J (1/n - 1/n ) photon f i Practice problems What is the energy released in J, and the wavelength of the photon carrying that energy when an electron in a hydrogen atom falls from the n=5 state to the n=2 state? 2 2 E = 2.18x10 J (1/n f - 1/n i ) 2 2 =2.18x10 J (1/2-1/5 ) =2.18x10 J (1/4-1/25) =2.18x10 J ( ) =2.18x10 J (.21) =.458x10 J E = hc/ë; ë=hc/e =(6.626x10 J s x 3x10 m/s)/.458x10 J =4.34x10-7 m =434 nm Which checks with one of the line you can see! Clicker question: Set up for E photon type calculation
9 I mentioned earlier that you can get these line spectra from having an electrical spark arc through a gas (that is how glow tubes work) or by simply putting the atoms in a flame. Heat energy kicks electrons to higher states, and the atom cools light is emitted as electrons drop from highly excited states to lower states This is the basis for the flame test we use in the lab, where each element gives off a characteristic color in a flame ( demo?) The opposite can also happen. Light of the right wavelength can be absorbed by an atom to kick an electron from a low orbital to a higher orbital. (Figure 4.30) We can use the absorption of light in the chemistry lab, not only to identify compounds, but to measure the amount of a compound in a material. As good as the Bohr theory was at explaining the hydrogen spectrum. It failed miserably as explaining the spectrum of any other atom. Many people atried and tried, but this theory could never be extended to anything else. As a result inthe next chapter we will have to give up on the Bohr theory with its nice circular orbital that you see in all the picture books and try something new!
Do Now: Bohr Diagram, Lewis Structures, Valence Electrons 1. What is the maximum number of electrons you can fit in each shell?
Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block Do Now: Bohr Diagram, Lewis Structures, Valence Electrons 1. What is the maximum number of electrons you can fit in each shell? 1 st shell 2 nd shell 3 rd shell 4 th shell
More informationUNIT 4 Electrons in Atoms. Advanced Chemistry 235 Lanphier High School Mr. David Peeler
UNIT 4 Electrons in Atoms Advanced Chemistry 235 Lanphier High School Mr. David Peeler Section 4.1 Models of the Atom OBJECTIVES: Identify the inadequacies in the Rutherford atomic model. Section 4.1 Models
More informationQuick Review. 1. Kinetic Molecular Theory. 2. Average kinetic energy and average velocity. 3. Graham s Law of Effusion. 4. Real Gas Behavior.
Quick Review 1. Kinetic Molecular Theory. 2. Average kinetic energy and average velocity. 3. Graham s Law of Effusion. 4. Real Gas Behavior. Emission spectra Every element has a unique emission spectrum
More informationChapter 7: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
C h e m i s t r y 1 A : C h a p t e r 7 P a g e 1 Chapter 7: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom Homework: Read Chapter 7. Work out sample/practice exercises Check for the MasteringChemistry.com assignment
More informationChapter 6. Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms Part 1
Chapter 6 Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms Part 1 The nature of light Quantum theory Topics Bohr s theory of the hydrogen atom Wave properties of matter Quantum mechanics Quantum numbers
More informationEx: N has 5 valence electrons, so it s Lewis structure would look like: N
Chemistry Ms. Ye Review: Bohr Model of the Atom Name Date Block Electrons are shown in concentric shells or energy levels around the nucleus o The first shell can hold up to o The second shell can hold
More informationThe ELECTRON: Wave Particle Duality
The ELECTRON: Wave Particle Duality No familiar conceptions can be woven around the electron. Something unknown is doing we don t know what. -Sir Arthur Eddington The Nature of the Physical World (1934)
More informationDevelopment of the Periodic Table. Chapter 5. Light and the EM Spectrum. Light
Chapter 5 Periodic Table Song Periodicity and Atomic Structure Development of the Periodic Table Mid-1800 s, several scientists placed known elements in order based on different criteria. Mendeleev s and
More informationIntroduction. Electromagnetic Waves. Electromagnetic Waves
Introduction Much of the information we know about electrons comes from studies of interactions of light and matter. In the early 1900 s, scientists discovered that light has properties of both a wave
More information10/27/2017 [pgs ]
Objectives SWBAT explain the relationship between energy and frequency. SWBAT predict the behavior of and/or calculate quantum and photon energy from frequency. SWBAT explain how the quantization of energy
More informationChapter 5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum. What is visible light? What is visible light? Which of the following would you consider dangerous?
