Strategic approach towards Post Tsunami Mitigation and Conservation of the Sri Lankan coastline

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1 Strategic approach towards Post Tsunami Mitigation and Conservation of the Sri Lankan coastline Dr. S.S.L.Hettiarachchi Dr. S.P.Samarawickrama University of Moratuwa Illustrated via a Case Study for the Galle District Dr. N.Wijeratne University of Moratuwa Acknowledgements- USAID/IOTWS Project NSF, Sri Lanka WAPMERR, Geneva PARI, Japan Geo Science, Australia University of Arizona UNU, Bonn

2 Strategic approach in developing Early Warning and Countermeasures..for coast conservation, protection of lives, coastal ecosystems and infrastructure Multi Hazard Coastal Risk Assessment Framework. towards Disaster Risk Reduction Risk= Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability x Deficiencies in Preparedness Mitigation Options Multi Hazard approach considers all coastal hazards, each having a frequency of occurrence and potential impact (intensity /spatial distribution)

3 1 Information from Investigations on tsunami impact

4 Assessment tsunami wave heights and inundation Chilaw 2.3 N Batticaloa N hrs 1 st Wave hrs 2 nd Wave Negombo SCALE NOTE : ALL INUNDATION HEIGHTS IN METERS Mattakuliya Colombo Tsunmai Heights N Moratuwa hrs 1 st Wave hrs 2 nd Wave hrs 3 rd Wave hrs hrs hrs E 1 st Wave 2 nd Wave 3 rd Wave Kalutara Payagala Ahungalla Hikkaduwa Galle District Galle Unawatuna Tangalle hrs 1 st Wave Matara hrs 2 nd Wave hrs 1 st Wave hrs 2 nd Wave E E E N 8.8 Yala hrs 1 st Wave Kirinda hrs 2 nd Wave Hambantota N E E

5 Damaged houses behind Gall bay. Damaged houses behind Gall bay. International Cricket stadium. Damaged bridge. Damage profiles of housing and infrastructure (Galle City)

6 Damage at the boundary of water bodies penetrated by the tsunami. Rail track severely affected. Damage to protection works and breakwaters in harbours

7 Impact on vegetation and coral reefs

8 Satellite Images Impact of the tsunami on the coastline. (South west coast of Sri Lanka)

9 Hazard Map based on Inundation Contours of IOT from Field Measurements after Dr.N.Wijeratne

10 Energy concentration at headlands and in bays depth Incoming wave rayscontours

11 Erosion and Deposition caused by tsunami waves Crest Trough Long waves of high amplitude

12 Tsunami Erosion and Deposition

13 Post Tsunami Scenario -Damaged reef and eco-systems -Damaged protection works -Increased bathymetry and changes in near-shore areas - -Waves of greater height close to the shoreline -Increase in coastal erosion due to the changes in the bottom bathymetry

14 2 Early Warning and Countermeasures against tsunamis Promote successful evacuation from tsunamis Early Warning System (Local and Regional) Public Warning System Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Maps Set Back Evacuation Routes & Structures Mitigate tsunamis (Mitigation Options) Physical Interventions (Artificial Methods, Natural Methods and Hybrid Methods) Design Guidelines for exposed infrastructure Risk Assessment- Hazard, Exposure,Vulnerability and Deficiencies in Preparedness

15 3 Assessment of the Tsunami Hazard and Exposure Tsunami Generation from Earthquake at a Subduction Zone (1) Tsunami Hazard Source Exposure (2) Tsunami Hazard Impact on land Distribution of epicentres of earthquakes greater than magnitude 5.0 for the period , SE Asia- Indian Ocean (UNDP)

16 Tsunami Hazard Source Tsunami Hazard Impact on land Geological and Seismic Studies of the hazard sources Hydraulic and Geological Investigations of the impact of the tsunami hazard on land Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Modelling (PTHM) Deterministic Tsunami Hazard Modelling

