APPLICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL METHODS IN GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION. Halldór Ármannsson November 2007
|
|
- Dwight Allen
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 APPLICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL METHODS IN GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION Halldór Ármannsson November 2007
2 Geochemical Exploration Subsurface composition Temperature Origin and flow direction Reservoir location Equilibrium speciation Boiling Deposition Corrosion Environmental effects Contribution to model
3 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS (White 1986) Meteoric water Ocean water Evolved connate water Metamorphic water Magmatic water Juvenile water 11/26/2007
4 Classification of geothermal water (Ellis and Mahon 1978) Alkali-chloride water: ph 4-11, least common in young rocks, e.g. Iceland Acid sulphate water: H 2 S SO 4. Constituents dissolved from surface rock Acid sulphate -chloride water: Mixture, H 2 S SO 4 in alkali-chloride water or dissolution of S Bicarbonate water: CO 2 rich steam condenses or mixes with water, excess CO 2 in old high-temperature areas Mostly meteoric water and sea water
5 ALKALI-CHLORIDE WATER Mostly sodium and potassium chloride In brines Ca concentration often significant ph in a wide range, usually 4-11 Very common but relatively rare in young rocks like the Icelandic ones
6 ACID SULPHATE WATER Steam at < 400 C condenses and is mixed with surface water H 2 S SO 4 Dissolved solids usually from surface rock Of little use in exploration as little history of subsurface processes
7 ACID SULPHATE -CHLORIDE WATER Mixture of alkali-chloride water and acid sulphate water Sulphide oxidized to bisulphate in alkalichloride water and ph lowered upon cooling High temperature chloride water in contact with sulphur containing rock causing hydrolysis of sulphur and an acid solution High temperature steam condenses into surface water. F-Cl-SO 4 Cl-SO 4 water. Dissolution of surface rock
8 BICARBONATE WATER Carbon dioxide rich steam in volcanically active geothermal areas condenses into liquid reservoir Excess CO 2 on the periphery of geothermal systems or in ancient high temperature systems that are cooling down CO 2 from magma at great depth rises to the surface and is mixed with groundwater underway
9 Examples(mg/kg) 1) El Tatio, Chile; 2) Waiotapu; 3) Ruapheu; 4) Wairakei, New Zealand Type ph Na Ca F Cl SO 4 HCO 3 Alkalichloride ) Acid sulphate 2) Acid sulphatechloríde Bicarbonate
10 Legend Title Katwe, cold water, dilute Katwe, cold water, saline Katwe, cold water, brackish Katwe, hot spring water Buranga, cold water, dilute Buranga, hot spring water Kibiro, cold water, dilute Kibiro, cold water, brackish Kibiro, hot spring water SO4 SO4 VOLCANIC WATERS STEAM HEATED WATERS Cl Cl MATURE WATERS HCO PERIPHERAL WATERS 25 0 HCO3
11 GEOTHERMAL WATER DISSOLVED CONSTITUENTS Water-rock interaction Addition of magmatic constituents Rock forming constituents, e.g. Si, Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn Incompatible constituents, e.g. Cl, B, Br
12 PRODUCTS OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION Controlled by Temperature Pressure Chemical composition of water (CO 2, H 2 S control) Original composition of rock Reaction time Rate of water and steam flow Permeability Type of permeability
13 ON HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION Silica concentration dependent on solubility of quartz/chalcedony Temperature dependent Al-silicate ion-exchange equilibria control Na/K, Na/Rb ratios ph controlled by salinity and Al-silicate equilibria involving hydrogen and alkali ions Ca +2, HCO 3- concentrations dependent on ph and CO 2 concentration F -, SO 4-2 concentrations related to that of Ca +2, limited by solubility of fluorite and anhydrite Temperature and salinity dependent silicate equilibria control a very low Mg +2 concentration
14 RESULTS OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION STUDIES The chemical composition of geothermal fluids originates in controlled reactions dependent on temperature, pressure and rock composition whose reversal may be slow Therefore it is possible to deduce the properties of subsurface water from the chemical composition of water which has been collected at the earth s surface
15 ORIGIN AND EXTENT OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS Stable isotopes Relationship of major ions, e.g. ternary diagrams Cl - -SO 4-2 -HCO 3 - Conservative constituents Ratios, e.g. Br/Cl, B/Cl Ternary diagrams, e.g. Cl-Li-B
16 STABLE ISOTOPES D and 18 O MOST USED Analysed for by Mass Spectrometry Difficult to measure absolute concentrations but easy to determine ratios D and 18 O recorded as SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water)
17 GEOGRAPHICAL EFFECTS ON THE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION Sea water: D and 18 O ~ 0 (SMOW) Evaporation Clouds Precipitation Latitude. Lower isotope ratios at higher latitudes Altitude and distance from sea shore. Lower isotope ratios at higher altitudes and greater distances from shore
