Clay minerals : paleo-conditions and dynamic evolution of hydrothermal systems. P. Patrier Mas
|
|
- Preston Nigel Flynn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Clay minerals : paleo-conditions and dynamic evolution of hydrothermal systems examples of volcanic contexts related to subduction zones P. Patrier Mas (D. Beaufort, D. Guisseau, A. Mas, P. Papapanagiotou...)
2 Summary Introduction (definitions, generalities) 1- Alteration parageneses 2- Clay alterations used as paleocondition indicators - limitations 3- General functioning of geothermal systems 4- Methodology to use clays as a guide 5- Some examples 6- Clay genesis and transformations 7- Signature of clay minerals Conclusion
3 Hydrothermal systems... - What is a hydrothermal system? - In which contexts? - Why do we study clay minerals?
4 A hydrothermal system Geological system characterized by (lateral and/or vertical) circulations of hot fluids with variable temperatures and pressures under the Earth surface. The fluid temperature must be warmer (5 C or more) than the surrounding environment These systems can be active or fossil (activity long enough to generate anomalous concentrations in metals = ore deposits ) Occur mainly in surfical part of earth crust where the tectonomagmatic activity is able to generate a thermal source and to enhance important transfers of fluids between very contrasted formations (in terms of T, chemistry )
5 Distribution of active hydrothermal (geothermal) systems
6 - Mobile fluid phase (density gradient), occurrence of fracturation - Occurrence of a heat source Cycles of deep descent,heating, rising
7 Terminology used... 1 Epithermal system : metal deposits formed at depth lower than 1500m and for 50 < T < 200 C 2 Mesothermal system : Metal deposit formed at intermediate depth ( m) and for 200 < T < 400 C 3 Hypothermal system: Metal deposits formed at depth > 4500 m and for 400 < T < 600 C Clay minerals : 1 2 (max : 300 C)
8 Geochemical studies of fossil (or extinct) epi-mesothermal system indicate that the majority of hydrothermal ore deposits hosted by volcanic rocks or their subjacent plutonic suites were formed within systems of similar size, chemistry and behaviour, as well as similar geologic settings to those we see active today, i.e. geothermal systems (Henley and Ellis, 1983) Epithermal Geothermal systems Mesothermal
9 Expressions in surface Emission of hot water : geysers Depending of the H20 vapor pressure in the reservoir
10 Pools with thermal fluids 60m - 74 C - ph=5 - CO 2 - Au, Ag, Hg, Ar, S, Th, Sn
11 Rising of thermal waters Silica deposits + Ar, Sb, Mo, W, Fe + algue dev.
12 Emission of vapors : fumerolles Taupo area
13 «mud pots» Kaolinite + opale CT + Quartz + pyrite ph = C
14 High temperatures even at the surface (Milos)
15 Expression in depth Occurrence of veins («filled fractures») ± transformation at the wall rock (vein type alteration) + Alteration of the bulk rock (pervasive alteration )
16 Why do we study hydrothermal systems? Environments of economic interest Duration of the activity is long enough to concentrate metal deposits :ore deposits Geothermal energy ( )
17 Summary Introduction (definitions, generalities) 1-Alteration parageneses 2- Alterations used as paleocondition indicators - limitations 3- General functionning of geothermal systems 4- Methodology to use clays as a guide 5- Some examples 6- Clay genesis and transformations 7- Signature of clay minerals Conclusion
18 Hydrothermal alteration... - Definition? - What are the controls? - Why do we study hydrothermal alteration?
19 Definition of hydrothermal alteration (ve) (wr) qz ca ill qz ill ca ill op Changes of structure, mineralogy, rock chemistry when physicochemical conditions of the environment are modified in presence of fluids. 80µm Rock alteration where solutions of higher temperature than that expected from the geothermal gradient in a given area interacts locally with the surrounding rocks (Utada, 1980)
20
21 Differs from metamorphism by... - The quantity of fluids involved - An important thermodynamic instability linked to the tectono-magmatic activity - The amplitude of disequilibrium between fluids and rocks - The duration of phenomena, reaction kinetics - The amount of clay phases Typically : open system (movement of solutions) Diagenesis, metamorphism : rock alteration by hot water in equilibrium with the surrounding rocks («closed system»)
22 What are the alteration controls? - Fluid composition - Rock chemistry -Temperature - (Pressure) - Fluid/rock - Duration...
