JF Theoretical Physics PY1T10 Special Relativity
|
|
- Russell Jacobs
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 JF Theoretical Physics PY1T10 Special Relativity 12 Lectures (plus problem classes) Prof. James Lunney Room: SMIAM 1.23, Books Special Relativity French University Physics Young and Freedman - Chapter 37 Berkeley Physics Course, Vol 1, Mechanics A biography of Einstein provided by the American Institute of Physics 3-Dec-13 1
2 Introduction In 1905 Albert Einstein published 3 remarkable papers: Special theory of relativity (STR) Photoelectric effect Brownian motion STR implies that measurements in different inertial frames of reference having relative velocities give different values of length and time. Very strange, non-intuitive, contrary to normal experience where v<<c Expect to relativistic effects when v~c In the limit of low v (v<<c) STR Newtonian mechanics 3-Dec-13 Albert Einstein, Zurich ( )
3 Course outline Inertial frames and Galilean transformations Michelson-Morley experiment Einstein s postulates, relativity of simultaneity Lorentz transformation Length contraction and time dilation Relativistic Doppler effect, moving clocks Transformation of velocities Relativistic dynamics: energy, mass, momentum Pair creation, fission, fusion Collisions, Compton effect Energy-momentum invariant 3-Dec-13 3
4 Classical Mechanics Newton I: a = 0 (v =const) when F = 0 Newton II: F = ma valid for non-accelerated (inertial) reference frame Inertial ref. frame? - frame defined by Newton I Frame fixed to surface of earth not inertial gravity, acceleration due to rotation of earth (small) Frame fixed to star is inertial frame to good very good approx. Are the laws of physics the same in different inertial frames (moving with relative v)? Hypothesis of Galilean invariance: Basic laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames (central idea in STR) Formal way of saying: If I am in a train with no windows I cannot say if I am moving or not. No trouble keeping my balance, coin falls straight down. Galilean invariance accepted by 19 th century physicists, but with light we should be able to detect uniform motion. 3-Dec-13 4
5 Galilean Transformation - 1 Galilean Transformation: Transforms coordinates of an event between inertial frames moving at a speed relative to each other. eg. A boat firing a canon from its deck. 2 inertial frames: Boat, and Water. Boat moves at 15 m/s, canon fired at 100 m/s relative to the boat. How fast relative to the water? Galilean transformation: Speed = = 115 m/s relative to the water. 15 m/s 115 m/s
6 Galilean Transformation - 2 y S vt y S v event x, y, z, t (x, y, z, t ) z o z o x, x Inertial frame S moves with velocity v relative to inertial frame S, along x-axis. Origins coincide at t = 0 and t = 0. x = x + vt y = y t = t z = z dx = dx + vdt dy = dy dt = dt dx dt = dx dt + v dt dt u x = u x + v, u y = u y, u z = u z u = u + v
7 Galilean Transformation - 3 u = u + v a = du dt = du dt = a F = m a, F = m a But m = m, a = a F = F Observers in both frames agree on magnitude and direction of Force.
8 Theories of Light Early theories (Newton): stream of particles 1667 Robert Hooke: vibration wave theory By beginning of 19 cent. there was strong evidence for wave theory Polarisation Interference Diffraction Maxwell (1861): light is an electromagnetic wave Sound can be transmitted in solid, liquid or gas, but not vacuum Expect to need a medium to carry light wave ether (aether) 3-Dec-13
9 The ether Expect light to propagate at constant velocity wrt ether The velocity of light measured by an observer will depend on his motion wrt ether If we measure velocity of light in different directions we should be able to detect our motion through the ether: Same in both directions stationary Not same in both direction moving Michelson and Morley tried to measure this effect Earth moves around Sun at m s -1 Velocity of light, c = m s -1 - need to measure very small effect 3-Dec-13 9
10 Michelson Morley experiment - 1 Albert Michelson, Ohio ( ) Edward Morley, Ohio ( ) 3-Dec-13 10
11 Michelson Morley experiment - 2 Aim: to measure the velocity of our motion through some absolute space as defined by ether (or check to see if c is the same in all directions) Mirror M 2 Compensating plate C Used multiple reflections to extend optical path length Source P Half-silvered plate P For rotation the whole interferometer floated in bath of mercury Ether wind Mirror M 1 Telescope 3-Dec-13 11