18 TEMPORAL EFFECTS THE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION Single showers: Origin of cloud, temperature of condensation Seasonal changes: Lower values in winter. More pronounced at high than low latitudes Long-term climatic changes Quantitative effect: Inverse relationship with quantity of precipitation. More pronounced at low than high latitudes
19 Isotopes in studies of geothermal water After precipitation little change Local annual means for precipitation known Meteoric line (Craig 1961) applies but deviations known and local lines used Geothermal water values suggest origin Mixing, water-rock interaction, condensation and age may have to be accounted for
20 D 40 Stable isotope ratios Continental African rainline Kenya rainline (Clarke et al. 1990) World meteoric line (Craig 1961) O
21 Deuterium in Icelandic precipitation Deuterium ratios in precipitation from the three rainwater stations, 657 local groundwater stations and 24 glacier stations
22 Flow paths to geothermal systems Arrows are drawn from inland hot springs traversing altitude until the deuterium ratio of the precipitation matches that of the springs
23 B, Cl Sea water: Cl/B = Rock (Iceland): Cl/B = Magmatic steam: Cl/B = Origin: Atmosphere, rock/soil, sea water, magmatic steam S-Iceland ancient seawater; NW-Iceland present day seawater; The Philippines variable steam fraction
24 Cl Iceland Cl (mg/l) in Icelandic surface water, originating in precipitation Concentration decreases with distance from the sea and altitude
25 Mixing with seawater Part of chloride originates in seawater Hreppar, Land: Cl, Filled circles >Cl than precipitation water
26 CHEMICAL GEOTHERMOMETERS Univariant, e.g. SiO 2, CO 2, H 2 S, H 2. Disadvantage: Sensitivity to secondary changes such as dilution, steam loss and condensation Global: Assume that a number of constituents is simultaneously at equilibrium and that their present concentrations can be used to obtain the equilibrium temperature. Depend on analytical reliability and thermodynamic data Equimolar and equicoulombic ratios, e.g. Na/K, CO 2 /H 2. Overcome disadvantage of univariant geothermometers but equilibrium and rate conditions limit their value
27 Legend Title Na/1000 Kibiro geothermal samples,analyzed Kibiro geothermal component, calculated t kn ( C) Fully equilibrated waters 340 K/100 t km Mg ( C) Immature waters
28 FLOW RATE AND DIRECTION Chemical geothermometers. Suggest position of upflow Gas ratios in high temperature steam, e.g. CO 2 /H 2 S. Upon boiling CO 2 is removed from water before H 2 S. If a boiling fluid flows away from upflow CO 2 /H 2 S ratio in steam flow is reduced Tracers: Addition of fluorescent, radioactive or rare constituents
29 EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS Thermodynamic data Computer programmes Speciation; e.g. WATCH, SOLVEQ Reaction path, e.g. CHILLER Employed to estimate chemical geothermometer temperatures, saturation states for the various minerals, effects of boiling, cooling, condensation, reactions with rock etc.
30
31 DATING I RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 3 H.T½ = years. Tritium units, TU = Bq/L Natural cosmogenic level in precipitation a few TU. Rose to 2000 TU from fifties to 1963/1964 but down to 10 TU at present 14 C. T½ = 5730 years. In atmospheric CO 2, living biosphere and hydrosphere after production by cosmic radiation. Underground production negligible. 14 C content often given in % modern carbon (pmc), grown in in 1950 Fallout 14 C (in CO 2 ) date water with mean residence time < 150 years
32 DATING II. CFC Organics of chlorine and fluorine, man-made, first in Non-reactive. Non-toxic. CFC-11, CFC- 12 and CFC-113 most common Release of CFC-11 and CFC-12 rose in the 1930s. Deviations noted following 1974, when possible ozone depletion by chlorine-containing species was first announced, and signing of Montreal Protocol in Release of CFC-113 increased significantly through early- and mid-1980s until Montreal Protocol issued, after which production significantly diminished. Atmospheric lifetime (years) CFC-11 45±7 CFC-12 87±17 CFC ±32
33 Steam areas No water samples available Steam may have undergone several processes, i.e. condensation, mixing, mixing + boiling Gas concentrations and isotope ratios may be used to find composition of original geothermal steam If chloride concentration substantial saline water Gas geothermometers
34 Rainwater geothermal steam sample
35 ORIGIN OF GEOTHERMAL GASES Diverse Magmatic Rock dissolution Organic Atmospheric Radiogenic Isotopes, inert gases, thermodynamic calculations
36 GAS CONSTITUENTS Major: CO 2, H 2 S, H 2, N 2, Ar, CH 4, O 2 (Low temperature systems) Minor: Higher hydrocarbons (e.g. C 2 H 6 ), CO, other inert gases (e.g. He, Rn), NH 3, Hg, B, As
37 CO 2 Magmatic: 13 C = Marine limestone: 13 C= Organic: 13 C <-20 Atmospheric Krafla, Iceland: Not all from rock. Magmatic contribution needed to account
38 H 2 S Leaching from rock: 34 S<0 Magmatic: 34 S 0 Marine: 34 S>0
39 H 2 Leaching from rock or sediments: D Magmatic: 2 H<-450
40 N 2, inert gases Atmospheric: Ne, 36 Ar and Kr, probably most N 2, some He Radiogenic: He, 136 Xe, 222 Rn, 40 Ar. 222 Rn used for soil traverses Organic: Some N 2
41 HYDROCARBONS Biogenic, C 2+ 0; 13 C CH4,<-55 Thermogenic (wet), C 2+ > 5%, 13 C CH4 higher Thermogenic (dry) C 2+ low, 13 C CH4 terr. high, marine low Magmatic gas, C C CH4 rather high Inorganic,C 2+, 13 C CH