Which of the following would you consider dangerous? X-rays Radio waves Gamma rays UV radiation Visible light Microwaves Infrared radiation Chapter 5 Periodicity and Atomic Structure 2 The Electromagnetic
More informationTable of Contents Electrons in Atoms > Light and Quantized Energy > Quantum Theory and the Atom > Electron Configuration
Electrons in Atoms October 20, 2014 Table of Contents Electrons in Atoms > Light and Quantized Energy > Quantum Theory and the Atom > Electron Configuration 1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic radiation
More informationWavelength (λ)- Frequency (ν)- Which of the following has a higher frequency?
Name: Unit 5- Light and Energy Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that emits wave-like behavior as it travels through space. Amplitude (a)- Wavelength (λ)- Which
More informationBohr Diagram, Lewis Structures, Valence Electrons Review 1. What is the maximum number of electrons you can fit in each energy level or shell?
AP Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block Bohr Diagram, Lewis Structures, Valence Electrons Review 1. What is the maximum number of electrons you can fit in each energy level or shell? 1 st shell 2 nd shell
More informationHonors Ch3 and Ch4. Atomic History and the Atom
Honors Ch3 and Ch4 Atomic History and the Atom Ch. 3.1 The Atom is Defined 400 B.C. the Greek philosopher Democritus said that the world was made of two things: Empty space and tiny particles called atoms
More informationElectrons, Energy, & the Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes Simplified, 2-D Bohr Model: Figure 2. Figure 3 UNIT 4 - ELECTRONS & ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
Electrons, Energy, & the Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes Simplified, 2-D Bohr Model: Figure 1 UNIT 4 - ELECTRONS & ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT Figure 2 Figure 3 The energy is released as electromagnetic radiation.
More informationElectrons! Chapter 5
Electrons! Chapter 5 I.Light & Quantized Energy A.Background 1. Rutherford s nuclear model: nucleus surrounded by fast-moving electrons; no info on how electrons move, how they re arranged, or differences
More informationLIGHT AND THE QUANTUM MODEL
LIGHT AND THE QUANTUM MODEL WAVES Wavelength ( ) - length of one complete wave Frequency ( ) - # of waves that pass a point during a certain time period hertz (Hz) = 1/s Amplitude (A) - distance from the
More informationChapter 9: Electrons and the Periodic Table
C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 9 : E l e c t r o n s a n d P e r i o d i c T a b l e P a g e 1 Chapter 9: Electrons and the Periodic Table Work on MasteringChemistry assignments What we have learned: Dalton
More informationDemocritus & Leucippus (~400 BC) Greek philosophers: first to propose that matter is made up of particles called atomos, the Greek word for atoms
Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block The Evolution of the Atomic Model Since atoms are too small to see even with a very powerful microscope, scientists rely upon indirect evidence and models to help them
More informationCh4 and Ch5. Atomic History and the Atom
Ch4 and Ch5 Atomic History and the Atom Ch4.2 What are atoms? Atoms are the smallest part of an element that still has the element s properties. Ch. 4.3 The Atom is Defined 400 B.C. the Greek philosopher
More informationAlchemy Unit Investigation III. Lesson 7: Life on the Edge
Alchemy Unit Investigation III Lesson 7: Life on the Edge The Big Question How does the atomic structure of atoms account for the trends in periodicity of the elements? You will be able to: Explain how
More informationChemistry is in the electrons
Chemistry is in the electrons Electronic structure arrangement of electrons in atom Two parameters: Energy Position The popular image of the atom is incorrect: electrons are not miniature planets orbiting
More informationLight. October 16, Chapter 5: Electrons in Atoms Honors Chemistry. Bohr Model
Chapter 5: Electrons in Atoms Honors Chemistry Bohr Model Niels Bohr, a young Danish physicist and a student of Rutherford improved Rutherford's model. Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific
More informationGilbert Kirss Foster. Chapter3. Atomic Structure. Explaining the Properties of Elements