17 Exposure to the Tsunami Hazard on land at a given location Exposure of the island

18 Submarine Geological features Enhanced Exposure at a given location Impact of Submarine Geological features, Coastal Processes and Local Geometry on Tsunami Wave Amplification Regional Location Location with respect to the Continental Shelf Shoreline Geometry

19 Challenge (1) To study overall exposure of the island (2) Simulate tsunamis which have taken place and where possible, compare with field measurements on height, inundation and run up. (3) Simulate potential tsunamis based on Credible Scenarios obtained from Geological and Seismic studies of the hazard. Deterministic Tsunami Hazard Modelling Deepwater Modelling, Near-shore and Inundation Modelling

20 Tsunami 12 th September 2007 M=8.4 (4.52 N, E)

21 Hazard Maps of Inundation Contours based on Inundation Modelling of different scenarios (a) Scenario A (b) Scenario B (c) Scenario C (d) Scenario D Anuga Model (GeoScience-Australia)

22 4 Tsunami Mitigation using Artificial and Natural Methods (1) Reduce the impacts of tsunami waves prior to reaching the shoreline Energy dissipator/ Partial barrier in coastal waters Overall Strategic Approach (2) Protect the coastal zone thus preventing the inland movement of tsunami waves Full barrier on the coastline (3) Mitigate the severe impacts of tsunami waves on entry to the shoreline Partial barrier on the coastline

23 Tsunami Mitigation using Artificial and Natural Methods Tsunami Breakwaters Revetments,Dikes (High Crest) Revetments,Dikes (Low Crest) Coral Reefs and Sand Bars Sand Dunes Coastal Vegetation

24 Natural Methods Coral Reefs & Sand Bars Sand Dunes Coastal Vegetation and Mangrove Forests Hybrid Solutions Combination of Natural /Artificial Methods

25 Coral Reefs Submerged natural breakwaters τ u b b Submerged depth (h) Length (L)

26 Small submerged depth (h) Significant length (L)

27 The influence of Wave Reflection from Maldive Islands Reflection of waves

28 Coral reefs were severely affected and damaged by the debris and sand transported during the inland and shoreward movement of the tsunami wave. (Source-Prof. H Fernando)

29 Velocity Magnitude (cm/s) km/hour Measured Measured currents offshore of Colombo MEM CURR 0 12/26/04 0:00 12/26/04 6:00 12/26/04 12:00 12/26/04 18:00 12/27/04 0:00 Time Current Direction (deg) Dec 25-Dec 26-Dec 27-Dec 28-Dec 29-Dec Time

30 Impact of a gap in the reef Wave Parameters (U 0, λ, a) Reef Parameters (M, P, L, H) Reef Gap (ω) Depth of water (H 0 ) Location (x, y, z) U C U 0 U G U C U G M P x z ω y H L Wave Parameters U o,, a

31 Collaborative Research Arizona State University / University of Moratuwa (May/June 2005 and Nov/Dec 2006) PIV method Large flume studies ADV method Simulated reefs

32 H z and H a P 0, are investigated In the experiments the dependence on Porosity P = 20% and 50% Amplitude a = 20, 30 and 40 cm for H 0 =30 cm Measurements at z = 5, 10, 15, 20 cm for H=20 cm = = H z H a P U U U U U C C G C,, 0 π U 0 U C U G

33 Representation of high dense (20% porosity) and low dense (50% porosity) structures

34 University of Arizona

35 Z/H Z/H U/U 0,surface U/U 0,surface (a) 50% porosity (b) 20% porosity Normalized Velocity as a function of normalized height 2a = 30cm U 0 U C U G Velocity without the reef Velocity behind the reef Velocity in the reef gap

