Physics 661. Particle Physics Phenomenology. October 9, Physics 661, lecture 5 1

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1 Physics 661 Particle Physics Phenomenology October 9, 2001 Physics 661, lecture 5 1

2 Outline Quarks and Leptons Unfinished discussion: the interstellar magnetic field Elem. Part. and High Energy Physics Fixed Targets and Colliding Beams The Standard Model fundamental fermions interactions time scales Limitations of the Standard Model Fermions and Bosons Particles and Antiparticles Physics 661, lecture 5 2

3 Model of the Magnetic Field Magnetic fields in the disc are azimuthal Magnetic fields in the center are in the z- direction ~5-10 µg 10-9 T in the Galaxy R. Wielebinski, Magnetic Fields in Galaxies, The Interstellar Medium in Galaxies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 349 (1990). Physics 661, lecture 5 3

4 Model of the Magnetic Field An Example: M81 M. Krause, E. Hummel, R. Beck, Astron. Astrophys. 217, 4 (1989). in the Galaxy Physics 661, lecture 5 4

5 Origin of the Magnetic Fields Two models: primordial model in Galaxies compression of a relic field main problem is that relic fields are thought to be <10-9 Gauss, too small to easily compress to the tens of µg now observed in galaxies dynamo model amplification of seed field in galactic rotation this has an advantage over the primordial model in that it can generate larger amplification (>10 3 ) this is the favored model many experts expect both processes have a role Physics 661, lecture 5 5

6 Elementary particles and High Energy Physics In order to explore the substructure of matter we need to go to high energy resolution is limited by debroglie wavelength λ = h/p Also, in order to produce new high mass particles we need higher energy Physics 661, lecture 5 6

7 Fixed Target and Colliding Beam Accelerators Early experiments were done with a beam of particles and a fixed target The energy in the center-of-mass is s E cm 2 = (E beam + m target ) 2 - p beam 2 = 2 E beam m target + m target 2 + m beam 2 E cm only increases as the square root of E beam (note s E cm ) By colliding beams of particles, E cm increases linearly with E beam s E cm 2 = (E beam + E beam ) 2 - (p beam - p beam ) 2 = 4 E beam 2 Physics 661, lecture 5 7

8 Colliding Beam Experiments Most experiments today are done with colliding beams CDF (Fermilab) D0 (Fermilab) p 1 TeV/beam BaBar (SLAC) 3 GeV e + 9 GeV e - Physics 661, lecture 5 8

9 The Standard Model A very successful model of elementary particles and their interactions was been developed (~1970s). It has stood up to experimental tests, but we know it is incomplete The fundamental fermions The interactions The limitations Physics 661, lecture 5 9

10 The Fundamental Fermions All matter is built from small number of fermions (spin 1/2) particles Leptons (integer charge) - six flavors charged leptons (electron, muon, tau) τ(muon) = 2.2 microsec τ(tau) = 0.3 picosec. neutral leptons (electron-neutrino, muonneutrino, tau-neutrino) Quarks (fractional charge) - six flavors up-type quarks (up, charm, top) down-type (down, strange, bottom) only up and down are stable Physics 661, lecture 5 10

11 The Fundamental Fermions Physics 661, lecture 5 11

12 Fundamental Fermions in Nature Leptons exist as free particles Quarks have never been observed as free particles, only bound within composites, such as the proton (uud), the neutron (udd), the pion (u, anti-d), etc. This property of quarks is called confinement and it is an important property of the strong interaction The stable particles are the lightest: the electron, u and d quarks, neutrinos. Physics 661, lecture 5 12

13 Strong The Interactions binds quarks, mediated by gluon (massless, spin 1) Electromagnetic binds electrons in the atom (mediated by photon) Weak responsible for β decay; mediated by W ±, Z 0 (massive, spin 1) Gravity force between all matter, mediated by graviton (massless, spin 2) Physics 661, lecture 5 13

14 The Interactions Gravity Electromag. Weak Strong field boson graviton photon W ±,Z gluon spin-parity , mass, GeV 0 0 M w = M Z =91.2 range, m source mass electric weak color charge charge charge coupling 5 x / x constant typical cross section, m 2 typical lifetime, s Physics 661, lecture 5 14

15 Measuring the time scales Timescales of seconds are straightforward, since particles typically travel at the speed of light, and distances of many mm are involved Shorter times can be more difficult Consider the time scale of the strong interaction: sec for these particles, we must measure the width Γ = h/2πτ (uncertainty principle) Physics 661, lecture 5 15

16 Measuring the time scales If a particle travels millimeters, we can measure its trajectory with precision detectors (vertex detectors) d = c τ = 3 x cm/sec τ = 3 mm / sec τ = 3 mm τ / sec (we can actually measure sub-millimeter flight distances) Physics 661, lecture 5 16

17 Vertex Detector Physics 661, lecture 5 17

18 Measuring the time scales The uncertainty principle tells us that if we try to measure the mass of an unstable particle, there will be an uncertainty in that measurement E t > h/4π Γ(MeV/c 2 ) = 7 x sec / τ Physics 661, lecture 5 18

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