Gilbert Kirss Foster Chapter3 Atomic Structure Explaining the Properties of Elements Chapter Outline 3.1 Waves of Light 3.2 Atomic Spectra 3.3 Particles of Light: Quantum Theory 3.4 The Hydrogen Spectrum
More informationCh 7 Quantum Theory of the Atom (light and atomic structure)
Ch 7 Quantum Theory of the Atom (light and atomic structure) Electromagnetic Radiation - Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillations in electric and magnetic fields. The oscillations can be described
More informationATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY
ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. (EU 1.A) Development of Atomic Theory Atoms are so small
More informationChapter 7. The Quantum- Mechanical Model of the Atom. Chapter 7 Lecture Lecture Presentation. Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University
Chapter 7 Lecture Lecture Presentation Chapter 7 The Quantum- Mechanical Model of the Atom Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University The Beginnings of Quantum Mechanics Until the beginning of the twentieth
More informationCHM 111 Unit 7 Sample Questions
Name: Class: Date: As you work these problems, consider and explain: A. What type of question is it? B. How do you know what type of question it is? C. What information are you looking for? D. What information
More informationEnergy and the Quantum Theory
Energy and the Quantum Theory Light electrons are understood by comparing them to light 1. radiant energy 2. travels through space 3. makes you feel warm Light has properties of waves and particles Amplitude:
More informationCalendar. October 23, Chapter 5 Notes Waves.notebook Waves vocab waves ws. quiz PSAT. Blank. elements test. demo day
Calendar Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 13 14 Waves vocab waves ws 20 PSAT make notecards 7th 15 21 22 quiz 16 23 17 24 27 28 29 30 31 elements test demo day Blank 1 The Nature
More informationAtomic Spectra for Atoms and Ions. Light is made up of different wavelengths
Atomic Spectra for Atoms and Ions What will you be doing in lab next week? Recording the line spectra of several different substances in discharge tubes. Recording the line spectra of several ions from
More informationChapter 7 QUANTUM THEORY & ATOMIC STRUCTURE Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Chapter 7 QUANTUM THEORY & ATOMIC STRUCTURE 1 7.1 The Nature of Light 2 Most subatomic particles behave as PARTICLES and obey the physics of waves. Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation Light consists
More informationChapter 7. Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure
Chapter 7 Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure Outline 1. The Nature of Light 2. Atomic Spectra 3. The Wave-Particle Duality of Matter and Energy 4. The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom 3 September
More informationEarlier we learned that hot, opaque objects produce continuous spectra of radiation of different wavelengths.
Section7: The Bohr Atom Earlier we learned that hot, opaque objects produce continuous spectra of radiation of different wavelengths. Continuous Spectrum Everyone has seen the spectrum produced when white
More informationQUANTUM THEORY & ATOMIC STRUCTURE
QUANTUM THEORY & ATOMIC STRUCTURE GENERAL CHEMISTRY by Dr. Istadi 1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation ( radiation (electromagnetic The electromagnetic radiation
More informationUnit 3. Chapter 4 Electrons in the Atom. Niels Bohr s Model. Recall the Evolution of the Atom. Bohr s planetary model
Unit 3 Chapter 4 Electrons in the Atom Electrons in the Atom (Chapter 4) & The Periodic Table/Trends (Chapter 5) Niels Bohr s Model Recall the Evolution of the Atom He had a question: Why don t the electrons
More informationChapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms
Chapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms What is the origin of color in matter? Demo: flame tests What does this have to do with the atom? Why are atomic properties periodic? 6.1 The Wave Nature of Light
More informationAST 105 Intro Astronomy The Solar System. MIDTERM II: Tuesday, April 5 [covering Lectures 10 through 16]
AST 105 Intro Astronomy The Solar System MIDTERM II: Tuesday, April 5 [covering Lectures 10 through 16] REVIEW Light as Information Bearer We can separate light into its different wavelengths (spectrum).
