CAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2016
|
|
- Nancy Ramsey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2016 Week 3: September 8, 2016 Heat transfer in buildings: Finish radiation, then solar radiation and windows Advancing energy, environmental, and sustainability research within the built environment Dr. Brent Stephens, Ph.D. Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology
2 Last time Finished convection Convective heat transfer coefficients Radiation Theory for natural convection Gr = buoyancy vs. viscosity Ra = Gr x Pr Empirical measurements Simplified empirical relationships h c = f(temperature difference, velocity, orientation, roughness) q 1 2 = ( 4 T ) surf,2 4 σ T surf,1 1 ε 1 ε 1 + A 1 A 2 1 ε 2 ε F 12 4 q 1 2 = ε surf σ F 12 T surf,1 ( 4 T ) surf,2 2
3 Finish radiation heat transfer Today s objectives Understand solar radiation (short wave radiation) Basic solar geometry Understand heat transfer through windows Combined modes of heat transfer Assign HW #2 (due Tues Sep 13) Discuss Exam #1 (scheduled for Tues Sep 20) Should we move to Thurs Sep 22? 3
4 Solar radiation striking a surface (high temperature) Most solar radiation is at short wavelengths Solar radiation striking a surface: I solar! " # W m 2 $ % & Solar radiation: (opaque surface) Transmitted solar radiation: (transparent surface) q solar = αi solar q solar = τ I solar 4
5 Absorptivity (α) for solar (short-wave) radiation 5
6 Radiation heat transfer (surface-to-surface) We can write the net thermal radiation heat transfer between surfaces 1 and 2 as: A 1 σ ( T T ) 2 Q 1 2 = 1 ε 1 + A 1 ε q 1 2 = Q 1 2 A 1 ε 1 A 2 ε 2 F 12 where ε 1 and ε 2 are the surface emittances, A 1 and A 2 are the surface areas and F 1 2 is the view factor from surface 1 to 2 F 1 2 is a function of geometry only A 2, T 2, ε 2 A 1, T 1,ε 1 6
7 Emissivity ( gray bodies ) Real surfaces emit less radiation than ideal black ones The ratio of energy radiated by a given body to a perfect black body at the same temperature is called the emissivity: ε ε is dependent on wavelength, but for most common building materials (e.g. brick, concrete, wood ), ε = 0.9 at most wavelengths 7
8 Emissivity (ε) of common materials 8
9 Emissivity (ε) of common building materials 9
10 View factors, F 12 Radiation travels in directional beams Thus, areas and angle of incidence between two exchanging surfaces influences radiative heat transfer Some common view factors: A 1 F 1 2 = 0.5((ac + bd) (ad + bc)) Online radiation view factors textbook: 10
11 Typical view factors Other common view factors from the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals: 11
12 Long-wave radiation example What is the net radiative exchange between the two interior wall surfaces below end of the room if the room is 5 m x 5 m x 3 m? 2 3 m 1 5 m 5 m T surf 2,in = 72 F = 22 C T surf 1,in = 76.6 F = 24.8 C 12
13 Simplifying surface radiation We can also often simplify radiation from: Q 1 2 = A 1 σ ( T T ) 2 1 ε 1 ε 1 + A 1 A 2 1 ε 2 ε F 12 To: Q 1 2 = ε surf A surf σ F ( 12 T T ) 2 Particularly when dealing with large differences in areas, such as sky-surface or ground-surface exchanges 13
14 Simplifying radiation We can also define a radiation heat transfer coefficient that is analogous to other heat transfer coefficients Q rad,1 2 = h rad A ( 1 T 1 T ) 2 = 1 A ( R 1 T 1 T ) 2 rad When A 1 = A 2, and T 1 and T 2 are within ~50 F of each other, we can approximate h rad with a simpler equation: h rad = 4σT 3 avg 1 ε ε 2 1 where T avg = T 1 +T
15 Radiation visualizations 15
16 SOLAR RADIATION 16
17 Solar radiation Solar radiation is a very important term in the energy balance of a building We must account for it while calculating loads This is particularly true for perimeter zones and for peak cooling loads Solar radiation is also important for daylighting design We won t cover the full equations for predicting solar geometry and radiation striking a surface in this class CAE 463/524 Building Enclosure Design goes into more detail But will discuss basic relationships and where to get solar data 17
18 Components of solar radiation Solar radiation striking a surface consists of three main components: I solar = I direct + I diffuse + I reflected! " # W m 2 $ % & Direct Diffuse Reflected 18
19 Components of solar radiation Direct solar radiation (I direct ) is a function of the normal incident irradiation (I DN ) on the earth s surface and the solar incidence angle of the surface of interest, θ Where I DN is the amount of solar radiation received per unit area by a surface that is always perpendicular to the sun s direct rays Function of day of the year and atmospheric properties I D = I DN cosθ Diffuse solar radiation (I diffuse ) is the irradiation that is scattered by the atmosphere Function of I DN, atmospheric properties, and surface s tilt angle Reflected solar radiation (I reflected ) is the irradiation that is reflected off the ground (it becomes diffuse) Function of I DN, solar geometry, ground reflectance, and surface tilt angle 19
20 Solar radiation: earth-sun relationships Earth rotates about its axis every 24 hours Earth revolves around sun every days Earth is titled at an angle of Therefore, different locations on earth receive different levels of solar radiation during different times of the year (and different times of the day) 20
21 Solar radiation striking an exterior surface The amount of solar radiation received by a surface depends on the incidence angle, θ This is a function of: Solar geometry (I DN ) Location Time Surface geometry Shading/obstacles Solar Altitude β Solar Azimuth φ γ θ Surface at Tilt of α ψ Surface Azimuth α N I D = I DN cosθ 21
