Geology 306: Earth Science Laboratory: Rock Identification Supplement Hydrological cycle and the Rock Cycle
|
|
- Josephine Jennings
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Geology 306: Earth Science Laboratory: Rock Identification Supplement Hydrological cycle and the Rock Cycle
2 The Rock Cycle
3 1. The rock cycle and hydrological cyle both involve the recycling of materials, such as water between the surface and the atmosphere or the recycling of the various types of rocks that make up the surface of the Earth. 2. All rocks are classified based upon their mineral content (mineral composition) and visual texture. a. Texture: The size, shape and arrangement of mineral (crystal) grains or fragments of material. 3. Types of Rocks: a. Igneous Rocks: are associated with the crystallization and/or solidification of Magma. i. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground and form larger crystals, such as granite. ii. Extrusive igneous rocks cool rapidly on or near the surface and form much smaller crystals (such as basalt) and in some cases no crystals at all, such as obsidian which is an amorphous or glassy material. Extrusive igneous activity can also produce violent volcanic eruptions which can produce more fragmental material. b. Sedimentary Rocks: are associated with the accumulation of weathering by-products produced by weathering and erosion on the surface, such as sandstone. c. Metamorphic Rocks: are associated with the alteration and deformation of pre-existing rocks known as parent rocks. These parent rocks are deformed by: Heat, Pressure, and Chemicallyactive fluids to produce new metamorphic rocks, such as Marble or Gneiss. 4. Igneous Rocks: are classified based on their overall mineral content and visual texture. a. Mineral composition: is based upon the abundance of Ferromagnesian (minerals rich in iron and/or magnesium) and Nonferromagnesian minerals (minerals that lack iron and/or magnesium), which is in turn influenced by Bowen s Reaction Series.
4 Bowens Reaction Series i. Bowen s Reaction Series: describes the sequence of mineral formation in a cooling magma. Discontinuous Series or Branch: consists of the ferromagnesian minerals: Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole, and Biotite, which are all dark, ferromagnesian minerals. Continuous Series or Branch: consists of the nonferromagnesian minerals, Calcium-rich Plagioclase feldspar and Sodium-rich Plagioclase feldspar, which are lighter colored than the discontinuous branch. Muscovite, Potassium Feldspar (Orthoclase), and Quartz: are all light-colored non-ferromagnesian minerals.
5 ii. Mineral content: will reflect the minerals that are present at the temperature in which the rock solidified. For example, rocks that solidify at higher temperatures may contain more olivine, pyroxene, and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar. Rocks that solidify at very low temperatures will contain more quartz and potassium feldspar. b. Compositional classes: can be determined by the amount of light (non-ferromagnesian minerals) and dark (ferromagnesian minerals). i. Ultramafic: the composition of the mantle (peridotite) and rarely found on the surface. Contains mostly olivine, pyroxene, and a small amount of calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar. ii. Mafic: Contains mostly dark, ferromagnesian minerals such as: olivine, pyroxene, as well as, calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar, and small amounts of amphibole minerals. These rocks tend to be dark and denser, such as the rock, Basalt. iii. Intermediate: Contains mostly amphibole, biotite mica, sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar, and small amounts of pyroxene and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar. Typically seen as half ferromagnesian and half non-ferromagnesian minerals, but can have a range of compositions. Intermediate colors, such as the rock diorite and/or andesite. iv. Felsic: Contains mostly non-ferromagnesian minerals, such as: quartz, potassium feldspar, and muscovite mica, with small amounts of biotite, amphibole, and sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar. Typically light in color, such as granite
6 Mineral content of felsic, Intermediate, mafic, and ultra-mafic rock compositions:
7 Igneous Rock Textural Terms INTRUSIVE TEXTURES associated with Plutonic environments and slow cooling: Phaneritic: Uniform, slow-cooling, and coarse-grained, easily seen, e.g. granite (typical intrusive texture) Pegmatitic: very coarse-grained, larger than your thumb (1-inch) Often forms due to slow cooling of a fluid-rich magma and can produce semi-precious gemstones such as aquamarine, tourmaline, etc. (if this texture is present, the term Pegmatitic is included in the rock name) (E.g. Pegmatitic granite or granite pegmatite) Porphyritic: Two or more grain sizes are present due to multiple stages or rates of cooling. Phenocrysts (larger crystals) are set in a finer grained matrix due to two or more stages of cooling underground. (If this texture is present, the term Porphyritic is included in the rock name, e.g. porphyritic granite.) EXTRUSIVE TEXTURES associated with volcanic environments and rapid cooling or violent volcanic eruptions: Aphanitic: Porphyritic: Glassy: Vesicular or Cellular: Amygdaloidal: Frothy: Uniform, rapid cooling, fine-grained, not visible except under a microscope, e.g. basalt (typical extrusive texture). phenocrysts in a finer grained matrix due to two or more stages of cooling with the last stage of cooling occurring on the surface. (If this texture is present, the term Porphyritic is included in the rock name, e.g. porphyritic basalt.) similar to glass, due to very rapid cooling and the lack of crystal formation, e.g. obsidian. many visible vesicles formed as magma cooled around gas bubbles that were escaping, thus preserving the spherical shape of the gas bubbles. (When large very large vesicles are present the term vesicular is added to the rock name, e.g. vesicular basalt, otherwise specific rock names such as scoria may be used.) Vesicles are filled in with secondary minerals, e.g. amygdaloidal basalt. (If this texture is present, the term Amygdaloidal is included in the rock name, e.g. Amygdaloidal Basalt.) glassy & vesicular, many small vesicles, foamy-looking, e.g. pumice. Fragmental/Pyroclastic: particles, ash, fragments (which are typically angular) of rock, etc. fused together, e.g. welded tuff, volcanic breccia.