23 Fluids involved : not pure water (dissolved materials : salts, gases ) Influence of the fluid chemistry
24 Origin? d 18 O = (( 18 O/ 16 O) sample - ( 18 O/ 16 O) sw ) *1000/ ( 18 O/ 16 O) sw
25 As a function of lithology, temperature...
26 As a function of mineralogy
27 Formation of alteration minerals and their zoning Same assemblages observed in numerous hydrothermal systems Zoning of hydrothermal parageneses example of porphyry copper (Creasey, 1959)
28 Early parageneses - Propylitic alteration : Chl., epid., Alb., Carb. T>250 C low F/R, fluids located in the rock porosity Large distribution - Potassic alteration : K Felsp, Biot., «Sericite», Chl., Qz T>320 C Magmatic fluids Deeper parts (host rock + intrusion)
29 Late hydrothermal parageneses... - Phyllic alteration : Qz., «Sericite», Pyr., Chl., Illite. T>220 C High F/R, Important magmatic contribution, located at the top of the systems - Argillic alteration : Kaol., Sme., «Chl.» T<200 C high F/R, important meteoric contribution
30
31
32
33 Summary Introduction (definitions, generalities) 1- Alteration parageneses 2- Clay alterations used as paleocondition indicators - limitations 3- General functionning of geothermal systems 4- Methodology to use clays as a guide 5- Some examples 6- Clay genesis and transformations 7- Signature of clay minerals Conclusion
34 Hydrothermal alteration can help to... - Localize permeable zones, characterize the hydrodynamic of the system - Precise the fluid composition - Evaluate qualitatively the well production rate (active syst.) - Precise the evolution of the field during time - Understand the mineralization processes - General modelling of hydrothermal systems - Exploration optimisation
35 Why do we study clay minerals?? Very reactive minerals Potential indicators of paleoconditions Temperature Cathelineau et Nieva, (1985) Structural criteria (interstratification, crystallinity, polytypism ) Chemical criteria (tetrahedral, octahedral occupancies )
36 In hydrothermal systems Clays minerals : Important neoformed minerals ill chl chl ill Result from : - Recrystallization processes - Instability of other silicate minerals op qz - Direct precipitation from solutions
37 ...Relationships clay minerals - temperature
38 ...Relationships cla minerals - temperature
39 At the mineral scale Geothermometry : The dioctahedral clay sequence The trioctahedral clay sequence Structural criteria : interstratifications, cristallinity, polytypes Smectite : max 120 C I/S R= C - I/S max C Disordered C/S up to 240 C Illite, Chlorite : 220 C min. Chemical criteria Mainly used for chlorites (tetrahedral + octahedral occupancies)
40 To use clay minerals as a geothermometer You have to be sure that 1- Other variables involved in the functionning of the system must be controlled 2- Clay minerals have to be well characterized : chemical and structural homogeneous phases... difficult to validate
41 Use of clay minerals as geothermometer An illustration : geothermometer based on chemistry 1- Chemistry of a mineral is also a function of the rock chemistry, fluids chemistry, F/R, fo 2 Need a strong control of all these variables 2- Chemical analyses of pure phases : size, mixing and frequent mixed-layering 3- Based on a structural formula : different from a real distribution
42 (CaO+Na2O+K2O*100)/( ox. tot) AlIV ex. chlorite geothermometer chlorites Cathelineau et Nieva (1985) C/S Cathelineau et Nieva (1985) St Martin Chipilapa Chipilapa C/S Température Température!
43 Use of clay minerals in geothermometry Equilibrium state : often discussed Mixed layered clays = metastable transitory state (Jiang et al., 1994 ; Essene et Peacor, 1995 ) Occurrences controlled by kinetic factors Not only temperature F/R, time = dynamic of the system
44 In fossil systems... - Depends of too many parameters to be an efficient geothermometer - Chemical heterogeneity is a better indicator of the reaction rates As crystallization occurs during disequilibrium stage, heterogeneity is max. at t = 0.
45 In active systems... Frequently : - Clay minerals are not in agreement with the temperatures measured in the wells (generally lower than their stability domain) - Numerous anomalies of clay minerals distribution (compared to the classical scheme) Ulumbu (Kasbani et al., 1998)
46 In active systems... Ill/Sm Smectite Aluto-Langano (Ethiopie) (Teklemariam et al., 1996) Sumikawa (Japon) (Inoue et al., 1999) How can we explain the difficult to transpose the parageneses defined in fossil systems to active and young systems?
47 Summary Introduction (definitions, generalities) 1-Alteration parageneses 2- Clay alterations used as paleocondition indicators - limitations 3- General functionning of geothermal systems 4- Methodology to use clays as a guide 5- Some examples 6- Clay genesis and transformations 7- Signature of clay minerals Conclusion
48 General functionning of a hydrothermal system : Governed by dissipation processes of the thermal energy generated by the magmatic intrusions 1) In a first time, main thermal transfers are conductive (heat diffusion). This first stage results in zonation of alteration products parallel to isotherms. At this stage, alteration is controlled most by the nature of the rock than by the nature of the fluids. F/R is low (fluids involved are interstitial fluids trapped in the rock porosity)
49 General functionning of hydrothermal systems... 2) In a second time, main heat transfers are convective tranfers. Such transfers are associated with the opening of the system (in relationships with fracturing and influx of meteoric or marine fluids) This heat transfer process is mainly efficient at the top of magmatic plugs where the fracturation rate is the most important. At this stage, reactions are mainly controlled by the fluids percolating in the system. 3) Alterations associated with these fluids circulations will seal the system : this results in conductive heat transfers (mineral zonation) again until the fracture network is not reactivated
50 General functionning of hydrothermal systems... 2) In a second time, main heat transfers are convective tranfers. Such transfers are associated with the opening of the system (in relationships with fracturing and influx of meteoric or marine fluids) This heat transfer process is mainly efficient at the top of magmatic plugs where the fracturation rate is the most important. At this stage, reactions are mainly controlled by the fluids percolating in the system. 3) Alterations associated with these fluids circulations will seal the system : this results in conductive heat transfers (mineral zonation) again until the fracture network is not reactivated.