22 Visualizing solar relationships 22
23 Downloading solar data For hourly sun positions, you can build a calculator or use one from the internet For solar position and intensity (from time and place) Output of interest = global irradiance on a tilted surface For actual hourly solar data (direct + diffuse in W/m 2 ) Output of interest = direct normal radiation à adjust using cosθ Note: typical meteorological years 23
24 Typical meteorological year (TMY) For heating and cooling load calculations and for hourly building energy simulations, we often rely on a collection of weather data for a specific location We generate this data to be representative of more than just the previous year Represents a wide range of weather phenomena for our location TMY3: Data for 1020 locations from 1960 to 2005 Composed of 12 typical meteorological months Each month is pulled from a random year in the range Actual time-series climate data Mixture of measured and modeled solar values Variables include: outdoor temperature, direct normal radiation, wind speed, wind direction, outdoor RH, cloud cover, and more 24
25 Typical meteorological year (TMY): Solar data Data for typical September 10 th at Midway, Chicago, IL Direct Normal Irradiance Cloud Cover IDN (W/m2) Cloud cover (0 to 10) Air temperature 6 Wind speed Air temperature (deg C) Wind speed (m/s)
26 What to do with solar data once you have it? Solar data can be used on exterior opaque surfaces to help determine exterior surface temperatures q solar = αi solar Solar data can also be used on exterior fenestration (e.g. windows and skylights) to determine how much solar radiation enters an indoor environment q solar = τ I solar 26
27 SOLAR RADIATION AND WINDOWS 27
28 Solar radiation and windows (i.e., fenestration) Solar radiation through a single glaze I solar U=k/L h conv+rad ε 100% incident 8% reflected 80% transmitted outside h conv+rad ε ρ τ Thus 12% absorbed 8% rad/conv outward 4% rad/conv inward 84% total transmitted inside α 28
29 Windows and total heat gain The total heat gain of a window is the sum of two terms: The amount of heat gain from solar radiation passing through Combined conductive/convective/lwr thermal heat gain or loss from the temperature difference between the interior and exterior In the summer, both terms are positive towards the interior and add to heat gains In the winter, solar is positive inwards (gain) but conduction/ convection/lwr is negative towards the exterior (loss) Net heat gain may be in either direction 29
30 Heat gain through windows Calculating the heat gain/loss through a window based on indoor/outdoor temperature differences is relatively easy: Q =UA(T in T out ) =UAΔT Accounting for solar heat gain is more complicated Need to include absorption of solar energy and re-radiation of thermal energy Need to include spectral and angular characteristics of radiation and glazing We can do this with a simplified metric The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): Q solar,window = ( I solar A)SHGC 30
31 Solar heat gain coefficient, SHGC For a single pane of glass: SHGC = τ +α U R = 1 h ext U = 1 + L glass + 1 h int k glass U=k/L h ext k glass = ~1 W/mK L glass = ~5 mm (0.2 ) * R glass is negligible (~0.005 m 2 K/W) h ext τ Q solar,window = ( I solar A)SHGC q solar,window = ( I solar )SHGC α 31
32 Solar heat gain coefficient, SHGC For double glazing with a small still air gap: SHGC = τ +α outer pane U! +α h inner pane U 1 # + ext " h ext 1 h airspace $ & % R = 1 U = 1 h int + L outer pane k outer pane + 1 h airspace + L inner pane k inner pane + 1 h ext * R outer pane and R inner pane are negligible It gets complicated quickly! 32
33 Manufacturer supplied SHGC Glazing manufacturers will measure and report SHGC values for normal incidence according to the methods of NFRC 200 National Fenestration Rating Council has developed methods for rating and labeling SHGC, U factors, air leakage, visible transmittance and condensation resistance of fenestration products In reality, SHGC is a function of incidence angle (θ) Simply: More accurately: Q solar,window = ( I solar A)SHGC Q solar,window = I direct SHGC(θ)A+ (I diffuse+reflected )SHGC diffuse+reflected A 33
34 Complex SHGC SHGC, solar transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance properties for glazing all vary with incidence angles of solar radiation (θ) The ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals 2013 Chapter 15 provides data for a large variety of glazing types 34
35 What about window assemblies? In addition to glazing material, windows also include framing, mullions, muntin bars, dividers, and shading devices These all combine to make fenestration systems 35
36 What about window assemblies? In addition to glazing material, windows also include framing, mullions, muntin bars, dividers, and shading devices These all combine to make fenestration systems Total heat transfer through an assembly: Q window =UA pf ( T out T ) in + I solar A pf SHGC Where: U = overall coefficient of heat transfer (U-factor), W/m 2 K A pf = total projected area of fenestration, m 2 T in = indoor air temperature, K T out = outdoor air temperature, K SHGC = solar heat gain coefficient, - I solar = incident total irradiance, W/m 2 36
37 Window U-factors U-values (or U-factors) for windows include all of the elements of the fenestration system Center of glass properties (cg) Edge of glass properties (eg) Frame properties (f) The overall U-factor is estimated using area-weighted U- factors for each: U = U cg A cg +U eg A eg +U f A f A pf 37