36 Sand Dunes (High Crest Natural Dikes)

37 Panama Sand Dunes Safe crest level? Would vegetation stabilise the dune? Breached Depth

38

39 Human Settlement Coastal Lagoons, Estuaries and Wetlands Tsunamis can cause extensive damage to unique eco-systems Eastern Province, Sri Lanka 2004 Sand Dunes can be used effectively to protect land, life, ecosystems and infrastructure from excessive overtopping and damage Dynamic behaviour of sand dunes (Dune Erosion/Degradation) Dune Rehabilitation, Construction and Maintenance

40 Artificial Nourishment Artificial Nourishment of beaches and building of dunes with offshore sand Dynamic behaviour of Sand Dunes

41 Dune Erosion and Degradation Dune Maintenance

42 Height of mangroves (Hm) Porous Wave Absorber Density H = H 1 2 U1 + 2g H 2 2 U 2 + 2g H i = = au + bu L 2 Plant Characteristics and Resilience

43 Height (Hm) Length (L) Density, Plant Characteristics and Resilience

44 Crest Trough Long waves of high amplitude

45 KERRY SHIEH 2005 after Subandano, Indonesia

46 Classification of Vegetation Type I Resistance provides by stem only Type II Resistance provides by stem and branch structure Type III Resistance provides by stem and aerial roots structure Type IV Resistance provides by stem, branch structure and aerial roots structure

47 Gate (Open) Spacing s, Diameter D Uniform/Staggered grid d 2 d 1 H c 2 c 1 θ L a, (width = b) R Experimental set up for small scale tests The wave in progress through vegetation

48 Simulation of vegetation Types I, II, III and IV for small scale experiment

49 Water level 35cm Wave gauges Water level 55cm Water level 25cm Slope 1:20 Wave paddle Vegetation 5.1m 5.4m 4.2m m m m m m Experimental set up for large scale tests

50 Simulation of vegetation for experiment Type I Resistance provides by stem only Type II Resistance provides by stem and branch structure

51 The wave in progress through vegetation

52 The wave in progress through vegetation

53 M

54 M

55 Wave motion through vegetation

56 Hybrid Solutions Sand dunes and Coastal vegetation WITH VEGETATION IN THE BACKGROUND

57

58 Artificial Methods Revetments,Dikes (High Crest) Not recommended Revetments,Dikes (Low Crest) Recommended for special situation Tsunami and Offshore Breakwaters Integration with development projects

59 Low Crest Revetments and Dikes

60 Tsunami Breakwaters- Integrating Mitigation with port development projects Galle City and the Port Detailed Topographical Data (LiDAR Surveys) Full 3-D 3 D reconstruction of the urban area of Galle. In foreview, the Dutch Fort

61 Tsunami Breakwaters Integrating Mitigation with port development projects

62 Inun date d Dept h (m) 0.3 Simulated Tsunami Flood Area of Galle Bay for Present Condition

63 Inun date d Dept h (m) 0.3 Simulated Tsunami Flood Area of Galle Bay with Galle Port Development

64 Tsunami Resilient Infrastructure Design Guidelines (1) Overall Design Guidelines (2) Detailed Design Guidelines -Rehabilitation of damaged structures -Strengthening existing structures -New construction Overall Design Guidelines

65 Type of Tsunami Pressure Type 1 Overflow Flooding Velocity is Low. Type 2 Bore Flooding Velocity is higher than the overflow. That is supercritical flow. Type 3 Breaking Very close to the coastline Flooding Velocity is high with the Impulsive load. Large

66 Hikkaduwa Train Tragedy

67 Hikkaduwa Issue- Sloping surface towards land beach road 64m leaf tarnished washed train railway 188m 188m 228m

68

69 Experiment conducted with and without the slope Source: Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan

70 Source: Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan with the slope without the slope

71 Source: Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan with the slope without the slope

72 Source: Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan with the slope without the slope

73 Source: Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan with the slope without the slope

74 Increase in velocity 20% - 50% Increase in Impulsive Bore Pressure 100% - 150% Increase in Sustainable Pressure more than 100% Water tends to stay longer Impulsive Bore Pressure Maximum Sustainable Pressure Bore Pressure Sustainable Pressure

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