51 General functionning of a hydrothermal system on the overall activity of the system (100,000-1My), heat transfers are mainly conductive 2- Convective heat transfers are effective during each events stimulating the fracture network 3- Fluid /rock interactions are multiple, sporadic and localized 4- System dominated by the rock system dominated by fluids : alternating control
52 Summary Introduction (definitions, generalities) 1-Alteration parageneses 2- Clay alterations used as paleocondition indicators - limitations 3- General functionning of geothermal systems 4- Methodology to use clays as a guide 5- Some examples 6- Clay genesis and transformations 7- Signature of clay minerals Conclusion
53 Methodological approach -Acquire a good knowledge of the sample petrography separate the different hydrothermal parageneses Classical techniques + Separation and identification of different clay populations - Acquire mineralogical data on the whole alteration phases and primary minerals precise the mineral reaction rate, conditions of nucleation/growth Ex : textural properties (crystal size, habits) and microstructural properties (order/disorder, shift from equilibrium, cristallinity index) Crystal-chemistry techniques - SEM - Coupling with fluids (isotopes, FI in fossil parts) - Integrate all these data in the dynamics of these sytems
54 Summary Introduction (definitions, generalities) 1-Alteration parageneses 2- Alterations used as paleocondition indicators - limitations 3- General functionning of geothermal systems 4- Methodology to use clays as a guide 5- Some examples 6- Clay genesis and transformations 7- Signature of clay minerals Conclusion
55 Some examples of hydrothermal systems Temperature, F/R, nature of fluids, permeability, evolution of the systems Systèmes Situation actuelle Age max. St Martin Fossile Oligocène Actif Chipilapa (localement Ahuachapan fossile) < ans Nature des fluides Contexte lithologique Volcanosédimentaire Météor. Non Météor. Réservoir échant. V dom., L dom Volcanosédimentaire Milos Actif Pléistocène Métamorphique Marins V dom. < ans, à Volcanosédimentaire Bouillante Actif préciser Mixtes Non Situation struct. 3-4 km prof km prof km prof. Surface + Prof
In other active geothermal systems
Summary Introduction (definitions, generalities) 1-Alteration parageneses 2- Clay alterations used as paleocondition indicators limitations 3- General functioning of geothermal systems 4- Methodology to
More informationpredictive mineral discovery*cooperative Research Centre A legacy for mineral exploration science Mineral Systems Q3 Fluid reservoirs
Mineral Systems Q3 Fluid reservoirs 1 Key Parameter Mineral System Exploration is reflected in scale-dependent translation A. Gradient in hydraulic potential B. Permeability C. Solubility sensitivity to
More informationWAMUNYU EDWARD MUREITHI I13/2358/2007
WAMUNYU EDWARD MUREITHI I13/2358/2007 Olkaria geothermal area is situated south of Lake Naivasha on the floor of the southern segment of the Kenya rift. The geology of the Olkaria Geothermal area is subdivided
More informationChapter 7 Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks
Chapter 7 Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Metamorphism What happens to rocks that are
More informationSUB-SURFACE GEOLOGY AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION OF WELLS LA-9D AND LA-10D OF ALUTO LANGANO GEOTHERMAL FIELD, ETHIOPIA
Proceedings, 6 th African Rift Geothermal Conference Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2 nd -4 th November 2016 SUB-SURFACE GEOLOGY AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION OF WELLS LA-9D AND LA-10D OF ALUTO LANGANO GEOTHERMAL
More informationGeochemical exploration on the Tareek Darreh Gold deposit, north of Torbat-e Jaam, east Iran
Geochemical exploration on the Tareek Darreh Gold deposit, north of Torbat-e Jaam, east Iran Kourosh Shabani, M.Sc. Student of Economic Geology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran,
More informationEvaluating the Intrusion-Related Model for the Archean Low-Grade, High- Tonnage Côté Gold Au(-Cu) Deposit
Evaluating the Intrusion-Related Model for the Archean Low-Grade, High- Tonnage Côté Gold Au(-Cu) Deposit L.R. Katz, D.J. Kontak, Laurentian University, B. Dubé, V. McNicoll, Geological Survey of Canada
More informationIf you thought geology was boring then you have not entered the world of
Curtis Williams E105 Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineral Deposits If you thought geology was boring then you have not entered the world of hydrothermal alteration! This is where all of the fun begins.
More informationThe smectite to chlorite transition in the Chipilapa geothermal system, El Salvador
American Mineralogist, Volume 84, pages 607 619, 1999 The smectite to chlorite transition in the Chipilapa geothermal system, El Salvador D. ROBINSON 1,* AND A. SANTANA DE ZAMORA 2 1 Department of Earth
More informationCAMBRIAN INTRUSION-RELATED COPPER MINERALISATION AT THE THOMAS CREEK PROSPECT, SOUTHWESTERN TASMANIA
CAMBRIAN INTRUSION-RELATED COPPER MINERALISATION AT THE THOMAS CREEK PROSPECT, SOUTHWESTERN TASMANIA UN I VF.RS TTY OF TASMANIA By Robert Reid (B.Sc. Hons) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of
More informationThe Role of Magnetotellurics in Geothermal Exploration
The Role of Magnetotellurics in Geothermal Exploration Adele Manzella CNR - Via Moruzzi 1 56124 PISA, Italy manzella@igg.cnr.it Foreword MT is one of the most used geophysical methods for geothermal exploration.