8 Some Igneous Rock Classifications
9 Emplacement of Plutonic Structures / Formation of Plutons
10 Sedimentary Rocks The following diagram depicts the chemical equations important to chemical weathering and the formation of chemical cements.
11 1. Sedimentary rocks: form through the accumulation of weathering byproducts, of which there are many types. These by-products will produce different types of sediments based upon their origin. Diagenesis describes the sequence of events or processes that transform a sediment into a sedimentary rock and often includes: deposition, burial, and Lithification (compaction and cementation) of sediments. Diagenesis and the transformation of Sediment into Sedimentary Rock
12 2. Types of Sediments and sedimentary rocks and their textures: a. Clastic Detrital Sediments: are particles or fragments of other materials, such as sand grains. These particles are broken bits of other rocks and/or minerals and can be transported by wind, ice, and water which can influence the shape and characteristics of the particles. These particles get deposited and undergo Diagenesis, which includes the cementing of the particles together to form a rock, such as sandstone. b. Non-Clastic Sediments: i. Chemical Sediments: form through the precipitation of formerly dissolved materials, such as the formation of salt crystals from an evaporating salty lake, to produce rock salt. These rocks often appear crystalline. ii. Biological, Organic Sediments: sediments associated with the accumulation of biological material, such as leaf litter, shells, fossils, coral reefs, etc. These rocks can be fossiliferous and contain many fossils, such as fossiliferous limestone. c. You can sometimes find combinations sediments accumulating in some environments. For example, an accumulation of mud will often form mudstone and shale, but if it contains abundant fossils too, it would be a fossiliferous mudstone or fossiliferous shale. Such a rock would have both clastic and biological material and could have a Bio-clastic texture. 3. As particles are transported, they may be reduced in size and could also undergo rounding and sorting of the particles. Typically, when clastic sediments first form, they may have a jagged, and fragmental appearance, but as they travel, the sharp corners are often knocked off and the particle becomes smaller with smoother, rounded shapes. For example, in a stream, particles will tumble along and become more spherical and uniform in shape. Sorting describes the uniformity of grain sizes in a sedimentary rock. 4. Cementing agents: are typically materials that have formed through chemical weathering reactions to produce dissolved materials that can infiltrate the deposit of sediments and then precipitate in the pore spaces between the sediments and thus bind the particles together, such as dissolved calcite, quartz, or iron oxides.