42 13 C CH4 VS 13 C CO2 IN ICELANDIC GEOTHERMAL AREAS
43
44 CO2 concentration in compartment (ppm) Mælingar á CO 2 flæði um jarðveg time(sec) SOIL GAS Increasing concentration in compartment measurement of CO 2 flux through soil CO 2 gauge Closed compartment CO 2 flux
45 Soil diffuse CO 2 emissions
46 CHEMICAL UTILIZATION PROBLEMS Deposition Corrosion Pollution
47 DEPOSITS Common: Silica, iron oxides, iron silicates, sulphides, calcite, magnesium silicates Also known: Aluminium silicates, anhydrite, barite, apatite, borates, sulphur
48 DEPOSITION STUDY Thermodynamics. Theory Kinetics: Experiments
49 CALCITE SCALING Flashing CO 2 stripping and ph increase, causing calcite deposition Ca HCO - 3 CaCO 3 + CO 2 +H 2 O Increasing temperature solubility decreasing Extent of supersaturation can be calculated
50
51 MAGNESIUM SILICATES Formed upon heating of silica containing ground water or mixing of cold ground water and geothermal water Form at relatively high ph Well known where geothermal water used to heat groundwater Avoid mixing and keep ph low
52
53 Mg-Si deposits. Results of studies Poorly developed antigorite (Gunnarsson et al. 2005) Solubility decreases (deposition increases) with increased temperature and ph. Rate of deposition increases linearly with supersaturation but exponentially with temperature
54 CORROSION. HALF-REACTIONS Anodic Fe Fe e - Fe Fe e - Cathodic H 2 O + ½O 2 + 2e - 2OH - H 2 O + 2e - H 2 + 2OH - 2H 2 CO 3 + 2e - 2HCO 3- + H 2
55 CORROSIVE SPECIES O 2 : at low temperatures; H + (ph): Low ph favours cathodic half-reaction; Cl: Fe +2 + Cl - FeCl + favours anodic halfreaction; CO 2 : Controls ph and favours last cathodic half-reaction. H 2 S attacks Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb H 2 S, CO 3-2 and SiO 2 may form protective films on steel Fe +2 + HS - FeS + H + Fe +2 + H 3 SiO 4 - FeSiO 3 + H + + H 2 O Fe +2 + HCO 3 - FeCO 3 + H +
56 SUMMARY I Natural water classes. Geothermal water groups Conservative constituents origin + flow. Rock-forming constituents temperature and other conditions Stable isotopes in precipitation: Latitude, altitude, distance from coast, age. After that little change except oxygen shift B, Cl: mixing with sea water or volcanic steam
57 SUMMARY II Log (Q/K): Temperature dependence of minerals geothermometry. Also useful for prediction of deposition. Kinetics of deposition from experiments Isotopes in steam: Origin of fluid and gases. Correction of geothermometers Soil gas: Baselines before production. Traverses fractures Corrosion: Indications from ph, Cl or other potentially corrosive species
58 Thank you
APPLICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL METHODS IN GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION
Presented at Short Course II on Surface Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP and KenGen, at Lake Naivasha, Kenya, 2-17 November, 2007. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Kenya Electricity
More informationAPPLICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL METHODS IN GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION
Presented at Short Course IV on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP, KenGen and GDC, at Lake Naivasha, Kenya, November 1-22, 2009. Kenya Electricity Generating Co., Ltd. GEOTHERMAL
More informationAPPLICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL METHODS IN GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION
Presented at Short Course on Surface Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Ahuachapan and Santa Tecla, El Salvador, 17-30 October, 2009. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME
More informationGEOCHEMISTRY OF RWENZORI HOT SPRINGS. Vincent Kato Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Entebbe, Uganda
GEOCHEMISTRY OF RWENZORI HOT SPRINGS Vincent Kato Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Entebbe, Uganda RWENZORI Length of 115Km Width of central dome 48 64 km Highest peak >5105m SnowyMountain Lakes
More informationFluid Geochemistry at the Nir Geothermal Field, Nw-Iran
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Fluid Geochemistry at the Nir Geothermal Field, Nw-Iran Mohammad Reza Rahmani Renewable Energy Organization of Iran (SUNA),
More informationpredictive mineral discovery*cooperative Research Centre A legacy for mineral exploration science Mineral Systems Q3 Fluid reservoirs
Mineral Systems Q3 Fluid reservoirs 1 Key Parameter Mineral System Exploration is reflected in scale-dependent translation A. Gradient in hydraulic potential B. Permeability C. Solubility sensitivity to
More informationGeochemical Modelling of Low-Temperature Geothermal Fields from Bihor County, Romania
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Geochemical Modelling of Low-Temperature Geothermal Fields from Bihor County, Romania Oana Stǎnǎşel, Iulian Stǎnǎşel University
More informationLecture 5. Introduction to Stable Isotopes
Lecture 5 Introduction to Stable Isotopes Stable Isotope Geochemistry Primarily concerned with the isotope ratios of H, C, N, O, and S Si and B often included and new instrumentation has opened up others
More informationGeochemical Characteristics of Reservoir Fluid from NW-Sabalan Geothermal Field, Iran