38 U-values and multiple layers of glazing We can separate glass panes with air-tight layers of air or other gases Center of glass U-values for double pane glazing Q: Why does argon filled have lower U value than air filled? k air = W/mK k argon = W/mK k krypton = W/mK 2013 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals: Chapter 15 38
39 U-values and multiple layers of glazing We can separate glass panes with air-tight layers of air or other gases Center of glass U-values for triple pane glazing 2013 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals: Chapter 15 39
40 Combined U-factor data: ASHRAE 2013 HOF 40
41 Shading devices, including drapes and blinds, can mitigate some solar heat gain We can attempt to describe this with an indoor solar attenuation coefficient (IAC) Heat gain through a window can be modified as follows: What about shading? Q window =UA pf ( T out T in ) + I direct A pf SHGC(θ)IAC(θ,Ω) + (I diffuse+reflected )A pf SHGC diffuse+reflected IAC diffuse+reflected IAC is a function of incidence angle, θ, and the angle created by a shading device Or more simply: Q window =UA pf ( T out T ) in + I solar A pf SHGC IAC 41
42 IAC for blinds and drapes: ASHRAE HOF
43 Summary: Modes of heat transfer in a building 43
44 Summary: Modes of heat transfer in a building Conduction Convection Radiation q conv = h conv ( T fluid T surf ) Long-wave 4 σ T surf,1 q= k ( L T T ) surf,1 surf,2 k L =U = 1 R R total = 1 U total R total = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + For thermal bridges and combined elements: U total = A 1 A total U 1 + A 2 A total U Window (combined modes) ( T out T in ) + I solar A pf SHGC IAC Q window =UA pf R conv = 1 h conv q 1 2 = 4 ( T surf,2 ) 1 ε 1 ε 1 + A 1 A 2 1 ε 2 ε F 12 q rad,1 2 = h rad ( T surf,1 T surf,2 ) h rad = 4σT 3 avg 1 ε ε q 1 2 = ε surf σ F 12 T surf,1 Solar radiation: (opaque surface) Transmitted solar radiation: (transparent surface) R rad = 1 h rad 4 ( T surf,2 ) q solar = αi solar q solar = τ I solar 44
45 Where are we going? Building energy balances Taken altogether, each of the heat transfer modes we ve discussed can be combined with inputs for climate data, material properties, and geometry to make up a building s energy balance We will also revisit this for heating and cooling load calculations Cooling loads Heating loads Wall Gain Ceiling Gain Wall Loss Ceiling Loss Window Infiltration Floor Loss Door Infiltration Window Exfiltration Floor Loss Door Exfiltration 45
46 Next time HW #2 assigned today Due Tues Sep 13 46
CAE 463/524 Building Enclosure Design Fall 2012
CAE 463/524 Building Enclosure Design Fall 2012 Lecture 8: Fenestration (+ exam review) Dr. Brent Stephens, Ph.D. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Illinois Institute of
More informationCAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2013
CAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2013 Lecture 4: September 16, 2013 Finishing solar radiation and windows Psychrometrics and thermal comfort Advancing energy, environmental, and sustainability research
More informationCAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2017
CAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2017 September 19, 2017 Human thermal comfort Advancing energy, environmental, and sustainability research within the built environment www.built-envi.com Twitter: @built_envi
More informationChapter Seven. Solar Energy
Chapter Seven Solar Energy Why Studying Solar energy To know the heat gain or heat loss in a building In making energy studies In the design of solar passive homes. Thermal Radiation Solar spectrum is
More informationAR/IA 241 LN 231 Lecture 4: Fundamental of Energy
Faculty of Architecture and Planning Thammasat University A/IA 24 LN 23 Lecture 4: Fundamental of Energy Author: Asst. Prof. Chalermwat Tantasavasdi. Heat For a specific substance, the heat given to the
More informationSolar Radiation 230 BTU s per Hr/SF. Performance Glazing Coatings, Layers & Gases
Solar Radiation 230 BTU s per Hr/SF 89 83 82 90 Performance Glazing Coatings, Layers & Gases Learning Objectives After Viewing This Presentation You Will Understand: q The NFRC Labeling System q Light
More informationGlazing selection for solar design
Glazing selection for solar design Visible light transmittance: A measure of the amount of visible light that passes through the glazing material of a window, door, or skylight. Visible light transmittance,
More informationReading Problems , 15-33, 15-49, 15-50, 15-77, 15-79, 15-86, ,
Radiation Heat Transfer Reading Problems 15-1 15-7 15-27, 15-33, 15-49, 15-50, 15-77, 15-79, 15-86, 15-106, 15-107 Introduction The following figure shows the relatively narrow band occupied by thermal
More informationDesign strategy for Low e windows with effective insulation
Design strategy for Low e windows with effective insulation Michael P.C. Watts, Impattern Solutions, www.impattern.com Keywords; insulating windows. low emission glass, ABSTRACT Optimal window glass assemblies
More informationME 476 Solar Energy UNIT TWO THERMAL RADIATION
ME 476 Solar Energy UNIT TWO THERMAL RADIATION Unit Outline 2 Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Blackbody radiation Radiation emitted from a real surface Irradiance Kirchhoff s Law Diffuse and
More informationSOLAR GEOMETRY (AND RADIATION)