More informationThe Wave Nature of Light Made up of. Waves of fields at right angles to each other. Wavelength = Frequency =, measured in
Chapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms The Wave Nature of Light Made up of. Waves of fields at right angles to each other. Wavelength = Frequency =, measured in Kinds of EM Waves There are many different
More informationA Much Closer Look at Atomic Structure
Ideas We Will Clear Up Before You Graduate: WRONG IDEAS 1. The electron always behaves as a particle. BETTER SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTS 1. There s a wavelength associated with very small particles like the
More informationQUANTUM THEORY & ATOMIC STRUCTURE. GENERAL CHEMISTRY by Dr. Istadi
QUANTUM THEORY & ATOMIC STRUCTURE GENERAL CHEMISTRY by Dr. Istadi 1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation ( radiation (electromagnetic The electromagnetic radiation
More informationCHEMISTRY Topic #1: Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 3.1 to 3.3
CHEMISTRY 1000 Topic #1: Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 3.1 to 3.3 Light: Wave? Particle? Both! Modern models of the atom were derived by studying the
More informationBellwork: Calculate the atomic mass of potassium and magnesium
Bellwork: Calculate the atomic mass of potassium and magnesium Chapter 5 - electrons in atoms Section 5.1: Revising the atomic model What did Ernest Rutherford think about electrons? In Rutherford s model,
More informationModern Atomic Theory
Modern Atomic Theory In science, often times chemical or physical behavior can not be seen with the naked eye (nor with the use of some other device). Consequently, an understanding and explanation of
More informationChp 6: Atomic Structure
Chp 6: Atomic Structure 1. Electromagnetic Radiation 2. Light Energy 3. Line Spectra & the Bohr Model 4. Electron & Wave-Particle Duality 5. Quantum Chemistry & Wave Mechanics 6. Atomic Orbitals Overview
More informationHistory of the Atomic Model
Chapter 5 Lecture Chapter 5 Electronic Structure and Periodic Trends 5.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Learning Goal Compare the wavelength, frequency, and energy of electromagnetic radiation. Fifth Edition
More informationI understand the relationship between energy and a quanta I understand the difference between an electron s ground state and an electron s excited
NCCS 1.1.2 & 1.1.3 I understand the relationship between energy and a quanta I understand the difference between an electron s ground state and an electron s excited state I will describe how an electron
More informationChapter 9. Blimps, Balloons, and Models for the Atom. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table. Hindenburg. Properties of Elements Hydrogen Atoms
Chapter 9 Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table Blimps, Balloons, and Models for the Atom Hindenburg Blimps, Balloons, and Models for the Atom Properties of Elements Hydrogen Atoms Helium Atoms 1 Blimps,
More informationChapter 6. Electronic Structure of Atoms
Chapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms 6.1 The Wave Nature of Light Made up of electromagnetic radiation. Waves of electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other. Parts of a wave Wavelength
More informationChapter 5 Light and Matter
Chapter 5 Light and Matter Stars and galaxies are too far for us to send a spacecraft or to visit (in our lifetimes). All we can receive from them is light But there is much we can learn (composition,
More informationATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY
ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. (EU 1.A) Development of Atomic Theory Atoms are so small
More informationLecture 11 Atomic Structure
Lecture 11 Atomic Structure Earlier in the semester, you read about the discoveries that lead to the proposal of the nuclear atom, an atom of atomic number Z, composed of a positively charged nucleus surrounded
More informationElectromagnetic Radiation. is a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space.