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 Geochemical Characteristics of Reservoir Fluid from NW-Sabalan Geothermal Field, Iran Svetlana Strelbitskaya and Behnam Radmehr
More informationEnvironmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. land. Clark and Peter Fritz
Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology land. Clark and Peter Fritz www. science.uottawa. ca/~eih LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton New York CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES 1 Environmental Isotopes
More informationSustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center GEOTHERMAL ENERGY. Sustainable Energy Sources. Source:
Sustainable Energy Sources GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Earth s Temperature Profile GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Plate Tectonics Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that move apart or push together at about the rate our
More informationKizito Maloba Opondo. Kenya Electricity Generating Company
MIXING TRENDS AND SOLUTE GEOTHERMOMETRY OF BOREHOLE WATERS FROM THE PAKA GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT, KENYA. Kizito Maloba Opondo Kenya Electricity Generating Company Geothermal Prospects and fields in Kenya -
More informationGeochemical monitoring of the response ofgeothermal reservoirs to production load examples from Krafla, Iceland
International Geothermal Conference, Reykjavík, Sept. 23 Session #7 Geochemical monitoring of the response ofgeothermal reservoirs to production load examples from Krafla, Iceland Stefán Arnórsson 1 and
More informationContents. 1 Introduction Stable Isotopes
Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Part I Stable Isotopes 2 Isotope Geochemistry of Natural Waters... 11 2.1 Some Properties of Waters and Solutions... 11 2.1.1 The Notion of Activity and the Activity Coefficient...
More informationCHEMICAL GEOTHERMOMETERS FOR GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION
Presented at Short Course III on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP and KenGen, at Lake Naivasha, Kenya, October 4 - November 17, 008. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Kenya Electricity
More informationTHE FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE EXPLORATION WELLS DRILLED AT OLKARIA-DOMES FIELD, KENYA
PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Third Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 28-3, 28 SGP-TR-185 THE FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE EXPLORATION WELLS DRILLED
More informationEnhancement of Silica-Enthalpy Mixing Model to Predict Enthalpy of Geothermal Reservoir
PROCEEDINGS, 42nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 13-15, 2017 SGP-TR-212 Enhancement of Silica-Enthalpy Mixing Model to Predict Enthalpy
More informationPrediction of Calcite Scaling at the Oguni Geothermal Field, Japan: Chemical Modeling Approach
Todaka et Prediction of Calcite Scaling at the Oguni Geothermal Field, Japan: Chemical Modeling Approach Norifumi Yoshiyuki Hideo and Nobuyuki Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. 6-15-1, Ginza, Chuo-ku,
More informationWhere is all the water?
Where is all the water? The distribution of water at the Earth's surface % of total Oceans 97.25 Ice caps and glaciers 2.05 Groundwater 0.68 Lakes 0.01 Soils 0.005 Atmosphere (as vapour) 0.001 Rivers 0.0001
More informationEffective geochemical methods for identifying geothermal systems in the western branch of the EARS
Technical Workshop on the Geologic Development and Geophysics of the Western Branch of the Greater East African Rift System with Emphasis on Factors that Control the Development of their Geothermal Systems
More informationGeochemical Monitoring of the Lakes District Area
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 25 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 25 Geochemical Monitoring of the Lakes District Area Kibret Beyene and Meseret Teklemariam Geological Survey of Ethiopia, P.O.Box 469,
More informationChapter 13. Groundwater
Chapter 13 Groundwater Introduction Groundwater is all subsurface water that completely fills the pores and other open spaces in rocks, sediments, and soil. Groundwater is responsible for forming beautiful
More informationTHE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION 032/1 CHEMISTRY 1 (For Both School and Private Candidates) Time: 3 Hours Thursday, 06 th November
More informationWater percolating through hot lava dissolves soluble minerals containing chlorine, bromine and sulphur compounds
Figure 5 The sources of dissolved ions in sea water. Water falls as rain Compounds containing mainly calcium, magnesium, carbonate and silicate ions are leached from the soil Rivers carry ions in solution
More informationSalinity distribution in the Oceans
Salinity distribution in the Oceans Average practical salinity of open ocean waters 34.72 http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c542/ 1/58 Salinity distribution in the Oceans Factors that control seawater salinity:
More informationSalinity. foot = 0.305m yard = 0.91m. Length. Area m 2 square feet ~0.09m2. Volume m 3 US pint ~ 0.47 L fl. oz. ~0.02 L.