12 Michelson Morley experiment Dec-13 12
13 Michelson Morley experiment - 4 See interference fringes in telescope Fringes are parallel lines if M 1 not exactly perpendicular to M 2 Suppose equipment moves at speed v in direction PM 1 wrt frame defined by ether, ie. ether wind is blowing in direction M 1 P Rotate interferometer by Then PM 2 points into ether wind Expect to see fringe shift : Why? What value δ? v m s -1, c = m s -1, therefore v/c = 10-4, λ = m 1881 Michelson used l =1.2 m giving δ = 0.04, observed δ = 0.02 (max) 1887 Michelson used l =11 m giving δ = 0.4, observed δ = 0.01 (max) Conclusion No fringe shift when apparatus is rotated We cannot detect any motion relative to ether (absolute space) 2 2 lv c 2 3-Dec-13 13
14 So what about the ether? No ether 1890 s not ready to accept this conclusion OR Ether exists, motion through it is real, but compensating effects at work In M-M expt; along ether wind;, perp. to ether wind: Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction: If a body contracts along its direction of motion through the ether by factor (1-v 2 /c 2 ) 1/2 then t 1 = t 2 and there is no fringe shift. Not just an ad hoc idea. t 2lc v c We know that electric forces are affected by the motion of electrified bodies relative to the ether and it seems a not improbable supposition that the molecular forces are affected by the motion and that the size of the body alters consequently G F Fitzgerald, 1889 t 2lc v c 3-Dec-13 14
15 Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction George Francis Fitzgerald: Professor and Fellow of Trinity College Dublin, Nephew of George Johnston Stoney, who coined the term electron. Fitzgerald proposed using it to describe particles found by JJ Thomson. Was one of the first to suggest one cannot surpass the speed of light. Proposed Fitzgerald Contractions, which state that bodies contract along direction of motion the faster they travel. ("The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere" 1889) George Francis Fitzgerald, Dublin ( ) The contraction hypothesis was correct, but for the wrong reason. Contraction now called Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction after Fitzgerald and Hendrik Lorentz, who independently derived them. Hendrik Lorentz, Leiden ( )
16 Measurement of length and time Einstein: Analysis of motions based on an abstraction - existence of universal absolute time. We should not rely on a metaphysical notions about time. Rather, we make observations with physical devices clocks ( pendulum clock, watch with vibrating quartz crystal, rotating earth, vibrating molecule To measure velocity of a body: v = r 2 r 1 t 2 t 1 r 1, t 1 (r 2, t 2 ) Clock at r 1 reads t 1 when body arrives at r 1 Another clock at r 2 reads t 2 when body arrives there. Need to define what we mean by same time at two locations 3-Dec-13
17 Einstein s Postulates Postulate 1: All inertial frames are equivalent wrt the laws of physics Postulate 2: The speed of light in empty space always has the same value, ie. the speed of light is independent of the motion of the source or receiver P2 explains the null result of the M-M expt. M-M does not prove P2. Rather we can use P1 and P2 to make predictions which can be tested by experiment. Use Galilean transformation (GT) to describe Newtonian mechanics in different inertial frames. But P2 is not consistent with GT need to find new set of transformations. Later we will see that Newtonian mechanics does not work for very high velocity. 3-Dec-13 17
18 Synchronising clocks If we could transmit signals at infinite speed, no problem. Use large, but finite speed of light. Observation stations A and B at rest in same frame of reference. Clock at A can record time differences between events that occur in immediate vicinity of A. Similarly for B. We have: A time and B time To establish common time: By definition time for light to travel A B equals time for B A Send out light signal from A at t =0 Reflect light at B and return to A at time t = t 0 Time when light arrives at B is t = t 0 /2 We have synchronised the clocks at A and B 3-Dec-13 18
Aristotle: If a man on top of a mast in a moving ship drops an object, it would fall toward the back of the ship.