Electromagnetic Radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space. What are the 7 forms of electromagnetic radiation, in order of INCREASING wavelength? gamma rays
More informationChemistry 101 Chapter 11 Modern Atomic Theory
Chemistry 101 Chapter 11 Modern Atomic Theory Electromagnetic radiation: energy can be transmitted from one place to another by lightmore properly called electromagnetic radiation. Many kinds of electromagnetic
More informationName Date Class MODELS OF THE ATOM
5.1 MODELS OF THE ATOM Section Review Objectives Identify inadequacies in the Rutherford atomic model Identify the new assumption in the Bohr model of the atom Describe the energies and positions of electrons
More informationThe Electron Cloud. Here is what we know about the electron cloud:
The Electron Cloud Here is what we know about the electron cloud: It contains the subatomic particles called electrons This area accounts for most of the volume of the atom ( empty space) These electrons
More informationSPARKS CH301. Why are there no blue fireworks? LIGHT, ELECTRONS & QUANTUM MODEL. UNIT 2 Day 2. LM15, 16 & 17 due W 8:45AM
SPARKS CH301 Why are there no blue fireworks? LIGHT, ELECTRONS & QUANTUM MODEL UNIT 2 Day 2 LM15, 16 & 17 due W 8:45AM QUIZ: CLICKER QUESTION Which of these types of light has the highest energy photons?
More informationDuncan. Electrons, Energy, & the Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes Simplified, 2-D Bohr Model: Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3
Electrons, Energy, & the Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes Simplified, 2-D Bohr Model: Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Light Calculation Notes Here s how the type/form of EM radiation can be determined The amount
More informationAtomic Structure Part II Electrons in Atoms
Atomic Structure Part II Electrons in Atoms Radiant energy travels in the form of waves that have both electrical and magnetic properties. These electromagnetic waves can travel through empty space, as
More informationProperties of Light. Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms. The Development of a New Atomic Model. Electromagnetic Radiation CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms The Development of a New Atomic Model The Rutherford model was a great improvement over the Thomson model of the atom. But, there was one major question that
More informationBasic Concepts of Chemistry Notes for Students [Chapter 8, page 1] D J Weinkauff - Nerinx Hall High School. Chapter 8 Modern Atomic Theory
Basic Concepts of Chemistry Notes for Students [Chapter 8, page 1] Chapter 8 Modern Atomic Theory This chapter is a continuation of our discussions from Chapter 2 during which we saw how atoms, electrons,
More informationThe Atom & Unanswered Questions:
The Atom & Unanswered Questions: 1) Recall-Rutherford s model, that atom s mass is concentrated in the nucleus & electrons move around it. a) Doesn t explain how the electrons were arranged around the
More informationAtomic Structure Part II. Electrons in Atoms
Atomic Structure Part II Electrons in Atoms Radiant energy travels in the form of waves that have both electrical and magnetic properties. These electromagnetic waves can travel through empty space, as
More informationElectrons in Atoms. Section 5.1 Light and Quantized Energy
Name Date Class 5 Electrons in Atoms Section 5.1 Light and Quantized Energy In your textbook, read about the wave nature of light. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. amplitude
More informationArrangement of Electrons. Chapter 4
Arrangement of Electrons Chapter 4 Properties of Light -Light s interaction with matter helps to understand how electrons behave in atoms -Light travels through space & is a form of electromagnetic radiation
More informationLecture 6 - Atomic Structure. Chem 103, Section F0F Unit II - Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure Lecture 6. Lecture 6 - Introduction
Chem 103, Section F0F Unit II - Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure Lecture 6 Light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation Light interacting with matter The properties of light and matter Lecture
More informationProperties of Light and Atomic Structure. Chapter 7. So Where are the Electrons? Electronic Structure of Atoms. The Wave Nature of Light!