More informationUsing 3D/4D modeling tools in exploration of gold-polymetallic potential areas in Greece
Using 3D/4D modeling tools in exploration of gold-polymetallic potential areas in Greece Arvanitidis N.D., Michael C., Weihed P., Gaál l G., Royer J.J., Perantonis G., Bakalis V., Ballas D. and Christidis
More informationPetrology and Alteration of Lari Mountain in Arinem Area, West Java, Indonesia
Petrology and Alteration of Lari Mountain in Arinem Area, West Java, Indonesia Fatoni Adyahya 1 *, Euis T. Yuningsih 1, Ildrem Syafrie 1, H. Matsueda 2, A. Hardiyono 1 1 Faculty of Geology, University
More informationFigure 1: Location of principal shallow conductors at Alpala (anomalies C0-C10; 5 Ohm/m surfaces, red) and shallow zones of electrical chargeability
Figure 1: Location of principal shallow conductors at Alpala (anomalies C0-C10; 5 Ohm/m surfaces, red) and shallow zones of electrical chargeability (85 msecs, yellow-green) shown on iso-surfaces of MVI
More informationPetrological Studies by Terry Leach at the North Carlin Trend, Nevada. Keith Bettles October 17, 2008
Petrological Studies by Terry Leach at the North Carlin Trend, Nevada Keith Bettles October 17, 2008 North Carlin Trend From 1999 to 2003 Terry Leach studied the Betze and Meikle ore bodies for Barrick
More informationParagenesis of gold-sulphide mineralisation Wyoming One and Caloma Two Tomingley Gold Project
Paragenesis of gold-sulphide mineralisation Wyoming One and Caloma Two Tomingley Gold Project Macquarie Arc Conference / AIG Honours Bursary Alexander Cherry Supervisors: A/Prof. David Cohen Dr. Ian Graham
More informationHydrothermal Chemistry/ Reverse Weathering. Marine Chemistry Seminar
Hydrothermal Chemistry/ Reverse Weathering Marine Chemistry Seminar 1974 Drever, The Sea Chapter 10:The Magnesium Problem 1979 Edmonds et al., Ridge Crest Hydrothermal Activity and the Balances of Major
More informationThe Occurrences of Base Metal Mineralization in Cikadu-Cisungsang Area, Banten Province, Indonesia*)
The Occurrences of Base Metal Mineralization in Cikadu-Cisungsang Area, Banten Province, Indonesia*) Rosana, M.F., Haryanto, A.D., Yuniardi, Y., Yuningsih, E.T. Department of Geology, Padjadjaran University
More informationA Closer Look At Hydrothermal Alteration and Fluid-Rock Interaction Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 A Closer Look At Hydrothermal Alteration and Fluid-Rock Interaction Using Scanning Electron Microscopy Bridget Y. Lynne
More informationWhat is a Porphyry Copper Deposit?
What is a Porphyry Copper Deposit? by David F. Briggs Over the last several years, many of you have probably heard the term porphyry copper and wondered what everyone is talking about. Porphyry copper
More informationRegional geology map showing drill holes completed to date and hole RZDDH10 08 in progress, IP Chargeability anomalies hatched.
Alteration Haloes Alteration facies in the Suarez-Misahuallí basin on the east side of the Rio Zarza gold project are complex, as they oerlap in time and space, are the result of weathering, diagenetic,
More informationChapter 4 Implications of paleoceanography and paleoclimate
Age ka / Chapter 4 Implications of paleoceanography and paleoclimate 4.1 Paleoclimate expression 4.2 Implications of paleocirculation and tectonics 4.3 Paleoenvironmental reconstruction MD05-2901 (Liu
More informationIOCG Style Alteration of the Amargosa Prospect Baja California Norte, Mexico
IOCG Style Alteration of the Amargosa Prospect Baja California Norte, Mexico MacIntyre, T., Eckberg, E., Morgan, C., Enns, S., Cruise, M., & Hitzman, M. GSA 2005 Salt Lake City, Utah Outline Location Methods
More informationEXISTING GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION
CHAPER 3 EXISTING GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION 3-1 General Geology of the Surrounding Area (1) General geology and ore deposits in Mongolia Geographically, Mongolia is a country located between Russia to the
More informationDrill locations for the 2015 program are highlighted in the geology map below.
2015 Exploration Program The exploration program plan at KSM for 2015 was designed to improve the understanding of block cave targets and support engineering/environmental aspects of development scenarios.
More informationSPL 1452 NAMOLI & WAINIVAU GOLD AND COPPER PROSPECTS
SPL 1452 NAMOLI & WAINIVAU GOLD AND COPPER PROSPECTS (Multiple Namosi-like Exploration Targets) SPL1452 being contiguous with the Namosi SPL1420 owned by the Newcrest Joint Venture and with the same type
More informationJochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry
Jochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Jochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry 4th, Completely Revised, Updated, and Enlarged Edition With 73 Figures and 22 Tables
More informationThe importance of understanding coupled processes in geothermal reservoirs. Thomas Driesner October 19, 2016
The importance of understanding coupled processes in geothermal reservoirs Thomas Driesner October 19, 2016 Findings from natural hydrothermal systems Interaction of permeability and fluid properties The
More informationReal-Life Applications: Economic Mineral Deposits
Real-Life Applications: Economic Mineral Deposits Economic Minerals Economic minerals are minerals that can be extracted, processed and marketed for a profit. Various factors determine if a mineral is
More informationIDENTIFYING FRACTURES USING FLUID INCLUSION STRATIGRAPHY: INSIGHTS FROM FLUID INCLUSION THERMOMETRY
PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Third Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 28-30, 2008 SGP-TR-185 IDENTIFYING FRACTURES USING FLUID INCLUSION STRATIGRAPHY:
More informationMCB Copper-Gold Project. MCB Copper-Gold Project. MCB Copper-Gold Project. MCB Copper-Gold Project. MCB Copper-Gold Project.