SOLAR GEOMETRY (AND RADIATION) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 1 Solar Radiation Components glass will reflect some incoming radiation; absorb some; and transmit some SHGF (above)
More informationChapter 2 Available Solar Radiation
Chapter 2 Available Solar Radiation DEFINITIONS Figure shows the primary radiation fluxes on a surface at or near the ground that are important in connection with solar thermal processes. DEFINITIONS It
More informationHeat Transfer: Physical Origins and Rate Equations. Chapter One Sections 1.1 and 1.2
Heat Transfer: Physical Origins and Rate Equations Chapter One Sections 1.1 and 1. Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy What is heat transfer? Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature
More informationThe energy performance of an airflow window
The energy performance of an airflow window B.(Bram) Kersten / id.nr. 0667606 University of Technology Eindhoven, department of Architecture Building and Planning, unit Building Physics and Systems. 10-08-2011
More informationCalculating equation coefficients
Solar Energy 1 Calculating equation coefficients Construction Conservation Equation Surface Conservation Equation Fluid Conservation Equation needs flow estimation needs radiation and convection estimation
More informationTREES Training for Renovated Energy Efficient Social housing
TREES Training for Renovated Energy Efficient Social housing Intelligent Energy -Europe programme, contract n EIE/05/110/SI2.420021 Section 2 Tools 2.1 Simplified heating load calculation Tamas CSOKNYAI
More informationEFFECT OF INTERNAL LONG WAVE RADIATION AND CONVECTION ON FENESTRATION SIMULATION
EFFECT OF INTERNAL LONG WAVE RADIATION AND CONVECTION ON FENESTRATION SIMULATION Adelqui Fissore Sch. University of Concepción Mechanical Engineering Department Concepción - Chile ABSTRACT This paper presents
More informationABSTRACT INTRODUCTION OPTICAL CALCULATIONS
Seventh International IBPSA Conference Rio de Janeiro, Brazil August 3-5, 2 MODELING WINDOWS IN ENERGYPLUS F. C. Winkelmann Simulation Research Group Building Technologies Department Environmental Energy
More informationINVESTIGATING GLAZING SYSTEM SIMULATED RESULTS WITH REAL MEASUREMENTS
INVESTIGATING GLAZING SYSTEM SIMULATED RESULTS WITH REAL MEASUREMENTS Mark Luther 1, Timothy Anderson 2, and Tim Brain 3 1 School of Architecture and Building, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia 2 School
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF CALORIMETER TILT ON THE INWARD-FLOWING FRACTION OF ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION IN A VENETIAN BLIND
Collins, M.R., and Harrison, S.J., "The Effects of Calorimeter Tilt on the Inward-Flowing Fraction of Absorbed Solar Radiation in a Venetian Blind", ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 107 (1), pp. 677-683, 2001.
More informationAbsorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity
cen54261_ch21.qxd 1/25/4 11:32 AM Page 97 97 where f l1 and f l2 are blackbody functions corresponding to l 1 T and l 2 T. These functions are determined from Table 21 2 to be l 1 T (3 mm)(8 K) 24 mm K
More informationWinter Night. Thermos 6mm Outdoors # #
February 26, 2016 By Gagnon, Stephan stephan@thermosrn.ca Thermos 3mm à 6mm vs Climaguard 80/70 Make-up Name Make-up Icon Transmittance Reflectance U-Value Visible (τ v %) (τ e %) Visible ρ v % out ρ v
More informationCAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2015
CAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2015 Week 5: September 24, 2015 Psychrometrics (equations) Advancing energy, environmental, and sustainability research within the built environment www.built-envi.com
More informationAalborg Universitet. Empirical Test Case Specification Larsen, Olena Kalyanova; Heiselberg, Per Kvols. Publication date: 2006
Aalborg Universitet Empirical Test Case Specification Larsen, Olena Kalyanova; Heiselberg, Per Kvols Publication date: 2006 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication
More informationEffect of Installing a Curved Venetian Blind to the Glass Window on Heat Transmission
Effect of Installing a Curved Venetian Blind to the Glass Window on Heat Transmission Somsak Chaiyapinunt *1 and Nopparat Khamporn 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn
More informationRadiation Heat Transfer. Introduction. Blackbody Radiation. Definitions ,
Radiation Heat Transfer Reading Problems 5-5-7 5-27, 5-33, 5-50, 5-57, 5-77, 5-79, 5-96, 5-07, 5-08 Introduction A narrower band inside the thermal radiation spectrum is denoted as the visible spectrum,
More informationChapter 1 Solar Radiation
Chapter 1 Solar Radiation THE SUN The sun is a sphere of intensely hot gaseous matter with a diameter of 1.39 10 9 m It is, on the average, 1.5 10 11 m away from the earth. The sun rotates on its axis
More informationCAE 463/524 Building Enclosure Design Fall 2013
CAE 463/524 Building Enclosure Design Fall 2013 Lecture 4: September 11, 2013 Complex conduction in building enclosures Advancing energy, environmental, and sustainability research within the built environment
More informationAppendix 5.A11: Derivation of solar gain factors
Thermal design, plant sizing and energy consumption: Additional appendices A11-1 Appendix 5.A11: Derivation of solar gain factors 5.A11.1 Notation Symbols used in this appendix are as follows. a Fraction
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE. Tarbuck Lutgens
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 17 The Atmosphere: Structure and Temperature 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics Composition of the Atmosphere Weather is constantly changing, and it refers