13
14
15 CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Texture / particle size Coarse grained ( >2 mm) Coarse to fine grained Medium grained (1/16-2 mm) Fine grained (1/256-1/16 mm) Very fine grained (< 1/256 mm) Clastic / Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Composition Comments Rock Name Quartz, quartzite, and chert are dominant Fragments of any rock type (associated with glaciers) Primarily Quartz grains Quartz and at least 25% K-Feldspar grains Quartz grains, small rock fragments and clay minerals. Fine grained quartz and clay minerals. Very fine grained quartz and clay minerals. Poorly sorted rounded rock fragments of any rock type. Poorly sorted angular rock fragments of any rock type. Poorly sorted, nonstratified, and angular rock fragments. Sometimes the larger particles are elongate with striations on the flat surfaces. Usually moderately to well sorted and rounded. Usually forms from rapid erosion, with visible K-feldspar grains that are often medium to poorly sorted. Often gray in appearance due to the increased presence of clay particles. Usually less well sorted than quartz Sandstone Silt-sized particles with a gritty feel. CONGLOMERATE QUARTZ SANDSTONE ARKOSE SANDSTONE GRAYWACKE SANDSTONE BRECCIA TILLITE SILTSTONE SANDSTONE Clay-sized particles with a soft feel SHALE (Mud- or Clay-stone)
16 Texture / Particle size Medium to coarse crystalline grains Sedimentary Rocks continued Chemical or Biochemical / Organic Rocks Composition Comments Rock Name Calcite ( CaCO3 ) Crystalline texture is visable. Forms from a fine-grained lime mud. CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE Microcrystalline Exhibits Conchoidal fracture MICRITE LIMESTONE Aggregates of Oolites Fossiliferous Fossiliferous, with finer grained matrix Microscopic Banded Calcite Similar to Limestone Crypto-crystalline Micro-crystalline to Crypto-crystalline Fine to Coarse crystalline grains Fine to Coarse crystalline grains Microscopic Fibrous Dense and uniform in appearance, but its density is low. Dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2) Chalcedony (SiO2) Chalcedony, Quartz (SiO2) Gypsum (CaSO 4 *2H 2O) Halite (NaCl) (SiO2) Brownish plant material Carbon Oolites (round spherical fossil features) Loosely cemented fossils and fossil fragments with little matrix. Abundant fossils in a calcareous (calcite) matrix Shells of microscopic organisms, clay, very soft. Can be powdery. Usually forms as dripstones - stalactites or stalagmites. Also known as dolomite, reacts with acid only if powdered. Chemical replacement! Hard, dense masses or beds and exhibits conchoidal fracture. Variety of colors possible. Hard, dense masses or beds and exhibits conchoidal fracture. Tends to be gray to black and can exhibit a chalky rind. An evaporite, inorganic precipitate. An evaporite, inorganic precipitate. Salty taste. Silica Shells of microscopic organisms (Diatoms), very soft and similar to chalk, but will not react with acid. Soft, Porous. Will burn. Plant material may still be visible Highly altered, compacted, carbonized plant remains (plant matter has been converted to carbon.) Will burn. OOLITIC LIMESTONE COQUINA FOSSILIFEROUS LIMESTONE CHALK TRAVERTINE DOLOSTONE CHERT FLINT ROCK GYPSUM ROCK SALT DIATOMACEOUS EARTH PEAT COAL
17 Metamorphic Rocks 1. Metamorphic rocks: have been altered and/or deformed but have not yet melted. The rock prior to deformation is referred to as the Parent rock. Metamorphism is caused by increases in Heat, Pressure and Chemically active fluids. a. Pressures: stresses applied to the rock which can cause the rock to change shape and is often associated with folding and faulting as well. i. Confining pressures: are pressures that are associated with burial of rocks at depth and are typically equal in all directions. ii. Directed or differential Pressures: are pressures or stresses associated with plate interactions and are not equal but are stronger in a particular orientation. Can cause foliation Compression or compressive stresses: Plates collide and the crust gets thicker. Tension or tensile stresses: Plates pull apart and the crust is thinned. Shear stresses: Plates slide past each other. b. Foliation: is a preferred alignment in the rock caused by directed pressures and can include the alignment of mineral crystals, folds, rock cleavage, color banding, or color streaking, etc. c. Metamorphic Textures: is based upon the type and presence or absence of foliation. i. Foliated: Rock contains a preferred alignment in the form of foliation. ii. Non-Foliated: Rock does NOT contain a preferred alignment in the form of foliation. The rock appears more uniform with crystals in random orientations. iii. Weakly-foliated: Rock may exhibit foliation, but it is very faint and harder to see. d. Mineral Composition: is based upon the dominant minerals in the rock. Metamorphic rocks often contain index minerals, which are minerals that form at specific temperature and/or pressure conditions. These index minerals can be used to determine the degree or intensity of metamorphism, as well as, to differentiate between different rocks. For example, a muscovite schist would have a different composition than a biotite-garnet schist, but they would both have a scaly foliation. i. Index minerals often form Porphyroblasts, which typically grow large crystals because the mineral is at its optimum heat and pressure conditions.