Maalinao-Caigutan-Biyog (MCB), a very young porphyry - high sulfidation epithermal Cu-Au deposit in the northern Luzon Central Cordillera, Philippines Introduction The MCB Project at Batong Buhay, Kalinga,
More informationGY 111 Lecture Notes Intro to Metamorphism
GY 111 Lecture Notes D. Haywick (2008-09) 1 Lecture Goals: A) Agents of Metamorphism B) Types of metamorphism C) Hydrothermal fluids GY 111 Lecture Notes Intro to Metamorphism Reference: Press et al.,
More informationChapter 3 Sedimentation of clay minerals
Chapter 3 Sedimentation of clay minerals 3.1 Clay sedimentation on land 3.2 From land to sea 3.3 Clay sedimentation in the sea 1 3.1 Clay sedimentation on land Deserts Glaciers Rivers Lacustrine 2 University
More informationAbout Earth Materials
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 3: EARTH MATERIALS Minerals and Rocks 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company About Earth Materials All Earth materials are composed of atoms bound
More informationGeol. 656 Isotope Geochemistry
HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY, METAMORPHISM, AND ORE DEPOSITS II SULFUR ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN LOW-TEMPERATURE SYSTEMS 2 - At temperatures below about 400 C, sulfate (SO 4 ) species becomes the dominant form
More informationUsing HyspIRI preparatory data for rapid classification of hydrothermal alteration
Using HyspIRI preparatory data for rapid classification of hydrothermal alteration Betsy Littlefield Wendy Calvin Geological Society of America Annual Meeting Vancouver, BC October 29, 2014 HyspIRI Hyperspectral
More informationBIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Chambefort, I; Bignall, G. 2013. Preliminary stable isotope study on the Lahendong geothermal system, Indonesia, GNS Science Report 2013/14. 9p. I. Chambefort, GNS Science, Wairakei
More informationCase Study: Tauhara New Zealand. Santiago de Chile, May 2014
Case Study: Tauhara New Zealand The Geothermal Institute University of Auckland Bridget Lynne Santiago de Chile, 26-29 May 2014 Bridget Y. Lynne Mick Pender Trystan Glynn-Morris Tauhara Subsidence Case
More informationHIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION IN ACTIVE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS A CASE STUDY OF OLKARIA DOMES
Proceedings, 6 th African Rift Geothermal Conference Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2 nd 4 th November 2016 HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION IN ACTIVE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS A CASE STUDY OF OLKARIA DOMES James
More informationHeat Source Movements in Lahendong Geothermal Field and Its Affect to The Reservoir Characteristics
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Heat Source Movements in Lahendong Geothermal Field and Its Affect to The Reservoir Characteristics Jatmiko P. Atmojo (1,
More informationHydrothermal Alteration of SMN-X,Sumani Geothermal Area, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Hydrothermal Alteration of SMN-X,Sumani Geothermal Area, West Sumatra, Indonesia Muhammad Ghassan Jazmi Shalihin 1, Euis Tintin Yuningsih 1, Aton Patonah 1, IldremSyafrie 1 Yuano Rezky 2 1 Faculty of Geology,
More informationMetamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism: occurs when rocks are subjected to heat, pressure, and/or other environmental conditions - The rock remains a solid during this time period - Why Should You
More informationOCEAN/ESS 410. Lab 8. Igneous rocks
Lab 8. Igneous rocks Today s exercise is an introduction to rock identification and the crustal structure of the seafloor. All rocks are composed of two or more minerals, and can be classified based on
More informationRemotely sensed ore mineralization potentials in Ramand altered region, north of Iran
American Journal of Civil Engineering 2015; 3(2-2): 18-23 Published online February 6, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajce) doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.s.2015030202.14 ISSN: 2330-8729 (Print);
More informationMINERALOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA CLAYS AND THE RESOURCE GEOLOGIST
MINERALOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA SHORT COURSE HANDBOOK VOLUME 7, MAY 1981 EDITED BY: F.J. LONGSTAFFE CLAYS AND THE RESOURCE GEOLOGIST A short course sponsored by the Mineralogical Association of Canada
More informationHeat (& Mass) Transfer. conceptual models of heat transfer. large scale controls on fluid movement. distribution of vapor-saturated conditions
Heat (& Mass) Transfer conceptual models of heat transfer temperature-pressure gradients large scale controls on fluid movement distribution of vapor-saturated conditions fluid flow paths surface manifestations
More information16. Metamorphic Rocks II (p )
16. Metamorphic Rocks II (p. 233-242) Causes of Metamorphism The two main processes that occur within a rock during metamorphism are: : physical processes like squeezing and crushing - caused by strong
More informationMINERALOGY OF VIVIANITE FROM ROSIA POIENI; METALLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE
MINERALOGY OF VIVIANITE FROM ROSIA POIENI; METALLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE Gheorghe C. POPESCU 1, Gheorghe ILINCA 1, Antonela NEACSU 1 1 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Department