Properties of Light and Atomic Structure Chapter 7 So Where are the Electrons? We know where the protons and neutrons are Nuclear structure of atoms (Chapter 2) The interaction of light and matter helps
More informationModern Physics- Introduction. L 35 Modern Physics [1] ATOMS and classical physics. Newton s Laws have flaws! accelerated charges radiate energy
L 35 Modern Physics [1] Introduction- quantum physics Particles of light PHOTONS The photoelectric effect Photocells & intrusion detection devices The Bohr atom emission & absorption of radiation LASERS
More informationChapter 7. Atomic Structure
Chapter 7 Atomic Structure Light Made up of electromagnetic radiation. Waves of electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other. Parts of a wave Wavelength Frequency = number of cycles in one
More informationAtomic Structure. Part 3: Wave-Mechanical Model of the Atom. Key Question: How does the wave mechanical model explain the location of electrons?
Name Chemistry Atomic Structure Essential Question: How was the structure of the atom determined? Vocabulary: bright-line spectrum electron configuration excited state ground state orbital wave-mechanical
More informationUnit 3: Electron configuration and periodicity
Unit 3: Electron configuration and periodicity Group 1 BOHR MODELS Group 18 H Group 2 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca His theory couldn t
More informationThe Nature of Light. Chapter Five
The Nature of Light Chapter Five Guiding Questions 1. How fast does light travel? How can this speed be measured? 2. Why do we think light is a wave? What kind of wave is it? 3. How is the light from an
More informationChemistry 111 Dr. Kevin Moore
Chemistry 111 Dr. Kevin Moore Black Body Radiation Heated objects emit radiation based on its temperature Higher temperatures produce higher frequencies PhotoElectric Effect Light on a clean metal surface
More information29:006 FINAL EXAM FRIDAY MAY 11 3:00 5:00 PM IN LR1 VAN
L 33 Modern Physics [1] 29:006 FINAL EXAM FRIDAY MAY 11 3:00 5:00 PM IN LR1 VAN Introduction- quantum physics Particles of light PHOTONS The photoelectric effect Photocells & intrusion detection devices
More informationChapter 7 Problems: 16, 17, 19 23, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 38 41, 45, 49, 53, 60, 61, 65, 67, 75, 79, 80, 83, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 111, 113, 115
Chapter 7 Problems: 16, 17, 19 23, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 38 41, 45, 49, 53, 60, 61, 65, 67, 75, 79, 80, 83, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 111, 113, 115 117, 121, 122, 125a Chapter 7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity
More informationChapter 6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms
Chapter 6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms 6.1 The Wave Nature of Light To understand the electronic structure of atoms, one must understand the nature of electromagnetic radiation Visible light is an example
More informationNOTES: 5.3 Light and Atomic Spectra (more Quantum Mechanics!)
NOTES: 5.3 Light and Atomic Spectra (more Quantum Mechanics!) Light WAVE or PARTICLE? Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation includes: -radio waves -microwaves -infrared waves -visible light
More informationElectronic structure the number of electrons in an atom as well as the distribution of electrons around the nucleus and their energies
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 6: Electronic Structure of Atoms Electronic structure the number of electrons in an atom as well as the distribution of electrons around the nucleus and their energies
More informationThe Bohr Model Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus.