18 CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS FOLIATED ROCKS Crystal size Rock name Comments Very fine, not visible SLATE Smooth, Flat Rock Cleavage crosses sedimentary layers Fine grains, not visible PHYLLITE Foliation well developed, but may be wavy; rock has a "silky" luster Coarse Muscovite schist Visible with unaided eye S Chlorite schist Types of schist, recognized on mineral content, Mostly micaceous minerals C Biotite schist reflect increasing intensity of metamorphism Often with porphyroblasts H Garnet schist from top downward and often have a scaly appearance I S T Staurolite schist Kyanite schist Sillimanite schist Coarse, mostly GNEISS Well-developed color BANDING or color streaking Non-micaceous minerals NONFOLIATED ROCKS Precursor rock Rock name Comments QUARTZ SANDSTONE QUARTZITE Composed of interlocking quartz grains LIMESTONE MARBLE Composed of interlocking calcite grains CONGLOMERATE STRETCHED-PEBBLE Original pebbles distinguishable, but strongly BASALT OR GABBRO CONGLOMERATE GREENSTONE AMPHIBOLITE SERPENTINITE Deformed and elliptical in shape Composed of epidote and chlorite Composed of amphibole and plagioclase and may contain garnet Composed of serpentine MINERALS COMMONLY PRODUCED IN METAMORPHISM No. of cleavage NAME COMPOSITION HABIT H directions Color hydrous Fe, Mg, Al Chlorite silicate sheets 2 1 dark green Epidote Ca, Fe, Al silicate massive 5 2 green Talc hydrous Mg silicate sheets and foliated masses 1 1 white, black, green Staurolite Fe, Al silicate long crystals 7 2 lt.-dk. brown Garnet Fe, Mg, Ca, Al silicate stubby crystals red, brown, black Kyanite Al silicate bladed 5 & 7 2 gray-blue Sillimanite Al silicate needles 5 2 white Graphite carbon massive or sheets 2 1 metal gray massive or lamellar, Serpentine hydrous Mg, Fe silicate appears polished or 1 green - black
19 Additional Metamorphic Rock Classification from Tarbuck and Lutgens Textbook * Migmatites can exhibit partial melting and therefore can have characteristics of both metamorphic and igneous rocks!
COMPOSITIONAL TERMS: FELSIC : light colored INTERMEDIATE : medium shades MAFIC : dark colored ULTRAMAFIC : rare (composition of the mantle)
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory NAME: Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS SECTION: Common Rocks (Chapter 2) For this assignment, you will require: a streak plate, glass plate, magnet, dilute hydrochloric (HCl) acid,
More informationENVI.2030L Rock Identification
ENVI.2030L Rock Identification Name I. Introduction The bulk of the earth's crust is composed of relatively few minerals. These can be mixed together, however, to give an endless variety of rocks - aggregates
More informationIgneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma either below (intrusive igneous rocks) or above (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth s surface. For example, the igneous rock
More informationReview - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals
Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.
More informationRocks. Rocks are composed of 1 or more minerals. Rocks are classified based on how they formed (origin). 3 classes of rocks:
ROCKS Rocks If a mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composi:on and a crystalline structure then what is a rock? Rocks Rocks are composed
More informationRock Identification. Aphanitic Texture (fine grained) Individual crystals are so small that they are not visible to the naked eye
The Identification of Rocks This lab introduces the identification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks based on mineralogy (composition) and texture. I. Classification of Igneous Rocks Textures
More informationGeology for Engineers Rocks
89.325 Geology for Engineers Rocks Name I. Introduction The bulk of the earth's crust is composed of relatively few minerals. These can be mixed together, however, to give an endless variety of rocks -
More informationRR#7 - Multiple Choice
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? 1) hematite 2) fluorite 3) galena 4) talc 2. Which rock is composed of the mineral halite that formed when seawater evaporated? 1) limestone 2) dolostone
More informationName Class Date. In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements.
CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
More informationRock Identification. invisible rhyolite andesite basalt komatiite. visible granite diorite gabbro peridotite
Rock Identification The samples in this lab are arranged into four groups: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and unknown. Study the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic collections to get an idea of
More informationLab 2: Rocks Page 1 of 8
Lab 2: Rocks Page 1 of 8 LAB 2: ROCK IDENTIFICATION DUE: Friday, Feb. 25 Directions About 90 rocks specimens will be on tables in the classroom. The rocks will be arranged on the lab tables during class,
More informationPage 1. Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks?
Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? 1663-1 - Page 1 5) The flowchart below illustrates the change from melted rock to basalt. 2) Which processes most likely
More informationEvolution of the Earth
Evolution of the Earth http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/f/fe/geologic_clock.jpg Evolution of the Earth Solar system, 4.6 byr Collapse of a nebula Star forms as gravity concentrates material at center
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Weathering. Mechanical & Chemical Weathering. Sediments. Lithification. Deposition. Transport. Erosion.
Lithification Sedimentary Rocks Sediments Deposition Transport Erosion Weathering Weathering The sediments that make up sedimentary rocks are produced by: Mechanical & Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2017-2016 Chapter (3) Igneous Rocks Chapter 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Igneous Rocks Chapter 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
More informationChapter 10. Chapter Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Rocks. Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Chapter 10 Rocks 1 Chapter 10 Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle 2 10.1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Magma is the parent material for all rocks. Once the magma cools and hardens, many changes can occur. Geology:
More informationTHE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS REFER TO CHAPTER 2 IN YOUR MANUAL
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS NAME: Section: Pre-Lab and Introduction to Physical Properties of Rocks Assignment for: Common Rocks (Chapter 2) For this assignment, you will require:
More informationA. IGNEOUS Rocks formed by cooling and hardening of hot molten rock called magma (within crust or at its surface).
EARTH SCIENCE 11 CHAPTER 5 NOTES KEY How Earth's Rocks Were Formed Early geologists believed that the physical features of the Earth were formed by sudden spectacular events called CATASTROPHES. Modern
More informationRocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way.
Rocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way. All rocks fit into one of three categories: Igneous- formed by the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock Sedimentary- formed
More informationVersion 1 Page 1 Barnard/George/Ward
The Great Mineral & Rock Test 1. Base your answer to the following question on the table below which provides information about the crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A,
More informationWhich sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D
1 Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of (1) white quartz (3) pink feldspar (2) aluminum (4) iron 2 The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks
More informationGEOL FORENSIC GEOLOGY ROCK IDENTIFICATION
GEOL.2150 - FORENSIC GEOLOGY ROCK IDENTIFICATION Name I. Introduction There are three basic types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic: Igneous. Igneous rocks have solidified from molten matter
More informationInstructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
More informationUnit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions
Name: Date: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 6. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the photograph of a sample of gneiss below.
More informationRocks. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. The Rock Cycle. I. Rocks
Rocks Tarbuck Lutgens 3.1 The Rock Cycle 3.1 The Rock Cycle I. Rocks Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet. Types of Rocks 1. Igneous rock
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 3 Rocks 3.1 The Rock Cycle Rocks Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet. Types of Rocks
More information1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 2. Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz? A) sulfuric acid B) pencil lead C) plaster of paris D)
More informationEngineering Geology and Seismology. Geological Identification of Rocks
Lecture # 6 Engineering Geology and Seismology Geological Identification of Rocks Instructor: Prof. Dr. Attaullah Shah Department of Civil Engineering City University of Science and IT Peshawar 1 Characterizing
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 1) What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? A) 6.1 g/cm 3 C) 1.8 g/cm 3 B) 5.7 g/cm 3 D) 12.2 g/cm 3 2) In which two Earth
More informationMinerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them?
Minerals What are minerals and how do we classify them? 1 Minerals! Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks! Rock - is any naturally formed solid that is part of Earth
More informationSmart Figure 2.2: SmartFigures-The_Rock_Cycle
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS NAME: Section: Pre-Lab and Introduction to Physical Properties of Rocks Assignment for: Common Rocks (Chapter 2) For this assignment, you will require:
More informationName. GEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Igneous Rocks
Name GEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Igneous Rocks I. Introduction The bulk of the earth's crust is composed of relatively few minerals. These can be mixed together, however, to give an endless variety
More informationEarth Science Chapter 6 Rocks
Earth Science Chapter 6 Rocks I. Rocks and the Rock Cycle * Material that makes up the solid part of the Earth. * Made of a variety of different combinations of minerals and organic matter. A. Three Major
More informationIgneous Rock Processes and Identification
Igneous Rock Processes and Identification http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/igneous/igneous.html#kindsofigneousrocks Major Concepts 1)
More informationAs compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D
1. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together,
More informationUnit 2 Exam: Rocks & Minerals