More informationInterpretation of Multi-Element Geochemistry
Interpretation of Multi-Element Geochemistry Gregg Morrison & Terra Search Project Team December 2017 Metallogenic classification using ME data A lot of 46 element ICP data resides in company files with
More informationInterpretation of Multi Element Geochemistry in the Charters Towers Region
Interpretation of Multi Element Geochemistry in the Charters Towers Region Gregg Morrison & Simon Beams & Terra Search Project Team CT MM geochem: Introduction Terra Search/GSQ Explorer 3 database is a
More informationThe 2740 Ma Côté Gold Au(-Cu) deposit, Canada: Example of porphyry-type magmatic-hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the Archean
The 2740 Ma Côté Gold Au(-Cu) deposit, Canada: Example of porphyry-type magmatic-hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the Archean Daniel J. Kontak, Laura Katz, Laurentian University Benoit Dubé, Geological
More informationCOMPOSITIONAL VARIATION IN COMPONENT LAYERS IN NATURAL ILLITE/SMECTITE
Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 34, No. 6, 651-657, 1986. COMPOSITIONAL VARIATION IN COMPONENT LAYERS IN NATURAL ILLITE/SMECTITE B. VELDE Laboratoire de Grologie, ER 224 C.N.R.S., Ecole Normale Suprrieure
More informationAUTh SEG Student Chapter Field Trip Report/2017. Field-trip to porphyry and related epithermal ore deposits in Timok Metallogenic Province, Serbia.
Field-trip to porphyry and related epithermal ore deposits in Timok Metallogenic Province, Serbia. Introduction On Friday 29 th and Saturday 30 th September 2017 the AUTH SEG Student Chapter organized
More informationGeothermEx, Inc. GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR THE SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION HOLE PROGRAM, KILAUEA EAST RIFT ZONE, HAWAII TASK 1 REPORT
(415) 527 9876 CABLE ADDRESS- GEOTHERMEX TELEX 709152 STEAM UD FAX (415) 527-8164 Geotherm Ex, Inc. RICHMOND. CALIFORNIA 94804-5829 GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR THE SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION
More informationSUBSURFACE HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AT THE ULUBELU GEOTHERMAL FIELD, LAMPUNG, SOUTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA. Suharno 1, 2 and PRL Browne 2
PROCEEDINGS, Twenty-fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 24-26, 2000 SGP-TR-165 SUBSURFACE HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AT THE ULUBELU GEOTHERMAL
More informationMagmatic-Hydrothermal Gold Systems in the Archean of Northern Ontario, Canada: Examples of Syenite-Associated and Porphyry-Type Au-(Cu) Deposits
Magmatic-Hydrothermal Gold Systems in the Archean of Northern Ontario, Canada: Examples of Syenite-Associated and Porphyry-Type Au-(Cu) Deposits By Dr. Daniel J. Kontak Department of Earth Sciences Laurentian
More informationVolcanoes of the Eastern Sierra Nevada: Geology and Natural Heritage of the Long Valley Caldera
Volcanoes of the Eastern Sierra Nevada: Geology and Natural Heritage of the Long Valley Caldera Hydrothermal Alterations and the Formation of Metal Ores in the Sierra Nevada s Megan Elizabeth Patterson
More informationBig Island Field Trip
Big Island Field Trip Space Still Available Group Airline Tickets May be available if enough people sign on If interested send email to Greg Ravizza Planning Meeting Next Week Will
More informationMineral Stability and Phase Diagrams Introduction
1 of 10 10/10/2002 2:50 PM Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Geology 211 Tulane University Mineralogy and Phase Diagrams Introduction This document last updated on 10-Oct-2002 As we discussed previously, there are
More informationInsights to High Temperature Geothermal Systems (New Zealand) from Trace Metal Aqueous Chemistry
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Insights to High Temperature Geothermal Systems (New Zealand) from Trace Metal Aqueous Chemistry Stuart F. Simmons and
More informationGeochemistry & mineralogy of late-metamorphic shear zones:
Geochemistry & mineralogy of late-metamorphic shear zones: Disseminated gold in the Otago Schist, New Zealand Dave Craw Geology Department University of Otago Dunedin, NZ in collaboration with: D.J. MacKenzie,
More informationIntroduction to! Economic Geology!
Economic Geology Laboratory KYUSHU UNIVERSITY Department of Earth Resources Engineering Introduction to Economic Geology Economic Geology Laboratory KYUSHU UNIVERSITY Department of Earth Resources Engineering
More informationQuartz Cementation in Mudrocks: How Common Is It?
Quartz Cementation in Mudrocks: How Common Is It? Kitty L. Milliken Barnett Shale SE/CL image Woodford Shale SE/CL image Cements are Pore-filling Precipitates Specific definition differs with research
More informationItisanexcellentexampleofanactivehotspringssystem. Most pictures shown were taken on a PACRIM field trip in 1995(unless otherwise referenced).
White Island, New Zealand lies along the Taupo Rift zone, which runs through the North Island of New Zealand and extends out to Fiji. This is an active andesitic volcano with eruptionsthroughthe20 th century.