Aristotle: If a man on top of a mast in a moving ship drops an object, it would fall toward the back of the ship. Aristotle Galileo v Galileo: The object would land at the base of the mast. Therefore,
More informationRelativity. An explanation of Brownian motion in terms of atoms. An explanation of the photoelectric effect ==> Quantum Theory
Relativity Relativity In 1905 Albert Einstein published five articles in Annalen Der Physik that had a major effect upon our understanding of physics. They included:- An explanation of Brownian motion
More informationUnit- 1 Theory of Relativity
Unit- 1 Theory of Relativity Frame of Reference The Michelson-Morley Experiment Einstein s Postulates The Lorentz Transformation Time Dilation and Length Contraction Addition of Velocities Experimental
More informationModern Physics. Third Edition RAYMOND A. SERWAY CLEMENT J. MOSES CURT A. MOYER
Modern Physics Third Edition RAYMOND A. SERWAY CLEMENT J. MOSES CURT A. MOYER 1 RELATIVITY 1.1 Special Relativity 1.2 The Principle of Relativity, The Speed of Light 1.3 The Michelson Morley Experiment,
More informationPhysics 2D Lecture Slides Lecture 2. March 31, 2009
Physics 2D Lecture Slides Lecture 2 March 31, 2009 Newton s Laws and Galilean Transformation! But Newton s Laws of Mechanics remain the same in All frames of references!! 2 2 d x' d x' dv = " dt 2 dt 2
More informationModern Physics. Relativity: Describes objects moving close to or at the speed of light (spaceships, photons, electrons )
Modern Physics At the beginning of the twentieth century, two new theories revolutionized our understanding of the world and modified old physics that had existed for over 200 years: Relativity: Describes
More informationLIGHT and SPECIAL RELATIVITY FRAMES OF REFERENCE
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE MODULE 7 NATURE OF LIGHT LIGHT and SPECIAL RELATIVITY FRAMES OF REFERENCE The location of an object and its velocity depends upon the frame of reference of an observer. Inertial frame
More informationCHAPTER 2 Special Theory of Relativity-part 1
CHAPTER 2 Special Theory of Relativity-part 1 2.1 The Apparent Need for Ether 2.2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 2.3 Einstein s Postulates 2.4 The Lorentz Transformation 2.5 Time Dilation and Length Contraction
More informationSpace, Time and Simultaneity
PHYS419 Lecture 11: Space, Time & Simultaneity 1 Space, Time and Simultaneity Recall that (a) in Newtonian mechanics ( Galilean space-time ): time is universal and is agreed upon by all observers; spatial
More informationNewtonian or Galilean Relativity
Relativity Eamples 1. What is the velocity of an electron in a 400 kv transmission electron microscope? What is the velocity in the 6 GeV CESR particle accelerator?. If one million muons enter the atmosphere
More informationPass the (A)Ether, Albert?
PH0008 Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity Lecture 1 (Special Relativity) Pass the (A)Ether, Albert? Galilean & Einstein Relativity Michelson-Morley Experiment Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics
More information2.1 The Ether and the Michelson-Morley Experiment
Chapter. Special Relativity Notes: Some material presented in this chapter is taken The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. I by R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, Chap. 15 (1963, Addison-Wesley)..1
More informationRELATIVITY. Einstein published two theories of relativity. In The Special Theory. For uniform motion a = 0. In The General Theory
RELATIVITY Einstein published two theories of relativity In 1905 The Special Theory For uniform motion a = 0 In 1916 The General Theory For non-uniform motion a 0. First we will discuss The Special Theory
More informationPhysics 2D Lecture Slides Lecture 2. Jan. 5, 2010
Physics 2D Lecture Slides Lecture 2 Jan. 5, 2010 Lecture 1: Relativity Describing a Physical Phenomenon Event (s) Observer (s) Frame(s) of reference (the point of View! ) Inertial Frame of Reference Accelerated
More information02. Special Relativity: The 2 Postulates and the Michaelson- Morley Experiment
02. Special Relativity: The 2 ostulates and the Michaelson- Morley Experiment (1905) "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" ostulate 1: rinciple of Relativity The laws of physics are the same in all
More informationMichelson and Morley expected the wrong result from their experiment Cyrus Master-Khodabakhsh
Michelson and Morley expected the wrong result from their experiment Cyrus Master-Khodabakhsh School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics Western Sydney University cyrs.master@westernsydney.edu.au;
More informationModule 2: Special Theory of Relativity - Basics
Lecture 01 PH101: Physics 1 Module 2: Special Theory of Relativity - Basics Girish Setlur & Poulose Poulose gsetlur@iitg.ac.in Department of Physics, IIT Guwahati poulose@iitg.ac.in ( 22 October 2018 )
More informationSpecial Relativity: Derivations
Special Relativity: Derivations Exploring formulae in special relativity Introduction: Michelson-Morley experiment In the 19 th century, physicists thought that since sound waves travel through air, light
More informationSpecial Theory of Relativity. A Brief introduction
Special Theory of Relativity A Brief introduction Classical Physics At the end of the 19th century it looked as if Physics was pretty well wrapped up. Newtonian mechanics and the law of Gravitation had
More informationPostulate 2: Light propagates through empty space with a definite speed (c) independent of the speed of the source or of the observer.