Name: Date: 1. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the 2001 edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables, the map and cross section below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The shaded
More informationWk. 8 Minerals and Rocks: Formation, identification and classification
Wk. 8 Minerals and Rocks: Formation, identification and classification Earth Materials Minerals Gemstones and other minerals, such as gold, have fascinated people for thousands of years and have been supposed
More informationROCKS & MINERALS UNIT. 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science
ROCKS & MINERALS UNIT 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Characteristics of Minerals 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Class Notes Mineral Characteristics Naturally occurring formed by natural processes Inorganic
More informationPractice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1
Name Practice Test Rocks and Minerals 1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite
More informationEPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks
Name: EPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks Grotzinger and Jordan, Chapter 5 Introduction In this lab we will classify sedimentary rocks and investigate the relationship between environmental conditions and
More informationA rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter
A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture Rocks change over time through the rock
More information1. Gravel-size 2. Sand-size 3. Silt-size 4. Clay-size 5. Microcrystalline 6. Macrocrystalline
Name: GEOL 101 - Physical Geology Lab Grade: SEDIMENTARY & METAMORPHIC ROCK CLASSIFICATION and IDENTIFICATION SEDIMENTARY PRE-ID SECTION To be completed before observing hand samples: I. Introduction &
More informationCHAPTER ROCK WERE FORMED
HOW CHAPTER 5 ROCK WERE FORMED 1 I. Modern geology- 1795 A. James Hutton- 1. uniformitarianism- "the present is the key to the past" a. b. the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
More informationRock Identification Lab, 60 Points This is a BIG lab! Work carefully and thoroughly
Rock Identification Lab, 60 Points This is a BIG lab! Work carefully and thoroughly Name: Date: Period: Lab Skills and Objectives 1. You will examine, classify, and identify several samples of igneous,
More informationSedimentology & Stratigraphy. Thanks to Rob Viens for slides
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy Thanks to Rob Viens for slides Sedimentology The study of the processes that erode, transport and deposit sediments Sedimentary Petrology The study of the characteristics and
More informationIgneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100
Igneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Major Concepts 1) Igneous rocks form directly from the crystallization of a magma or lava 2)
More informationLAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS
LAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS Learning outcomes The student is able to: 1. understand and identify rocks 2. understand and identify parent materials 3. recognize
More information2. What is sample 1B? a. chalcopyrite b. plagioclase feldspar c. muscovite d. copper e. magnetite f. galena g. pyrite
HSAG Mineral and Rock Exam 2014 Note: Most sample numbers do NOT match question numbers so be careful. Team: 1. What is sample 1A? a. magnetite b. galena c. pyrite d. chalcopyrite e. copper f. graphite
More informationName: Grade: GEOL Physical Geology Laboratory Sedimentaryand Metamorphic Rocks Lab #6
Name: GEOL 101 - Physical Geology Laboratory Sedimentaryand Metamorphic Rocks Lab #6 Grade: PRELAB SECTION To be completed before labs starts: I. Introduction & Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory
More informationROCK IDENTIFICATION LAB
ROCK IDENTIFICATION LAB What type of rock is this? Where or how is it formed? Obsidian Extrusive Igneous Rock No crystals formed Glassy Very quick cooling molten rock (lava) What type of rock is this?
More informationApplications and Investigations in Earth Science Seventh Edition
INSTRUCTOR MANUAL Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Applications and Investigations in Earth Science Seventh Edition Tarbuck Lutgens Pinzke Exercise One The Study of Minerals MATERIALS
More information2 Igneous Rock. How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture of igneous rock? BEFORE YOU READ. Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
CHAPTER 4 2 Igneous Rock SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture
More information1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
UNIT 3 EXAM ROCKS AND MINERALS NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds
More informationMinerals and Rocks Chapter 20
Minerals and Rocks Chapter 20 Emily and Megan Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Elements of Earth by weight Made of atoms Earth
More informationCHAPTER ROCK WERE FORMED
HOW CHAPTER 3 ROCK WERE FORMED 1 I. Modern geology- 1795 A. James Hutton- 1. uniformitarianism- "the present is the key to the past" a. b. the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
More informationCrust Elements. Elements of Earth. Minerals. Crystals. Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air
Emily and Megan Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Made of atoms Earth is mostly iron, by weight Elements of Earth Made of atoms
More informationTHE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS. Subtitle
THE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS Subtitle 3. Three rocks that do not have minerals or are composed of nonmineral matter. Coal Pumuce Obsidian THE ROCK CYCLE Why do scientists study rocks? Rocks contain clues about
More informationEmily and Megan. Earth System Science. Elements of Earth by weight. Crust Elements, by weight. Minerals. Made of atoms Earth is mostly iron, by weight