Length m foot = 0.305m yard = 0.91m Area m 2 square feet ~0.09m2 Volume m 3 US pint ~ 0.47 L, L (liters) fl. oz. ~0.02 L Speed m/s mph Acceleration m/s 2 mph/s Weight kg, gram pound ~0.45kg Temperature
More information(4) Give an example of important reactions that are responsible for the composition of river water.
Lecture 12 Global Biogeochemical Cycles (1) If rivers are the chief source of the dissolved salts in seawater, why is seawater not simply a concentrated version of average composition of all rivers? The
More informationSedimentary Rocks and Processes
Sedimentary Rocks and Processes Weathering Sedimentary Processes Breakdown of pre-existing rock by physical and chemical processes Transport Movement of sediments from environments of relatively high potential
More information(for tutoring, homework help, or help with online classes)
www.tutor-homework.com (for tutoring, homework help, or help with online classes) 1. chem10b 18.2-30 What is the final stage in municipal water treatment? A. aeration B. settling C. removal of added fluoride
More informationAngel International School - Manipay 1 st Term Examination November, 2015
Grade 11B Angel International School - Manipay 1 st Term Examination November, 2015 Chemistry - I Duration: 1.00 Hour Part 1 1) A liquid boils at a temperature of 100 o C. Which other property of the liquid
More informationHydrological Cycle Rain and rivers OUTLINE
Hydrological Cycle Rain and rivers The Hydrosphere Rain and rivers OUTLINE 1 Generalizations (non-political conservatism) Conservative (not affected) and Non-Conservative (affected) Ions Distinction: whether
More informationHalf Yearly Exam 2015
GOZO COLLEGE Secondary School KULLEĠĠ TA GĦAWDEX Skola Sekondarja Half Yearly Exam 015 Year 9 Track 3 CHEMISTRY Time: 1½ hours Name: Class: Useful Data: Atomic numbers and relative atomic masses are given
More informationAtmospheric Evolution: Earth s s Oxidation
Earth s s Atmosphere Thematic Questions about the Atmosphere Observations of the Modern Atmosphere What is its structure and composition? What controls atmospheric dynamics? Information from the Rock Record
More informationChemistry (Standard 9 th )
Chemistry (Standard 9 th ) Subjective (60 Marks) Answer any six of the following questions: Que. 1. a) Write the names of the following compounds: i. Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ii. Mg(HCo 3 ) 2 b) Give the names of
More informationGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACID FLUIDS IN MT PINATUBO, PHILIPPINES
PROCEEDINGS, Sixteenth Workshop OD Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 23-25, 1991 SGP-TR-134 GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACID FLUIDS IN MT PINATUBO,
More informationPaso Robles Groundwater Basin: Effects of Geothermal Waters on Water Quality and Availability
Paso Robles Groundwater Basin: Effects of Geothermal Waters on Water Quality and Availability Jim Rytuba and Daniel Goldstein U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA Paso Robles Intake from Lake Nacimiento
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I Systematics: Reservoirs and Fluxes
OCN 401-10 Nov. 16, 2010 KCR Global Carbon Cycle - I Systematics: Reservoirs and Fluxes The Global carbon cycle Reservoirs: biomass on land in the oceans, atmosphere, soil and rocks, waters Processes:
More informationTHE ST. MICHAEL SCHOOL THIRD FORM CHEMISTRY MANUAL 3 SYMBOLS AND FORMULAE, CHEMICAL BONDING AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1 THE ST. MICHAEL SCHOOL THIRD FORM CHEMISTRY MANUAL 3 SYMBOLS AND FORMULAE, CHEMICAL BONDING AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS COMPILED BY G.WALKER, L.WORRELL, T. HARDING REFERENCE BOOKS Anne Tindale Chemistry A
More informationorganisms CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 shallow water
Weathering and Reverse weathering Step I:Weathering of igneous rocks 1. Igneous rocks are mainly composed of Al, Si and O 2 with minor and varying quantities of Na, K, Ca and Mg composing pheldspar minerals
More informationHalogen and argon evidence of Martian hydrous fluids in nakhlite meteorites Ray Burgess
Halogen and argon evidence of Martian hydrous fluids in nakhlite meteorites Ray Burgess School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester, UK Topics Halogens and noble gases
More informationRedox, ph, pe OUTLINE 9/12/17. Equilibrium? Finish last lecture Mineral stability Aquatic chemistry oxidation and reduction: redox
Redox, ph, pe Equilibrium? OUTLINE Finish last lecture Mineral stability Aquatic chemistry oxidation and reduction: redox Reading: White p555-563 1 Question of the day? So what about the CO 2 system? CO
More informationBUSIA SUB-COUNTY JET 2016
Name Index No.. School... 233/1 CHEMISTRY THEORY Paper 1 Time: 2 Hours BUSIA SUB-COUNTY JET 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES. Answer all the questions
More informationOCN 201. Chemistry & Physics of the Ocean. (but no need to panic) foot = 0.305m yard = 0.91m. Length. Area m 2 square feet ~0.09m2
Chemistry & Physics of the Ocean OCN 201 (but no need to panic) Length m foot = 0.305m yard = 0.91m Area m 2 square feet ~0.09m2 Volume m 3 US pint ~ 0.47 L, L (liters) fl. oz. ~0.02 L Speed m/s mph Acceleration
More informationCONTENTS 1 MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
i CONTENTS 1 MEASURES OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION 1 1.1 MIXING RATIO 1 1.2 NUMBER DENSITY 2 1.3 PARTIAL PRESSURE 6 PROBLEMS 10 1.1 Fog formation 10 1.2 Phase partitioning of water in cloud 10 1.3 The ozone
More informationSalinity. See Appendix 1 of textbook x10 3 = See Appendix 1 of textbook
Length Area Volume m m m foot = 0.305m yard = 0.91m square feet ~0.09m2 US pint ~ 0.47 L fl. oz. ~0.02 L Speed m/s mph Acceleration m/s mph/s Weight kg, gram pound ~0.45kg Temperature o o See Appendix
More informationJochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry
Jochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Jochen Hoefs Stable Isotope Geochemistry 4th, Completely Revised, Updated, and Enlarged Edition With 73 Figures and 22 Tables
More informationMeasurements of Ozone. Why is Ozone Important?