5.1 The Development of Atomic Models Rutherford s atomic model could not explain the chemical properties of elements. Rutherford s atomic model could not explain why objects change color when heated. The
More informationChapter 5: Electrons in Atoms
Chapter 5: Electrons in Atoms Models of the Atom Rutherford used existing ideas about the atom and proposed an atomic model in which the electrons move around the nucleus, like the planets move around
More informationAtoms and Spectroscopy
Atoms and Spectroscopy Lecture 3 1 ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND 2 FROM ATOMS TO STARS AND GALAXIES HOW DO WE KNOW? Observations The Scientific Method Hypothesis Verifications LAW 3
More informationModern Atomic Theory CHAPTER OUTLINE
Chapter 3B Modern Atomic Theory 1 CHAPTER OUTLINE Waves Electromagnetic Radiation Dual Nature of Light Bohr Model of Atom Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom Electron Configuration Electron Configuration
More informationCHEMISTRY Matter and Change
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change Chapter 5: Electrons in Atoms 5 Section 5.1 Section Section 5.3 Table Of Contents Light and Quantized Energy Electron Configuration Compare the wave and particle natures of
More informationAtomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table The electronic structure of an atom determines its characteristics Studying atoms by analyzing light emissions/absorptions Spectroscopy: analysis of light emitted
More informationBohr. Electronic Structure. Spectroscope. Spectroscope
Bohr Electronic Structure Bohr proposed that the atom has only certain allowable energy states. Spectroscope Using a device called a it was found that gaseous elements emitted electromagnetic radiation
More informationProfessor K. Atomic structure
Professor K Atomic structure Review Reaction- the formation and breaking of chemical bonds Bond- a transfer or sharing of electrons Electrons Abbreviated e - What are they? How were they discovered? Early
More informationTo review Rutherford s model of the atom To explore the nature of electromagnetic radiation To see how atoms emit light
Objectives To review Rutherford s model of the atom To explore the nature of electromagnetic radiation To see how atoms emit light 1 A. Rutherford s Atom.but there is a problem here!! 2 Using Rutherford
More informationThe Sine Wave. You commonly see waves in the environment. Light Sound Electricity Ocean waves
The Sine Wave Mathematically, a function that represents a smooth oscillation For example, if we drew the motion of how the weight bobs on the spring to the weight we would draw out a sine wave. The Sine
More information5.1 Light & Quantized Energy
5.1 Light & Quantized Energy Objectives: 1. Describe electromagnetic (EM) wave properties & measures 2. Relate visible light to areas of the EM spectrum with higher & lower energy 3. Know the relationship
More informationElectrons, Energy, & the Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes
Electrons, Energy, & the Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes Bohr Model Diagram Interpretation What form of EM radiation is released when an electron in a hydrogen atom falls from the 5 th energy level to the
More informationSCH4U: History of the Quantum Theory
SCH4U: History of the Quantum Theory Black Body Radiation When an object is heated, it initially glows red hot and at higher temperatures becomes white hot. This white light must consist of all of the
More informationChapter Review- Josh and Niels
Chapter Review- Josh and Niels 1. Rutherford s Atom Rutherford s experiment Shot alpha particles at gold foil and they bounced in different directions Shows that there we different things in the atom Didn
More informationWrite the electron configuration for Chromium (Cr):
Write the electron configuration for Chromium (Cr): Energy level Aufbau Principle Atomic orbital Quantum Hund s Rule Atomic number Electron Configuration Whole number Pauli Exlcusion Principle Quantum
More informationCHAPTER 3 Atomic Structure: Explaining the Properties of Elements
CHAPTER 3 Atomic Structure: Explaining the Properties of Elements We are going to learn about the electronic structure of the atom, and will be able to explain many things, including atomic orbitals, oxidation
More informationParticle nature of light & Quantization
Particle nature of light & Quantization A quantity is quantized if its possible values are limited to a discrete set. An example from classical physics is the allowed frequencies of standing waves on a
More informationRutherford proposed this model of an atom: WHY DON T ELECTRONS GET ATTRACTED TO THE NUCLEUS?
Rutherford proposed this model of an atom: WHY DON T ELECTRONS GET ATTRACTED TO THE NUCLEUS? Chapter 7 Much of the understanding of quantum theory came from our understanding of electromagnetic radiation.
More informationLight. Light (con t.) 2/28/11. Examples
Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light
More informationAccounts for certain objects being colored. Used in medicine (examples?) Allows us to learn about structure of the atom
1.1 Interaction of Light and Matter Accounts for certain objects being colored Used in medicine (examples?) 1.2 Wavelike Properties of Light Wavelength, : peak to peak distance Amplitude: height of the
More informationThe Theory of Electromagnetism
Notes: Light The Theory of Electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Scottish physicist. Found that electricity and magnetism were interrelated. Moving electric charges created magnetism, changing
More information