More informationActive and fossil geothermal systems in Iceland
Active and fossil geothermal systems in Iceland Exploration for epithermal deposits Hjalti Franzson Iceland GeoSurvey Main points Geological framework Geological structures Geothermal systems Exploration
More informationGeochemistry in Exploration
Geochemistry in Exploration Ned Howard, 8 th December 2017 Overview Overview of Evolution Exploration Strategy Using geochemistry & spectral analysis in exploration Examples from Queensland Evolution Mining
More informationPossible chemical controls of illite/smectite composition during diagenesis
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, JUNE 1985, VOL. 49, PP. 387 391 Possible chemical controls of illite/smectite composition during diagenesis B. VELDE Laboratoire de Grologie, ER 224 CNRS, Ecole Normal Suprrieure,
More informationChapter 8 10/19/2012. Introduction. Metamorphism. and Metamorphic Rocks. Introduction. Introduction. The Agents of Metamorphism
Chapter 8 Metamorphism Introduction Metamorphism - The transformation of rocks, usually beneath Earth's surface, as the result of heat, pressure, and/or fluid activity, produces metamorphic rocks During
More informationChemical Systems. Introduction to Metamorphism. Definition of Metamorphism. Lower Limit of Metamorphism. Upper Limit of Metamorphism
Chemical Systems Introduction to Metamorphism Reading: Winter Chapter 21! An assemblage of coexisting phases (thermodynamic equilibrium and the phase rule) A basaltic composition can be either: Melt Cpx
More informationFor personal use only
Suite 2501 Level 25 St Martins Tower 31 Market Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia (PO Box Q638 QVB Market Street NSW 1230 Australia) Tel: +61 (02) 9283 3880 ASX RELEASE GMN 05 March 2018 BONANZA GRADE TYPE
More informationCERRO BUENOS AIRES. 100% Revelo Subject to a 1% NSR payable on all metals. ~ 8,400 Ha. Available for Option & JV
October 2017 Buenos Aires is located in the heart of the highly productive Paleocene Mineral Belt in northern Chile that contains several important gold, silver and copper mines and projects. Large outcrops
More informationMetamorphic Environments. Contact (or thermal) Hydrothermal Burial Regional Shock (impact) Fault Zone
Metamorphic Environments Contact (or thermal) Hydrothermal Burial Regional Shock (impact) Fault Zone Contact Metamorphism Contact or thermal metamorphism occurs when an intrusive magma heats the surrounding
More informationStudy program: Geology. Semester I Required subject Code Subject ECTS. Hours per week
Study program: Geology Semester I 2FI100112 Math 1 8 3+2+2 216 2FP100212 Physics 1 8 3+2+2 216 UGD101312 Computer Science 6 2+2+1 156 1 4 2+1+1 120 2 4 2+1+1 120 : 2FP110112 Basics geology 2FP101212 Fundamentals
More informationMetamorphic Petrology GLY 262 Metamorphic fluids
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 Metamorphic fluids The metamorphic fluid is arguably the most geologically important phase Spear (1993) The great volumetric abundance of hydrate-rich and carbonate-rich minerals
More informationGold and base metal deposits of the Abu Marawat Concession, Egypt. Javier Orduña, Aton Resources Inc. atonresources.com.
Gold and base metal deposits of the Abu Marawat Concession, Egypt Javier Orduña, Aton Resources Inc. 4 March 2018 atonresources.com Abu Marawat Concession (AMC) Who and where we are Formerly Alexander
More informationChapter 21: Metamorphism. Fresh basalt and weathered basalt
Chapter 21: Metamorphism Fresh basalt and weathered basalt Chapter 21: Metamorphism The IUGS-SCMR proposed this definition: Metamorphism is a subsolidus process leading to changes in mineralogy and/or
More informationAnn Moulding and Tom Brikowski University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Geosciences
GRC Transactions, Vol. 39, 2015 Influence of Continuously Variable Permeability and Basin Rock Properties on Three Dimensional Heat and Mass Balance Models of Basin & Range Geothermal Systems Ann Moulding
More informationA classification scheme for ore deposits Einaudi, (2000),
A classification scheme for ore deposits There are many different way of categorizing ore deposits, and the best classification schemes are probably those that remain as independent of genetic linkage
More informationDavid I. Norman and Joseph N. Moore
PROCEEDINGS, TwentyThird Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 2527, 1999 SGPTR162 METHANE AND EXCESS AND Ar IN GEOTHERMAL FLUID INCLUSIONS David
More informationProject Document. BASE - Basement fracturing and weathering on- and offshore Norway Genesis, age, and landscape development
Project Document BASE - Basement fracturing and weathering on- and offshore Norway Genesis, age, and landscape development Partners: Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), SINTEF Petroleum Research (SINTEF)
More informationDianne Mitchinson Mira Geoscience Exploration Undercover Geoscience BC/BC Geophysical Society shortcourse Vancouver, BC Oct 12-14, 2011
Insights for Porphyry Exploration from Rock Properties Data: Examples from the QUEST and QUEST-West Project Areas Dianne Mitchinson Mira Geoscience Exploration Undercover Geoscience BC/BC Geophysical Society
More informationOres Principally we discuss ores as sources of metals However, there are many other resources bound in minerals which we find useful How many can we think of? http://eps.berkeley.edu/courses/eps50/documents/lecture31.mineralresources.pdf
More informationHYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION MINERALOGY IN GEOTHERMAL FIELDS WITH CASE EXAMPLES FROM OLKARIA DOMES GEOTHERMAL FIELD, KENYA
Presented at Short Course IX on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP, GDC and KenGen, at Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Nov. 2-24, 2014. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Kenya
More informationChapter 7 Metamorphism: A Process of Change
Chapter 7 Metamorphism: A Process of Change Metamorphism: A Process of Change Updated by: Rick Oches, Professor of Geology & Environmental Sciences Bentley University Waltham, Massachusetts Based on slides
More informationAliabad-Morvarid iron-apatite deposit, a Kiruna type example in Iran
Aliabad-Morvarid iron-apatite deposit, a Kiruna type example in Iran Maryam-Sadat Mazhari 1 *, Majid Ghaderi 1, Mohammad-Hassan Karimpour 2 1 Department of Geology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,
More informationGeological Evaluation of the Waringin Formation as the host of a Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Reservoir at the Wayang Windu Geothermal Field
Geological Evaluation of the Waringin Formation as the host of a Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Reservoir at the Wayang Windu Geothermal Field Yuris Ramadhan 1, Lukman Sutrisno 1, Ahmad Tasrif 1, Ian Bogie
More informationChapter 13. Groundwater
Chapter 13 Groundwater Introduction Groundwater is all subsurface water that completely fills the pores and other open spaces in rocks, sediments, and soil. Groundwater is responsible for forming beautiful
More informationThe most common elements that make up minerals are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium
Mineralogy: The Study of Minerals and their Properties A Mineral! Occurs! Is a! Is a substance (element or compound)! Has atoms arrange in an orderly pattern ( )! Is (not formed by any process involving
More informationContents. 1 Introduction Stable Isotopes
Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Part I Stable Isotopes 2 Isotope Geochemistry of Natural Waters... 11 2.1 Some Properties of Waters and Solutions... 11 2.1.1 The Notion of Activity and the Activity Coefficient...
More informationI. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical
How Earth s Rocks Were Formed I. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical features of Earth were
More informationGeochemical controls on high-grade grade gold mineralisation at the Junction lode-gold deposit, Kambalda, WA
Geochemical controls on high-grade grade gold mineralisation at the Junction lode-gold deposit, Kambalda, WA Kate Moran Geology Honours 2003 Supervisors Steffen Hagemann (UWA, pmd*crc) Peter Neumayr (UWA,
More information"When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka
Metamorphosis "When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka Metamorphism The transformation of rock by temperature
More informationName. GEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Igneous Rocks
Name GEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Igneous Rocks I. Introduction The bulk of the earth's crust is composed of relatively few minerals. These can be mixed together, however, to give an endless variety
More informationMINERALOGY OF VIVIANITE FROM ROSIA POIENI; METALLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE
MINERALOGY OF VIVIANITE FROM ROSIA POIENI; METALLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE Prof.univ.dr. GHEORGHE C. POPESCU, conf.univ.dr. GHEORGHE ILINCA, conf.univ.dr. ANTONELA NEACŞU University of Bucharest, Faculty of
More informationHYDROTHERMAL FLUID FLOW AND MINERAL ALTERATION IN A FRACTURED ROCK UNDER MULTIPHASE H 2O- CO 2 MIXTURE CONDITIONS
HYDROTHERMAL FLUID FLOW AND MINERAL ALTERATION IN A FRACTURED ROCK UNDER MULTIPHASE H 2O- CO 2 MIXTURE CONDITIONS Tianfu Xu and Karsten Pruess Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
More informationLog Interpretation Parameters Determined by Analysis of Green River Oil Shale Samples: Initial Steps
Log Interpretation Parameters Determined by Analysis of Green River Oil Shale Samples: Initial Steps Michael M. Herron Susan L. Herron Malka Machlus Schlumberger-Doll Research Log Interpretation in Green
More informationMINERAL DEPOSITS OF THE COBAR BASIN
MINERAL DEPOSITS OF THE COBAR BASIN 360 hard rock deposits in Cobar Basin Cu, Au, Ag, Pb, Zn combinations and quartz-au veins Cobar 23 major deposits in Cobar Basin World class Endeavor mine World class
More informationWEALTH MINERALS LTD. Mackenzie Gold Project
WEALTH MINERALS LTD. Mackenzie Gold Project the Search for a Sediment Hosted Vein Deposit Presented by Paul Klipfel Mineral ineral Resource Services ervices Inc. Mackenzie Misinchinka Range Property Location
More informationSimulation of Mineral Precipitation and Dissolution in the 5-km Deep Enhanced Geothermal Reservoir at Soultz-sous-Forêts, France
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005 Simulation of Mineral Precipitation and Dissolution in the 5-km Deep Enhanced Geothermal Reservoir at Soultz-sous-Forêts, France
More informationFluid Inclusion and Mineral Alteration of the Rorah Kadal Vein, At Cibaliung Gold Mine, Western Java, Indonesia
Fluid Inclusion and Mineral Alteration of the Rorah Kadal Vein, At Cibaliung Gold Mine, Western Java, Indonesia Agus Didit HARYANTO 1,2,M.F. ROSANA 2, Koichiro WATANABE 1 and, Kotaro YONEZU 1 1 Department
More information