Anthropogenic Climate Changes CO 2 CFC CH 4 Human production of freons (CFCs) Ozone Hole Depletion Human production of CO2 and CH4 Global Warming Human change of land use Deforestation (from Earth s Climate:
More informationEvolution of Earth Environments Bio-Geo-Chemical Cycling
Evolution of Earth Environments Bio-Geo-Chemical Cycling Evolution of the Earliest Atmospheres of Mars and Earth Volcanic Outgassing Evolving to Equilibrium Atmosphere To Atmosphere Lost to space (Abundant)
More informationMAHESH TUTORIALS I.C.S.E.
MAHESH TUTORIALS I.C.S.E. GRADE - X (2017-2018) Exam No. : MT/ICSE/SEMI PRELIM - I-SET -A 008 Sulphuric acid, Ammonia, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry HCl, Nitric acid, Metallurgy Chemistry SCIENCE
More informationGEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE MASAYA-GRANADA-NANDAIME CHEMICAL DATA, NICARAGUA
GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Reports 28 Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur 9, Number 26 IS-18 Reykjavík, Iceland GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE MASAYA-GRANADA-NANDAIME CHEMICAL DATA, NICARAGUA José Francisco
More informationMid-Term #1 (125 points total)
Ocean 520 Name: Chemical Oceanography 20 October 2009 Fall 2009 Points are in parentheses (show all your work) (use back if necessary) MidTerm #1 (125 points total) 1. Doney et al (2008) Ocean Acidification
More informationKenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.)
Name: Index No. School:. Candidate s Sign.... Date:... 233/1 CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 JULY /AUGUST 2011 TIME: 2 HOURS Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) Chemistry Paper 1 INSTRUCTIONS TO THE
More information2 EQUILIBRIUM 2.1 WHAT IS EQUILIBRIUM? 2.2 WHEN IS A SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM? 2.3 THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
2 EQUILIBRIUM 2.1 WHAT IS EQUILIBRIUM? In general terms equilibrium implies a situation that is unchanging or steady. This is generally achieved through a balance of opposing forces. In chemistry equilibrium
More informationDavid I. Norman and Joseph N. Moore
PROCEEDINGS, TwentyThird Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 2527, 1999 SGPTR162 METHANE AND EXCESS AND Ar IN GEOTHERMAL FLUID INCLUSIONS David
More informationCOMA JOINT EXAM 2014
NAME... INDEX NO... SCHOOL. CANDIDATE S SIGNATURE. 233/1 CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 (THEORY) JUNE 2014 TIME: 2 HOURS DATE.. COMA JOINT EXAM 2014 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education. CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 (THEORY)
More informationAtomic Structure and the Periodic Table. AQA Chemistry topic 1
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table AQA Chemistry topic 1 1.1 Atoms, elements and compounds The structure of the atom Everything in the universe is basically made up of atoms. An atom is the smallest
More information1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and
1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and climate change e) Oceanic water residence times 3.
More informationLecture 6 - Determinants of Seawater Composition. Sets up electric dipole because O is more electronegative A o. Figure 3.