Emily and Megan Chapter 20 MINERALS AND ROCKS Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Elements of Earth by weight Made of atoms Earth
More informationLiz LaRosa Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted
Liz LaRosa http://www.middleschoolscience.com 2010 Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified
More informationName Regents Review #7 Date
Name Regents Review #7 Date Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the pictures of four rocks shown below. Magnified views of the rocks are shown in the circles. 5. The diagrams below show the crystal
More informationWhich rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite
1. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica crystals and a foliated texture? A) marble B) quartzite C) schist D) slate 2. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure
More informationUNIT TOPICS TOPIC 1: MINERALS TOPIC 2: IGNEOUS ROCKS TOPIC 3: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TOPIC 4: METAMORPHIC ROCKS TOPIC 5: THE ROCK CYCLE
UNIT TOPICS TOPIC 1: MINERALS TOPIC 2: IGNEOUS ROCKS TOPIC 3: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TOPIC 4: METAMORPHIC ROCKS TOPIC 5: THE ROCK CYCLE TOPIC 1: MINERALS ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE MINERALS AND HOW DO WE
More informationCHAPTER 2 EARTH MATERIALS: A PHYSICAL GEOLOGY REFRESHER
CHAPTER 2 EARTH MATERIALS: A PHYSICAL GEOLOGY REFRESHER CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter offers a comprehensive review of common rock forming minerals, their occurrence, chemical composition and usefulness
More informationI m good. Thank you.
I m good. Thank you. The Rock Cycle Ag Earth Science Chapter 3.1 A natural occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition. mineral A consolidated mixture of minerals rock
More informationALLEGHENY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY STUDENT HANDBOOK
ALLEGHENY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY STUDENT HANDBOOK This handbook is designed as a resource for all geology majors and minors. The material contained in the handbook includes foundation principles
More informationLab: Metamorphism: minerals, rocks and plate tectonics!
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationChapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Rock Definition A naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals e.g, marble, granite, sandstone, limestone Rock Definition Must naturally occur in nature,
More informationRocks and the Rock Cycle notes from the textbook, integrated with original contributions
Rocks and the Rock Cycle notes from the textbook, integrated with original contributions Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D. Gneiss (a metamorphic rock) from Catalina Island, California Alessandro Grippo review Rocks
More informationCEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Igneous Origins Intrusive Batholithic or plutonic: phaneritic Dikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphanitic Extrusive deposition as melt (lava) pyroclastic
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1. The solid part of Earth is made up of material called a. glacial ice. b. lava. c. rock. d. wood. 2. Rock can be a collection of one
More informationRocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline Foundations of Earth Science Seventh Edition Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Natalie Bursztyn Utah State University Focus Question 2.1 What processes can transform a rock
More informationFigure 1. Random orientation of crystal grains in an igneous rock, granite.
ES088 The Earth s Crust: Rocks Earth system forensics might well start with a disciplined look at materials and how they are formed. When you are given a piece of rock, it is important to remember that
More informationROCK CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION
Name: Miramar College Grade: GEOL 101 - Physical Geology Laboratory SEDIMENTARY ROCK CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION PRELAB SECTION To be completed before labs starts: I. Introduction & Purpose: The
More informationI. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical
How Earth s Rocks Were Formed I. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical features of Earth were
More informationTopics that will be discussed
Topics that will be discussed The Rock Cycle Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock The Rock Cycle -Rocks The parent material for all rocks is MAGMA. What is MAGMA? -Rock forming Minerals Are:
More informationExamining Minerals and Rocks
Examining Minerals and Rocks What is a mineral? A mineral is homogenous, naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered
More informationName Class Date. Chapter 3 Rocks Chapter Test. Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
Chapter 3 Rocks Chapter Test Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following is true about rocks? a. Rocks are
More informationEssentials of Geology, 11e
Essentials of Geology, 11e Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity Chapter 3 Instructor Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Geology 101 Stanley Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Characteristics
More informationStudent Name: College: Grade:
Student Name: College: Grade: Physical Geology Laboratory IGNEOUS MINERALS AND ROCKS IDENTIFICATION - INTRODUCTION & PURPOSE: In this lab you will learn to identify igneous rocks in hand samples from their
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 7e (Lutgens) Chapter 2 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth. 2.1 Multiple Choice
Foundations of Earth Science, 7e (Lutgens) Chapter 2 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth 2.1 Multiple Choice 1) An igneous rock that shows a vesicular texture. A) contains many small holes, like Swiss
More informationBlock: Igneous Rocks. From this list, select the terms which answer the following questions.