Einstein s Special Theory of Relativity 1 m E = mv E =m*c m* = KE =m*c - m c 1- v p=mv p=m*v c 9-1 Postulate 1: The laws of physics have the same form in all inertial reference frames. Postulate : Light
More informationLecture 8 : Special Theory of Relativity
Lecture 8 : Special Theory of Relativity The speed of light problem Einstein s postulates Time dilation 9/23/10 1 Sidney Harris I: THE SPEED OF LIGHT PROBLEM Recap Relativity tells us how to relate measurements
More informationChapter 2: The Special Theory of Relativity. A reference fram is inertial if Newton s laws are valid in that frame.
Chapter 2: The Special Theory of Relativity What is a reference frame? A reference fram is inertial if Newton s laws are valid in that frame. If Newton s laws are valid in one reference frame, they are
More informationMassachusetts Institute of Technology Physics Department Physics 8.20 IAP 2005 Introduction to Special Relativity
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Physics Department Physics 8.20 IAP 2005 Introduction to Special Relativity Problem Set 1 1. Speeds What fraction of the speed of light does each of the following
More informationCollege Physics B - PHY2054C. Special Relativity 11/10/2014. My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building.
College - PHY2054C 11/10/2014 My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 1 The speed of light is the maximum possible speed, and it is always measured to have the same value
More informationName the object labelled B and explain its purpose.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. The diagram represents the Michelson-Morley interferometer. surface-silvered mirror M 1 l 1 extended source of monochromatic light B surface-silvered mirror M 2 A l 2 viewing
More informationIntroduction. Classical vs Modern Physics. Classical Physics: High speeds Small (or very large) distances
Introduction Classical vs Modern Physics High speeds Small (or very large) distances Classical Physics: Conservation laws: energy, momentum (linear & angular), charge Mechanics Newton s laws Electromagnetism
More informationChapter 36 The Special Theory of Relativity. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 36 The Special Theory of Relativity Units of Chapter 36 Galilean Newtonian Relativity The Michelson Morley Experiment Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity Simultaneity Time Dilation and
More informationTopics: Relativity: What s It All About? Galilean Relativity Einstein s s Principle of Relativity Events and Measurements
Chapter 37. Relativity Topics: Relativity: What s It All About? Galilean Relativity Einstein s s Principle of Relativity Events and Measurements The Relativity of Simultaneity Time Dilation Length g Contraction
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 12 Electricity and Magnetism 1. AC circuits and EM waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Doppler Effect 6/20/2007 Modern Physics 1. Relativity Galilean Relativity Speed
More informationPhysics 2D Lecture Slides Sept 29. Vivek Sharma UCSD Physics
Physics 2D Lecture Slides Sept 29 Vivek Sharma UCSD Physics Galilean Relativity Describing a Physical Phenomenon Event ( and a series of them) Observer (and many of them) Frame of reference (& an Observer
More informationEinstein for Everyone Lecture 2: Background to Special Relativity
Einstein for Everyone Lecture 2: Background to Special Relativity Dr. Erik Curiel Munich Center For Mathematical Philosophy Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität 1 Special Relativity 2 Principle of Relativity
More informationThe special theory of relativity
Chapter 1 The special theory of relativity 1.1 Historical background 1905 is often described as Einstein s annus mirabilis: a wonderful year in which he came up with three remarkable ideas. These were
More informationWe search for the ether. Next time: The ether is missing Conspiracy? I think not!
We search for the ether Next time: The ether is missing Conspiracy? I think not! Waves Wave phenomena are important for the development of special relativity and for understanding quantum mechanics, so
More informationAnnouncements. Muon Lifetime. Lecture 4 Chapter. 2 Special Relativity. SUMMARY Einstein s Postulates of Relativity: EXPERIMENT
Announcements HW1: Ch.2-20, 26, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, 55, 58, 63, 65 Lab start-up meeting with TA tomorrow (1/26) at 2:00pm at room 301 Lab manual is posted on the course web *** Course Web Page *** http://highenergy.phys.ttu.edu/~slee/2402/
More information4/13/2015. Outlines CHAPTER 12 ELECTRODYNAMICS & RELATIVITY. 1. The special theory of relativity. 2. Relativistic Mechanics
CHAPTER 12 ELECTRODYNAMICS & RELATIVITY Lee Chow Department of Physics University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 Outlines 1. The special theory of relativity 2. Relativistic Mechanics 3. Relativistic
More informationIntroduction to Relativity & Time Dilation
Introduction to Relativity & Time Dilation The Principle of Newtonian Relativity Galilean Transformations The Michelson-Morley Experiment Einstein s Postulates of Relativity Relativity of Simultaneity
More informationChapter 26 Special Theory of Relativity
Chapter 26 Special Theory of Relativity Classical Physics: At the end of the 19 th century, classical physics was well established. It seems that the natural world was very well explained. Newtonian mechanics
More informationENTER RELATIVITY THE HELIOCENTRISM VS GEOCENTRISM DEBATE ARISES FROM MATTER OF CHOOSING THE BEST REFERENCE POINT. GALILEAN TRANSFORMATION 8/19/2016
ENTER RELATIVITY RVBAUTISTA THE HELIOCENTRISM VS GEOCENTRISM DEBATE ARISES FROM MATTER OF CHOOSING THE BEST REFERENCE POINT. GALILEAN TRANSFORMATION The laws of mechanics must be the same in all inertial
More informationCollege Physics B - PHY2054C. Special & General Relativity 11/12/2014. My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building.