More informationDouble-Skin Facade in Low-Latitude: Study on the Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Direct Solar Radiation
ouble-skin Facade in Low-Latitude: Study on the Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of irect Solar Radiation G-LO 011 Rosady Mulyadi epartment of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Hasanuddin
More informationAalborg Universitet. Comparative Test Case Specification Larsen, Olena Kalyanova; Heiselberg, Per Kvols. Publication date: 2007
Aalborg Universitet Comparative Test Case Specification Larsen, Olena Kalyanova; Heiselberg, Per Kvols Publication date: 2007 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication
More informationSENSITIVITY OF THE SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT OF COMPLEX FENESTRATION SYSTEMS TO THE INDOOR CONVECTION COEFFICIENT
SENSITIVITY OF THE SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT OF COMPLEX FENESTRATION SYSTEMS TO THE INDOOR CONVECTION COEFFICIENT S.S.M. Foroushani 1, J.L. Wright 1, D. Naylor 2 1 Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering,
More informationEarth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled?
1 NAME Investigation 2 Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled? Introduction As you learned from the reading, the balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy
More informationGlobal Climate Change
Global Climate Change Definition of Climate According to Webster dictionary Climate: the average condition of the weather at a place over a period of years exhibited by temperature, wind velocity, and
More informationName(s) Period Date. Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled?
Name(s) Period Date 1 Introduction Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled? As you learned from the reading, the balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy
More informationPERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF REFLECTIVE COATINGS ON ROOFTOP UNITS
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF REFLECTIVE COATINGS ON ROOFTOP UNITS Report on DRAFT Prepared for: California Energy Commission 1516 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Prepared by: Design & Engineering Services
More informationInstitut national des sciences appliquées de Strasbourg GENIE CLIMATIQUE ET ENERGETIQUE APPENDICES
Institut national des sciences appliquées de Strasbourg GENIE CLIMATIQUE ET ENERGETIQUE APPENDICES DEVELOPMENT OF A TOOL, BASED ON THE THERMAL DYNAMIC SIMULATION SOFTWARE TRNSYS, WHICH RUNS PARAMETRIC
More informationAalborg Universitet. Final Empirical Test Case Specification Larsen, Olena Kalyanova; Heiselberg, Per Kvols. Publication date: 2008
Aalborg Universitet Final Empirical Test Case Specification Larsen, Olena Kalyanova; Heiselberg, Per Kvols Publication date: 2008 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link
More informationHeriot-Watt University
Heriot-Watt University Distinctly Global www.hw.ac.uk Thermodynamics By Peter Cumber Prerequisites Interest in thermodynamics Some ability in calculus (multiple integrals) Good understanding of conduction
More informationSimplified Collector Performance Model
Simplified Collector Performance Model Prediction of the thermal output of various solar collectors: The quantity of thermal energy produced by any solar collector can be described by the energy balance
More informationLecture # 04 January 27, 2010, Wednesday Energy & Radiation
Lecture # 04 January 27, 2010, Wednesday Energy & Radiation Kinds of energy Energy transfer mechanisms Radiation: electromagnetic spectrum, properties & principles Solar constant Atmospheric influence
More informationChapter 11 FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION
Chapter Chapter Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION Electromagnetic and Thermal Radiation -C Electromagnetic waves are caused by accelerated charges or changing electric
More informationEnergy and Radiation. GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 3 Ahrens: Chapter 2
Energy and Radiation GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 3 Ahrens: Chapter 2 Last lecture: the Atmosphere! Mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)! T, P and ρ! The Ideal Gas Law! Temperature profiles Lecture outline!
More informationBaker House Dining Room: Thermal Balance Report. + Q c. + Q v. + Q s. + Q e. + Q heating. + Q appliances. =Q appliances,21h Q appliances, x H
Shauna Jin + Caitlin Mueller 4.401 15 March 2006 Baker House Dining Room: Thermal Balance Report For this project, we chose to analyze the thermal balance of Alvar Aalto's Baker House Dining Room. In order
More informationEnergy flows and modelling approaches
Energy flows and modelling approaches Energy flows in buildings external convection infiltration & ventilation diffuse solar external long-wave radiation to sky and ground local generation fabric heat
More informationPaper No. : 04 Paper Title: Unit Operations in Food Processing Module-07: Heat Transfer 3: Heat Radiation
Paper No. : 04 Paper Title: Unit Operations in Food Processing Module-07: Heat Transfer 3: Heat Radiation 7.1 Introduction Radiation heat transfer is the transfer of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic
More informationTRANSMISSION OF HEAT
TRANSMISSION OF HEAT Synopsis :. In general heat travels from one point to another whenever there is a difference of temperatures.. Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to a lower temperature..
More informationMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Physics Problem Solving 10: The Greenhouse Effect. Section Table and Group
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Physics 8.02 Problem Solving 10: The Greenhouse Effect Section Table and Group Names Hand in one copy per group at the end of the Friday Problem Solving
More informationIn the News:
In the News: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/science/earth/04arctic.html?hp In the News: Reversal in Arctic cooling trend Kaufman et al. 2009, Science http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/0 4/science/earth/04arctic.html?hp
More informationSunlight and its Properties II. EE 446/646 Y. Baghzouz
Sunlight and its Properties II EE 446/646 Y. Baghzouz Solar Time (ST) and Civil (clock) Time (CT) There are two adjustments that need to be made in order to convert ST to CT: The first is the Longitude
More informationAIR-INS inc. 1320, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (Quebec) J3X 1P7 Tél. : (450) Fax : (450)
1320, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (Quebec) J3X 1P7 Tél. : (450) 652-0838 Fax : (450) 652-7588 info@air-ins.com THERMAL PERFORMANCE VALIDATION TEST CONDUCTED ON YOUR 300 / 301 FIXED WINDOW IN ACCORDANCE
More informationThermal Unit Operation (ChEg3113)
Thermal Unit Operation (ChEg3113) Lecture 3- Examples on problems having different heat transfer modes Instructor: Mr. Tedla Yeshitila (M.Sc.) Today Review Examples Multimode heat transfer Heat exchanger
More informationUNIT FOUR SOLAR COLLECTORS
ME 476 Solar Energy UNIT FOUR SOLAR COLLECTORS Flat Plate Collectors Outline 2 What are flat plate collectors? Types of flat plate collectors Applications of flat plate collectors Materials of construction
More informationTRANSPARENT INNOVATIVE MATERIALS: ENERGETIC AND LIGHTING PERFORMANCES EVALUATION
TRANSPARENT INNOVATIVE MATERIALS: ENERGETIC AND LIGHTING PERFORMANCES EVALUATION C. Buratti, E. Moretti Department of Industrial Engineering, Perugia University Via G. Duranti, 67-06125 Perugia, Italy.
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF HVAC
FUNDAMENTALS OF HVAC Prof.Dr. Yusuf Ali KARA Res.Asst. Semih AKIN 1 INTRODUCTION Terminology: HVAC: Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigerating. Air conditioning is the process of treating
More informationARCH 348 BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
ARCH 348 BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS Instructor: Prof. Dr. Uğur Atikol Web site for instructor: http://staff.emu.edu.tr/uguratikol/ Web site for the course: http://staff.emu.edu.tr/uguratikol/en/teaching/courses/arch348-building-andenvironmental-systems-in-architecture
More informationA SIMPLE MODEL FOR THE DYNAMIC COMPUTATION OF BUILDING HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND. Kai Sirén AALTO UNIVERSITY
A SIMPLE MODEL FOR THE DYNAMIC COMPUTATION OF BUILDING HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND Kai Sirén AALTO UNIVERSITY September 2016 CONTENT 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF DYNAMIC ENERGY CALCULATIONS... 3 1.1. Introduction...
More informationLecture 4: Radiation Transfer
Lecture 4: Radiation Transfer Spectrum of radiation Stefan-Boltzmann law Selective absorption and emission Reflection and scattering Remote sensing Importance of Radiation Transfer Virtually all the exchange
More informationTemperature and Heat Flux Distributions through Single and Double Window Glazing Nongray Calculation
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2011, 2, 21-26 doi:10.4236/sgre.2011.21003 Published Online February 2011 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/sgre) 21 Temperature and Heat Flux Distributions through Single
More informationThe Atmosphere: Structure and Temperature
Chapter The Atmosphere: Structure and Temperature Geologists have uncovered evidence of when Earth was first able to support oxygenrich atmosphere similar to what we experience today and more so, take
More informationHeat Transfer: A Practical Approach - Yunus A Cengel Assignment 11 Fall 2003 Tuesday, November 18, 2003 Chapter 11, Problem 49
Heat Transer: A Practical Approach - Yunus A Cengel Assignment Fall 00 Tuesday, November 8, 00 Chapter, Problem 9 The variation o the spectral transmissivity o a 0.6- cm-thick glass window is as given
More informationOutline. Stock Flow and temperature. Earth as a black body. Equation models for earth s temperature. Balancing earth s energy flows.
Outline Stock Flow and temperature Earth as a black body Equation models for earth s temperature { { Albedo effect Greenhouse effect Balancing earth s energy flows Exam questions How does earth maintain
More informationApplied Thermodynamics HEAT TRANSFER. Introduction What and How?
LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN LECTURE NOTE: 3 COLLEGE: COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME: ENGR. ALIYU, S.J Course code: MCE 311 Course title: Applied Thermodynamics
More informationEVALUATION OF THERMAL ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE BLIND ON NON-UNIFOM RADIANT FIELDS A CFD SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER DISTRIBUTION NEAR THE BLINDS
800 1500 6240 1600 1500 840 Proceedings of BS2015: EVALUATION OF THERMAL ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE BLIND ON NON-UNIFOM RADIANT FIELDS A CFD SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER DISTRIBUTION NEAR THE BLINDS Nozomi
More informationTHE AVERAGE TOTAL DAYLIGHT FACTOR
THE AVERAGE TOTAL DAYLIGHT FACTOR Luisa Brotas LEARN - Low Energy Architecture Research Unit London Metropolitan University INETI Department of Renewable Energy National Institute Engineering, Technology
More informationQuestions you should be able to answer after reading the material
Module 4 Radiation Energy of the Sun is of large importance in the Earth System, it is the external driving force of the processes in the atmosphere. Without Solar radiation processes in the atmosphere
More informationWINDOW SIMULATION REPORT
WINDOW SIMULATION REPORT NFRC 100: Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-Factors NFRC 200: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient and Visible Transmittance NFRC 500: Procedure for Determining Fenestration
More informationINTRODUCTION Radiation differs from conduction and convection in that it does not require the presence of a material medium to take place.
RADIATION INTRODUCTION Radiation differs from conduction and convection in that it does not require the presence of a material medium to take place. Radiation: The energy emitted by matter in the form
More informationdi λ ds = ρk λi λ B λ (T ) + ρk λ dz' )= B λ (T(z'))e I λ (z TOA + k λ Longwave radiative transfer Longwave radiative transfer
Radiative transfer applied to the atmosphere: Longwave radiation z In the longwave spectrum (> µm) we have to take into account both absorption and emission, as the atmosphere and Earth surface with temperatures
More informationDefinitions of U- and g-value in case of double skin facades or vented windows
Windows as Renewable Energy Sources for Europe Window Energy Data Network www.windat.org Project supported by DG for Energy and Transport of the European Commission contract NNE5-2000-122 Definitions of
More informationRadiative Equilibrium Models. Solar radiation reflected by the earth back to space. Solar radiation absorbed by the earth
I. The arth as a Whole (Atmosphere and Surface Treated as One Layer) Longwave infrared (LWIR) radiation earth to space by the earth back to space Incoming solar radiation Top of the Solar radiation absorbed
More informationHow to evaluate daylight. Initiated by the VELUX Group
Initiated by the VELUX Group Daylight in buildings Daylight in buildings is composed of a mix direct sunlight, diffuse skylight, and light reflected from the ground and surrounding elements. Direct sunlight
More informationPrinciples of Energy Conversion Part 11A. Solar Energy Insolation
Principles of Energy Conversion Part 11A. Solar Energy Insolation April 19, 2018 19 Solar Radiation 3 19.1 Overview and Background.............................. 3 19.2 Solar Energy......................................
More informationResponse function method
Response function method Response function method An analytical approach to the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations using the Laplace transform: An equation in the time domain is transformed
More information(Refer Slide Time: 00:01:19 min)
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Prof. M. Ramgopal Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No. # 40 Cooling and heating Load Calculations Welcome back,
More informationPROBLEM L. (3) Noting that since the aperture emits diffusely, I e = E/π (see Eq ), and hence
PROBLEM 1.004 KNOWN: Furnace with prescribed aperture and emissive power. FIND: (a) Position of gauge such that irradiation is G = 1000 W/m, (b) Irradiation when gauge is tilted θ d = 0 o, and (c) Compute
More informationArctice Engineering Module 3a Page 1 of 32
Welcome back to the second part of the second learning module for Fundamentals of Arctic Engineering online. We re going to review in this module the fundamental principles of heat transfer. Exchange of
More informationFundamentals of WUFI-Plus WUFI Workshop NTNU / SINTEF 2008
Fundamentals of WUFI-Plus WUFI Workshop NTNU / SINTEF 2008 Simultaneous Calculation of Transient Hygrothermal Conditions of Indoor Spaces and Building Envelopes boundary conditions Building envelope Outdoor
More informationTopic 5 Practice Test
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which represents the greenhouse effect in which heat energy is trapped in Earth's atmosphere 1. The Earth surface that best absorbs short-wave
More informationADVANCED ROOF COATINGS: MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
ADVANCED ROOF COATINGS: MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Abstract J.M. Bell 1 and G.B. Smith 2 The use of low emittance and high solar reflectance coatings is widespread in window glazings, wall and roof
More informationRadiation Heat Transfer. Introduction. Blackbody Radiation
Radiation Heat Transfer Reading Problems 21-1 21-6 21-21, 21-24, 21-41, 21-61, 21-69 22-1 21-5 22-11, 22-17, 22-26, 22-36, 22-71, 22-72 Introduction It should be readily apparent that radiation heat transfer