Geology 12 Name: Mix and Match: Igneous Rocks Refer to the following list. Block: porphyritic volatiles mafic glassy magma mixing concordant discontinuous reaction series igneous vesicular partial melting
More informationThe 3 types of rocks:
Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity The 3 types of rocks:! Sedimentary! Igneous! Metamorphic Marble 1 10/7/15 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Come from rocks sediments (rock fragments, sand, silt, etc.) Fossils
More informationSedimentary Environments Chapter 8
Sedimentary Environments Chapter 8 Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. What is a sedimentary rock? Sedimentary rocks are products of
More informationMud Sand Gravel. Clastic Textures
Sed Rocks Self-Instruction Lab Name Geology 100 Harbor Section Read the sedimentary rocks chapter before you start. Sedimentary rocks are usually identified in the field by their stratification or layering,
More informationChapter 3: Igneous Rocks 3.2 IGNEOUS ROCK ORIGIN
Chapter 3: Igneous Rocks Adapted by Lyndsay R. Hauber & Michael B. Cuggy (2018) University of Saskatchewan from Deline B, Harris R & Tefend K. (2015) "Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology". First
More informationMud Sand Gravel. Clastic Textures
Sed Rocks Self-Instruction Lab Name Geology 100 Harbor Section Please see the questions online before you begin. Sedimentary rocks are usually identified in the field by their stratification or layering,
More informationChapter 6 Pages of Earth s Past: Sedimentary Rocks
Chapter 6 Pages of Earth s Past: Sedimentary Rocks Introduction! Drilling into the bottom of the North Sea, we encounter: " Soft mud and loose sand, silt, pebbles, and shells. Then: " Similar materials
More informationCEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Translation of Mineral Properties to Rock Properties Comparison of mineral properties to rock properties Rocks have lower strength, especially tensile
More informationEarth Science 11: Minerals
lname: Date: Earth Science 11: Minerals Purpose: Text Pages: I can identify and classify minerals using their physical and chemical properties 90-111 *This is recommended reading! Matter and Atoms (5.1)
More informationChapter 9 : Rocks and Minerals
Table of Contents Chapter 9 : Rocks and Minerals Section 2: Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks Section 3: Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle Section 2 and 3: Rocks and the Rock Cycle There are 3 different
More informationModule 9 Sedimentary Rocks
Module 9 Sedimentary Rocks SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Rocks formed from material derived from preexisting rocks by surfacial processes followed by diagenesis There are two main classes of sedimentary rocks Clastic
More informationSediment. Weathering: mechanical and chemical decomposition and disintegration of rock and minerals at the surface
Sediment Some basic terminology Weathering: mechanical and chemical decomposition and disintegration of rock and minerals at the surface Erosion: removal of weathered rock and minerals from one place to
More informationHappy Tuesday. Pull out a ½ sheet of paper
Happy Tuesday Pull out a ½ sheet of paper 1. Physical properties of a mineral are predominantly related to 1. the external conditions of temperature, pressure, and amount of space available for growth.
More informationChapter 4. Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History
Chapter 4 Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History What can Minerals Tell Us? 1. Minerals may contain radioactive elements that can be used for radiometric age dating. 2. Minerals that
More information*Theory= If all available testing support a hypothesis. *Law= Theory that continually passes all tests over long periods of time.
Rodrigo Rivera-Reyes GEOL 1104/1114 Updated October 2012 GEOL LAB Midterm 1 Study Guide 1. Scientific Method. O Observation.- Something is noticed and causes a question to be asked. H Hypothesis.- Proposed
More informationChapter 8 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Twelfth Edition. Metamorphism. Rocks. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Twelfth Edition Metamorphism and dmetamorphic Rocks Tarbuck and Lutgens Chapter 8 Metamorphic Rocks What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means
More informationRocks & Minerals. Lesson 1 Properties of Minerals. What is a mineral? What is a mineral?
Rocks & Minerals What is a mineral? A mineral must have 5 specific characteristics to be considered a mineral a. b. c. d. e. Naturally occurring - formed by natural processes. Solid - must have a definite
More informationClastic Textures. I. What is the sorting of sample numbers 60, 61, and 62? Answers on last page.
Sed Rock s Sel f-instruction N ame Geology 100 Harbor Secti on Sedimentary rocks are usually identified in the field by their stratification or layering, which originates by the successive deposition of
More information23/9/2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Chapter 2: Rock classification:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 2: Rock classification: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
More information