Special College - PHY2054C Special & 11/12/2014 My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building Outline Special 1 Special 2 3 4 Special Galilean and Light Galilean and electromagnetism do predict
More informationSpecial Theory of Relativity. PH101 Lec-2
Special Theory of Relativity PH101 Lec-2 Newtonian Relativity! The transformation laws are essential if we are to compare the mathematical statements of the laws of physics in different inertial reference
More informationMassachusetts Institute of Technology Physics Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Physics Department Physics 8.20 IAP 2003 Introduction to Special Relativity January 6, 2003 Assignment 1 Corrected version Due January 13, 2003 Announcements Please
More informationGalilean velocity transformation
Galilean velocity transformation... -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3... u... -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3... If an object has velocity u in frame S (note: velocities have a direction!), and if frame S is moving with velocity v along
More informationAnnouncement. Einstein s Postulates of Relativity: PHYS-3301 Lecture 3. Chapter 2. Sep. 5, Special Relativity
Announcement PHYS-3301 Lecture 3 Sep. 5, 2017 2 Einstein s Postulates of Relativity: Chapter 2 Special Relativity 1. Basic Ideas 6. Velocity Transformation 2. Consequences of Einstein s Postulates 7. Momentum
More information8.20 MIT Introduction to Special Relativity IAP 2005 Tentative Outline
8.20 MIT Introduction to Special Relativity IAP 2005 Tentative Outline 1 Main Headings I Introduction and relativity pre Einstein II Einstein s principle of relativity and a new concept of spacetime III
More informationCHAPTER 2 Special Theory of Relativity
CHAPTER 2 Special Theory of Relativity 2.1 The Apparent Need for Ether 2.2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 2.3 Einstein s Postulates 2.4 The Lorentz Transformation 2.5 Time Dilation and Length Contraction
More informationLecture 13 Notes: 07 / 20. Invariance of the speed of light
Lecture 13 Notes: 07 / 20 Invariance of the speed of light The Michelson-Morley experiment, among other experiments, showed that the speed of light in vacuum is a universal constant, as predicted by Maxwell's
More informationTherefore F = ma = ma = F So both observers will not only agree on Newton s Laws, but will agree on the value of F.
Classical Physics Inertial Reference Frame (Section 5.2): a reference frame in which an object obeys Newton s Laws, i.e. F = ma and if F = 0 (object does not interact with other objects), its velocity
More informationThe Constancy of the Speed of Light
The Constancy of the Speed of Light Also, recall the Michelson-Morley experiment: c-u c+u u Presumed ether wind direction u is the relative speed between the frames (water & shore) Result: Similar There
More informationTwo postulates Relativity of simultaneity Time dilation; length contraction Lorentz transformations Doppler effect Relativistic kinematics
Two postulates Relativity of simultaneity Time dilation; length contraction Lorentz transformations Doppler effect Relativistic kinematics Phys 2435: Chap. 37, Pg 1 Two postulates New Topic Phys 2435:
More informationASTR 1040 Recitation: Relativity
ASTR 1040 Recitation: Relativity Ryan Orvedahl Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences February 17 & 19, 2014 This Week Fiske Planetarium: Thurs Feb 20 (9:30 am) Observing Session: Thurs Feb
More informationE = mc 2. Inertial Reference Frames. Inertial Reference Frames. The Special Theory of Relativity. Slide 1 / 63. Slide 2 / 63.