More informationDescription of Benchmark Cases for Window and Shading Performance Calculation
Windows as Renewable Energy Sources for Europe Window Energy Data Network www.windat.org Project supported by DG for Energy and Transport of the European Commission contract NNE5-2000-122 Description of
More informationHIGHLY INSULATING AEROGEL GLAZING
HIGHLY INSULATING AEROGEL GLAZING A. Beck, M. Reim, W. Körner, J. Fricke Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, ZAE Bayern e.v., Am Hubland, 9774 Würzburg, Germany, Phone (+49) 931/7564-32, Fax -6,
More informationPerformance Assessment of PV/T Air Collector by Using CFD
Performance Assessment of /T Air Collector by Using CFD Wang, Z. Department of Built Environment, University of Nottingham (email: laxzw4@nottingham.ac.uk) Abstract Photovoltaic-thermal (/T) collector,
More informationDYNAMIC INSULATION APPLIED TO THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING (PART 2) Numerical Evaluation of Thermal Insulation Effect on Air Supply Window System
3 5 7 8 9 DYNAMIC INSULATION APPLIED TO THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING (PART ) Numerical Evaluation of Thermal Insulation Effect on Air Supply Window System ABSTRACT Sihwan Lee, Tanaka Miho, Shinsuke Kato 3
More informationLecture 2: Global Energy Cycle
Lecture 2: Global Energy Cycle Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Solar Flux and Flux Density Solar Luminosity (L) the constant flux of energy put out by the sun L = 3.9
More informationSpectrum of Radiation. Importance of Radiation Transfer. Radiation Intensity and Wavelength. Lecture 3: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate
Lecture 3: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate Radiation Intensity and Wavelength frequency Planck s constant Solar and infrared radiation selective absorption and emission Selective absorption
More informationK20: Temperature, Heat, and How Heat Moves
K20: Temperature, Heat, and How Heat Moves Definition of Temperature Definition of Heat How heat flows (Note: For all discussions here, particle means a particle of mass which moves as a unit. It could
More informationApacheLoads Calculation Methodology as used in Revit MEP 2008 <Virtual Environment> 5.7
ApacheLoads Calculation Methodology as used in Revit MEP 2008 5.7 Page 1 of 47 Contents 1. Introduction...4 2. Inputs to Loads Calculation...4 2.1. Building geometry and connectivity...
More informationLecture 3: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate
Lecture 3: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate Solar and infrared radiation selective absorption and emission Selective absorption and emission Cloud and radiation Radiative-convective equilibrium
More informationEXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SPECTRAL AND ANGULAR DEPENDENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATING GLASSES
CISBAT 2005, Proceedings, EPFL 2005, p. 441-446 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SPECTRAL AND ANGULAR DEPENDENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATING GLASSES R. Steiner, P. Oelhafen, G. Reber and A. Romanyuk Institute
More information11. Advanced Radiation
. Advanced adiation. Gray Surfaces The gray surface is a medium whose monochromatic emissivity ( λ does not vary with wavelength. The monochromatic emissivity is defined as the ratio of the monochromatic
More informationTrue/False. Circle the correct answer. (1pt each, 7pts total) 3. Radiation doesn t occur in materials that are transparent such as gases.
ME 323 Sample Final Exam. 120pts total True/False. Circle the correct answer. (1pt each, 7pts total) 1. A solid angle of 2π steradians defines a hemispherical shell. T F 2. The Earth irradiates the Sun.
More informationThermal Comfort; Operative Temperature in the Sun
Thermal Comfort; Operative Temperature in the Sun Ida Bryn (Ph.d) Marit Smidsrød (MSc) Erichsen&Horgen AS, Postboks 4464 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, E-mail: ihb@erichsen-horgen.no, telephone: 47 22026333, telefax:
More informationChapter 6. Solar Geometry. Contents
Chapter 6. Solar Geometry Contents 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Sun 6.3 Elliptical Orbit 6.4 Tilt of the Earth s Axis 6.5 Consequences of the Altitude Angle 6.6 Winter 6.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth!
More informationResearch Article Study on Effect of Number of Transparent Covers and Refractive Index on Performance of Solar Water Heater
Renewable Energy Volume 14, Article ID 757618, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/1.1155/14/757618 Research Article Study on Effect of Number of Transparent Covers and Refractive Index on Performance of Solar
More informationThermal conversion of solar radiation. c =
Thermal conversion of solar radiation The conversion of solar radiation into thermal energy happens in nature by absorption in earth surface, planetary ocean and vegetation Solar collectors are utilized
More informationDeclarations of equivalence of Verosol sun screens. SilverScreen and EnviroScreen
Declarations of equivalence of Verosol sun screens SilverScreen and EnviroScreen Report number D 2923-2E-RA dated May 4 th, 2015 Declarations of equivalence of Verosol sun screens SilverScreen and EnviroScreen
More informationatmospheric influences on insolation & the fate of solar radiation interaction of terrestrial radiation with atmospheric gases
Goals for today: 19 Sept., 2011 Finish Ch 2 Solar Radiation & the Seasons Start Ch 3 Energy Balance & Temperature Ch 3 will take us through: atmospheric influences on insolation & the fate of solar radiation
More information