12.742 - Marine Chemistry Fall 2004 Lecture 6 - Determinants of Seawater Composition Prof. Scott Doney What is seawater? Water Dissolved inorganic salts (major ions) Trace species, organics, colloids,
More informationICSE Board Class IX Chemistry Paper 5 Solution
ICSE Board Class IX Chemistry Paper 5 Solution SECTION I Answer 1 i. Dalton used the symbol for oxygen and the symbol for hydrogen. Symbol represents gram atom(s) of an element. i Symbolic expression for
More informationC hapter ATOMS. (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
C hapter 3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES 1. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water? (i) 2 moles of H 2 0 (ii) 20 moles of water (iii) 6.022 10 23 molecules of water (iv) 1.2044 10 25 molecules
More informationChemistry Final Exam Sample Items
Chemistry Final Exam Sample Items 1. Which best describes the current atomic theory? a. Atoms consist of electrons circling in definite orbits around a positive nucleus. b. Atoms are composed of electrons
More informationSURFACE EXPLORATION AND MONITORING OF GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN THE KVERKFJÖLL GEOTHERMAL AREA, CENTRAL ICELAND
SURFACE EXPLORATION AND MONITORING OF GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN THE KVERKFJÖLL GEOTHERMAL AREA, CENTRAL ICELAND Magnús Ólafsson, Helgi Torfason and Karl Grönvold 2) Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur 9, IS-108 Reykjavík,
More informationKASSU JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
Name:... Index No.:... 233/1 CHEMISTRY Paper 1 THEORY JUNE 2016 Time: 2 hours Adm No:.. Candidate s Signature:... Date:... KASSU JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education CHEMISTRY
More informationDURATION: 2 HOUR 45 MINUTES
1 Exam 9 Our country, our future 525/1 S6 CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 DURATION: 2 HOUR 45 MINUTES For Marking guide contact and consultations: Dr. Bbosa Science 0776 802709. Answer all question in part I and six
More informationEdexcel Chemistry Checklist
Topic 1. Key concepts in chemistry Video: Developing the atomic model Describe how and why the atomic model has changed over time. Describe the difference between the plum-pudding model of the atom and
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I
Global Carbon Cycle - I Reservoirs and Fluxes OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 13 November 2012 Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 Outline 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs 3. The contemporary
More informationAngel International SchoolManipay
Grade OL Angel International SchoolManipay 2 nd Term Examination March, 2016 Chemistry Duration: 3 Hours 1. Which property is common to calcium, potassium and sodium? a) Their atoms all lose two electrons
More informationBIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES BASICS Biogeochemical Cycle: The complete path a chemical takes through the four major components, or reservoirs, of Earth s system (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere)
More informationUnit - 3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY VSA QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS) 3. Mention the purpose of salt-bridge placed between two half-cells of a galvanic cell?
Unit - 3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 1. What is a galvanic cell? VSA QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS) 2. Give the cell representation for Daniell Cell. 3. Mention the purpose of salt-bridge placed between two half-cells
More informationFLUID-MINERAL EQUILIBRIA AND SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE EVALUATION OF SELECTED HOT SPRINGS, JIANGXI PROVINCE, SE-CHINA
PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-First Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 30-February 1, 2006 SGP-TR-179 FLUID-MINERAL EQUILIBRIA AND SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I
Global Carbon Cycle - I OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs Outline 3. The contemporary global C cycle 4. Fluxes and residence
More informationMolecular Weight and boiling point
Updated: 6 March 2018 Print version Lecture #4 Kinetics and Thermodynamics: Fundamentals of water and Ionic Strength (Stumm & Morgan, pp.1 15 Brezonik & Arnold, pg 10 18) (Benjamin, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5) David
More informationKENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL REVISION MOCK EXAMS 2016 TOP NATIONAL SCHOOLS KAPSABET BOYS CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 TIME: 2 HOURS
KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL REVISION MOCK EXAMS 2016 TOP NATIONAL SCHOOLS KAPSABET BOYS CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 TIME: 2 HOURS SCHOOLS NET KENYA Osiligi House, Opposite KCB, Ground Floor Off Magadi Road,
More informationPractice Questions for Lecture 5 Geology 1200
Practice Questions for Lecture 5 Geology 1200 Use these questions to test your knowledge of Lecture5. The exams will be similar in format, except that they will deal with more than one chapter, and will
More informationNSS Chemistry Part 2 The Microscopic World I HKCEE Past Paper Questions Structural Questions
NSS Chemistry Part 2 The Microscopic World I HKCEE Past Paper Questions Structural Questions 1. HKCEE 1994 Q7b The table below lists some physical properties of lead, bromine and lead(ii) bromide. Lead
More informationLecture 13. Hydrothermal Circulation
Lecture 13. Hydrothermal Circulation The discovery of hot springs on the ocean floor during the 1970s was one of the most exciting events in the history of oceanography. Although hydrothermal activity
More informationS= 95.02% S= 4.21% 35. S=radioactive 36 S=0.02% S= 0.75% 34 VI V IV III II I 0 -I -II SO 4 S 2 O 6 H 2 SO 3 HS 2 O 4- S 2 O 3
SULFUR ISOTOPES 32 S= 95.02% 33 S= 0.75% 34 S= 4.21% 35 S=radioactive 36 S=0.02% S-H S-C S=C S-O S=O S-F S-Cl S-S VI V IV III II I 0 -I -II SO 4 2- S 2 O 6 2- H 2 SO 3 HS 2 O 4- S 2 O 3 2- S 2 F 2 S H
More informationCEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles. Equilibrium Chemistry
Updated: 9 September 015 Print version CEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles Lecture #6 Environmental Chemistry IV: Thermodynamics, Equilibria, Acids-bases I Reading: Mihelcic & Zimmerman, Chapter
More informationTopic 5.3 REDOX EQUILIBRIA. Oxidation and Reduction Electrochemical Cells and Fuel Cells The Electrochemical Series Spontaneous Reactions
Topic 5.3 REDOX EQUILIBRIA Oxidation and Reduction Electrochemical Cells and Fuel Cells The Electrochemical Series Spontaneous Reactions OXIDATION AND REDUCTION Redox reactions were studied extensively
More informationCHEMISTRY. SCIENCE Paper 2. (Two hours) You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes.