Slide 1 / 63 The Special Theory of Relativity E = mc 2 Inertial Reference Frames Slide 2 / 63 Newton's laws are only valid in inertial reference frames: n inertial reference frame is one which is not accelerating
More informationChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Relative Motion Relativity has as its basis the observation of the motion of a body by two different observers in relative motion to each other. This observation,
More informationRelativity. April 16, 2014 Chapter 35 1
Relativity April 16, 2014 Chapter 35 1 Announcements! Next week: Review of entire course, no exam! Final exam Wednesday, April 30, 8-10 PM Location: BPS 1410 (this room) Comprehensive, covers material
More informationChapter-1 Relativity Part I RADIATION
Chapter-1 Relativity Part I RADIATION Radiation implies the transfer of energy from one place to another. - Electromagnetic Radiation - Light - Particle and Cosmic Radiation photons, protons, neutrons,
More informationPrinciple of Relativity
Principle of Relativity Physical laws are the same in all inertial frames. 1) The same processes occur. But 2) the description of some instance depends on frame of reference. Inertial Frames An inertial
More informationLecture 3 and 4. Relativity of simultaneity. Lorentz-Einstein transformations
Lecture 3 and 4 Relativity of simultaneity Lorentz-Einstein transformations Relativity of Simultaneity If we use this method of synchronising clocks, we find that simultaneity is relative, not absolute.
More informationQuestion from last week
Announcements l Help room hours (1248 BPS) Ian La Valley(TA) Mon 4-6 PM Tues 12-3 PM Wed 6-9 PM Fri 10 AM-noon l LON-CAPA #8 due Nov. 1 l 2 nd hour exam on Tuesday Nov. 6 part of Thursday s lecture will
More informationBefore we work on deriving the Lorentz transformations, let's first look at the classical Galilean transformation.
Background The curious "failure" of the Michelson-Morley experiment in 1887 to determine the motion of the earth through the aether prompted a lot of physicists to try and figure out why. The first attempt
More informationLecture 2. Einstein Asserts Relativity. July 31, Ruled out the possibility that Earth is at rest relative to the ether
Lecture 2 Einstein Asserts Relativity July 31, 2017 Where We Are Now... Ruled out the possibility that Earth is at rest relative to the ether Earth alone at rest? Violates Copernicus! Ether Drag? Ruled
More informationRelativity. Physics April 2002 Lecture 8. Einstein at 112 Mercer St. 11 Apr 02 Physics 102 Lecture 8 1
Relativity Physics 102 11 April 2002 Lecture 8 Einstein at 112 Mercer St. 11 Apr 02 Physics 102 Lecture 8 1 Physics around 1900 Newtonian Mechanics Kinetic theory and thermodynamics Maxwell s equations
More informationEinstein and his theory of Special Relativity (1905) General relativity came later and deals more with gravity (1915) 07 relativity.
Einstein and his theory of Special Relativity (1905) General relativity came later and deals more with gravity (1915) Groundwork for Einstein's theory was laid out my Michelson and Morley with their interferometer
More informationEinstein s Space and Time
Einstein s Space and Time Re-examining the Obvious Familiar things happen, and mankind does not bother about them. It requires a very unusual mind to make an analysis of the obvious." Alfred North Whitehead
More informationRotational Mechanics and Relativity --- Summary sheet 1
Rotational Mechanics and Relativity --- Summary sheet 1 Centre of Mass 1 1 For discrete masses: R m r For continuous bodies: R dm i i M M r body i Static equilibrium: the two conditions for a body in static
More informationRelativity SPECIAL, GENERAL, AND COSMOLOGICAL SECOND EDITION. Wolfgang Rindler. Professor of Physics The University of Texas at Dallas
Relativity SPECIAL, GENERAL, AND COSMOLOGICAL SECOND EDITION Wolfgang Rindler Professor of Physics The University of Texas at Dallas OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Introduction l 1 From absolute space
More informationMidterm Solutions. 1 1 = 0.999c (0.2)
Midterm Solutions 1. (0) The detected muon is seen km away from the beam dump. It carries a kinetic energy of 4 GeV. Here we neglect the energy loss and angular scattering of the muon for simplicity. a.
More information12:40-2:40 3:00-4:00 PM
Physics 294H l Professor: Joey Huston l email:huston@msu.edu l office: BPS3230 l Homework will be with Mastering Physics (and an average of 1 hand-written problem per week) Help-room hours: 12:40-2:40
More informationEinstein s theory of special relativity
Einstein s theory of special relativity Announcements: First homework assignment is online, but you will need to read about time dilation to answer problem #3 and for the definition of ~for problems #4
More informationChapter 37. Relativity. PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, 14th Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Jason Harlow
Chapter 37 Relativity PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, 14th Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Jason Harlow Learning Goals for Chapter 37 Looking forward at why different
More information2.1 Einstein s postulates of Special Relativity. (i) There is no ether (there is no absolute system of reference).
Chapter 2 Special Relativity The contradiction brought about by the development of Electromagnetism gave rise to a crisis in the 19th century that Special Relativity resolved. 2.1 Einstein s postulates
More informationChapter 33 Special Relativity
And now in our time, there has been unloosed a cataclysm which has swept away space, time, and matter hitherto regarded as the firmest pillars of natural science, but only to make place for a view of things
More informationRelativity. Theory of Space & Time. by Dennis Dunn. Version date: Tuesday, 4 November :04. Time & Space... Time & Space... Time & Space...
Relativity Theory of Space & Time by Dennis Dunn Version date: Tuesday, 4 November 008 4:04 Time & Space... Time & Space... Time & Space... Time & Space... Time & Space... Time & Space... Space & Time...
More informationIn defence of classical physics
In defence of classical physics Abstract Classical physics seeks to find the laws of nature. I am of the opinion that classical Newtonian physics is real physics. This is in the sense that it relates to
More informationdt = p m, (2.1.1) dt = p
Chapter 2 Special relativity 2.1 Galilean relativity We start our discussion of symmetries by considering an important example of an invariance, i.e. an invariance of the equations of motion under a change
More informationThe Other Meaning of Special Relativity
The Other Meaning of Special Relativity Robert A. Close* ABSTRACT Einstein s special theory of relativity postulates that the speed of light is a constant for all inertial observers. This postulate can
More informationRelativity. Overview & Postulates Events Relativity of Simultaneity. Relativity of Time. Relativity of Length Relativistic momentum and energy
Relativity Overview & Postulates Events Relativity of Simultaneity Simultaneity is not absolute Relativity of Time Time is not absolute Relativity of Length Relativistic momentum and energy Relativity
More informationChapter 3 Special relativity 3.1 About motion
Chapter 3 Special relativity 3.1 About motion Learning objectives Explain what is meant by absolute motion and relative motion. Describe the experimental evidence that all motion is relative. Discuss whether
More informationSpecial. Relativity. Todd Huffman. Steve
Special Steve Relativity Todd Huffman Einstein s Two Postulates of Special Relativity: I. The laws of physics are identical in all inertial frames II. Light propagates in vacuum rectilinearly, with the
More informationRelativity I. Chapter Outline
1 Relativity I Chapter Outline 1.1 Special Relativity 1.2 The Principle of Relativity The Speed of Light 1.3 The Michelson Morley Experiment Details of the Michelson Morley Experiment 1.4 Postulates of
More informationThe spacetime of special relativity
1 The spacetime of special relativity We begin our discussion of the relativistic theory of gravity by reviewing some basic notions underlying the Newtonian and special-relativistic viewpoints of space
More informationLight and Relativity
PHY1033C Fall 2017 Lecture W11 Light and Relativity 1. Light, a Special Wave For more than 200 years, Newton s theory of mechanics, condensed into the three laws of motion, have been accepted as the correct
More informationRelativity and Modern Physics. From Last Time. Preferred reference frame. Relativity and frames of reference. Galilean relativity. Relative velocities
HW#6 Chapter 0 Concept: 9, 6, 20, 28, 34 Problems: 4, 6 From Last Time Range of visible light from 400 nm to 700 nm Eye interprets different wavelengths as different colors but has only three sensors,
More informationMassachusetts Institute of Technology Physics Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Physics Department Physics 8.0 IAP 005 Introduction to Special Relativity Midterm Exam Solutions. (a). The laws of physics should take the same form in all inertial
More informationRelativity Albert Einstein: Brownian motion. fi atoms. Photoelectric effect. fi Quantum Theory On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
Relativity 1905 - Albert Einstein: Brownian motion fi atoms. Photoelectric effect. fi Quantum Theory On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies fi The Special Theory of Relativity The Luminiferous Ether Hypothesis:
More informationWe saw last time how the development of accurate clocks in the 18 th and 19 th centuries transformed human cultures over the world.
We saw last time how the development of accurate clocks in the 18 th and 19 th centuries transformed human cultures over the world. They also allowed for the precise physical measurements of time needed
More informationSpecial Theory of Relativity (I) Newtonian (Classical) Relativity. Newtonian Principle of Relativity. Inertial Reference Frame.
Special Theory of Relativity (I) Newtonian (Classical) Relativity Einstein s Postulates The Lorentz Transformation Time Dilation and Length Contraction Addition of Velocities Assumption It is assumed that
More informationTuesday, February 15, Ice Cube Neutrino Facility
Ice Cube Neutrino Facility Semester Report This Thursday, Feb 17th, due in class: a list of resources (books, websites, articles, etc.), along with title. 1% will be deducted from your paper grade for
More informationPHYS 270-SPRING 2011 Dennis Papadopoulos LECTURE # 20 RELATIVITY I NEWTONIAN RELATIVITY GALILEAN TRANSFORMATIONS SIMULTANEITY APRIL 21, 2011
PHYS 270-SPRING 2011 Dennis Papadopoulos LECTURE # 20 RELATIVITY I NEWTONIAN RELATIVITY GALILEAN TRANSFORMATIONS SIMULTANEITY APRIL 21, 2011 1 I: LAWS OF MOTION Newton s first law Newton s first law (N1)
More information2.3 The Lorentz Transformation Eq.
Announcement Course webpage http://highenergy.phys.ttu.edu/~slee/2402/ Textbook PHYS-2402 Lecture 3 HW1 (due 9/13) Chapter 2 20, 26, 36, 41, 45, 50, 51, 55, 58 Sep. 6, 2016 2.3 The Lorentz Transformation
More informationElements of Physics II
Physics 132: Lecture 21 Elements of Physics II Agenda for Today Special Theory of relativity Inertial vs. non-inertial reference frames Postulates of SR Consequences of SR Simultaneity Time dilation Physics
More informationPostulates of Special Relativity
Relativity Relativity - Seen as an intricate theory that is necessary when dealing with really high speeds - Two charged initially stationary particles: Electrostatic force - In another, moving reference
More informationCHAPTER 2 Special Theory of Relativity
CHAPTER 2 Special Theory of Relativity Fall 2018 Prof. Sergio B. Mendes 1 Topics 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Inertial Frames of Reference Conceptual and Experimental
More informationLecture 7: Special Relativity I
Lecture 7: Special Relativity I ª Einstein s postulates ª Time dilation ª Length contraction ª New velocity addition law Sidney Harris Please read Chapter 7 of the text 2/19/15 1 Albert Einstein ª Over
More informationSpecial Relativity. Asaf Pe er The Michelson - Morley experiment
Special Relativity Asaf Pe er 1 December 4, 2013 1. The Michelson - Morley experiment 1 By the late 1800 s, the wave nature of light was well established, with diffraction experiments carried by Thomas
More information2.4 The Lorentz Transformation
Announcement Course webpage http://highenergy.phys.ttu.edu/~slee/2402/ Textbook PHYS-2402 Lecture 4 Jan. 27, 2015 Lecture Notes, HW Assignments, Physics Colloquium, etc.. 2.4 The Lorentz Transformation
More informationWelcome back to PHY 3305
Welcome back to PHY 3305 Today s Lecture: Consequences of Einstein s Postulates Lorentz Transformations Albert Einstein 1879-1955 Einstein s Postulates: 1. The laws of physics are invariant to observers
More informationModern Physics. t the end of the nineteenth century, many scientists believed that they had
Modern Physics PART 6 t the end of the nineteenth century, many scientists believed that they had A learned most of what there was to know about physics. Newton s laws of motion and his theory of universal
More informationElectromagnetism and the Æether
Electromagnetism and the Æether SC/NATS 1730, XXV Electromagnetism & the Aether 1 Light What is it? According to Newton, Light is a stream of particles (i.e., hard bodies), just as matter was composed
More informationCollege Physics 10th edition
College Physics 10th edition Raymond A. Serway and Chris Vuille Publisher: Cengage Learning Table of Contents PHY101 covers chapters 1-8 PHY102 covers chapters 9-25 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Standards
More informationEinstein s Third Postulate
Einstein s Third Postulate W. Engelhardt 1, retired from: Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85741 Garching, Germany Abstract Einstein s own demonstration of time dilation taken from his book with
More informationEinstein s Special Theory of Relativity. Dr. Zdzislaw Musielak UTA Department of Physics
Einstein s Special Theory of Relativity Dr. Zdzislaw Musielak UTA Department of Physics OUTLINE Einstein s Miraculous Year 1905 Time and Space before 1905 Einstein s Paper # 3 Time and Space after 1905
More information