CLASS IX CHEMISTRY SCIENCE Paper 2 (Two hours) Answers to this Paper must be written on the paper provided separately. You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent
More informationEnvironmental Isotopes in Hydrology. Woocay substituting for Walton
Environmental Isotopes in Hydrology Oct 7, 2010 1 What is an Isotope? An element is defined by the number of protons (Z) in the nucleus The number of neutrons (N) defines the isotope(s) of that element
More informationSedimentary Geology. Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1
Sedimentary Geology Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1 Sedimentology vs. Stratigraphy Sedimentology is the study of the origin and classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks Mostly the physical and chemical
More information4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes
4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes Reactivity of metals When metals react with other substances the metal atoms form positive ions. The reactivity of a metal is related to its tendency to form positive
More informationLong-term Climate Change. We are in a period of relative warmth right now but on the time scale of the Earth s history, the planet is cold.
Long-term Climate Change We are in a period of relative warmth right now but on the time scale of the Earth s history, the planet is cold. Long-term Climate Change The Archean is thought to have been warmer,
More informationStable Isotopes OUTLINE
Stable Isotopes OUTLINE Reading: White Ch 9.1 to 9.7.1 (or digital p370-400) Exercise answer? What does the salt do? Today 1. 2 leftovers 2. Stable Isotopes for hydrologic and climate applications 1 CaCO
More informationCHEMISTRY 110 EXAM 3 Nov. 11, 2013 ORM A!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!" 1. The cylinder shown below is filled with enough N 2 gas at 25 o C to reach a
More informationAbout Earth Materials
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 3: EARTH MATERIALS Minerals and Rocks 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company About Earth Materials All Earth materials are composed of atoms bound
More informationMaking Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions
Making Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 15 and 16 Outline I. Deep sea sedimentation Detrital sediments
More informationATOC 3500/CHEM 3151 Air Pollution Chemistry Lecture 1
ATOC 3500/CHEM 3151 Air Pollution Chemistry Lecture 1 Note Page numbers refer to Daniel Jacob s online textbook: http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/ jacobbook/index.html Atmos = vapor + sphaira
More informationGeothermometer, Geoindicator and Isotope Monitoring in Lahendong Wells during
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Geothermometer, Geoindicator and Isotope Monitoring in Lahendong Wells during 2010-2012 Azka G., Suryanto S. and Yani A.
More informationGroundwater chemistry
Read: Ch. 3, sections 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9; Ch. 7, sections 2, 3 PART 14 Groundwater chemistry Introduction Matter present in water can be divided into three categories: (1) Suspended solids (finest among
More informationUnit (2) Quantitative Chemistry
Unit (2) Quantitative Chemistry Chapter (1) :The mole & chemical equation Lesson (1) Mole and chemical equation Chemical equation: The chemical symbols and formulas of the reactants and products which
More informationMarine Sediments EPSS15 Spring 2017 Lab 4
Marine Sediments EPSS15 Spring 2017 Lab 4 Why Sediments? Record of Earth s history - Tectonic plate movement - Past changes in climate - Ancient ocean circulation currents - Cataclysmic events 1 Classification
More information(Benjamin, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5)
Updated: 6 March 2018 Print version Lecture #4 Kinetics and Thermodynamics: Fundamentals of water and Ionic Strength (Stumm & Morgan, pp.1-15 Brezonik & Arnold, pg 10-18) (Benjamin, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5) David
More information4.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table. GCSE Chemistry
4.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table GCSE Chemistry All substances are made of atoms this is cannot be chemically broken down it is the smallest part of an element. Elements are made of only one
More information5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) BASIC TECHNIQUES 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) BASIC TECHNIQUES
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) BASIC TECHNIQUES 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) BASIC TECHNIQUES LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Be able to write formulae of simple compounds b) Be able to write
More informationINTRODUCTION TO MINERALOGY 15
INTRODUCTION TO MINERALOGY 15 Silicates vs. phosphates, and sulphates Electronegativities: Si 1.8 P 2.1 S 2.5 Typical occurences: Accessory in igneous rocks, large masses in pegmatites, also biomineral
More informationGeochemical and Hydrological Assessment of Thermal Features in the Vicinity of the Champagne Pool in the Waiotapu Geothermal System
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 00 Antalya, Turkey, - April 00 Geochemical and Hydrological Assessment of Thermal Features in the Vicinity of the in the Waiotapu Geothermal System Leticia S. Pangilinan
More informationSCALING PROBLEMS RECORDED AT GEOTHERMAL WELLS FROM BORS AND SACUIENI, ROMANIA. Oana Ludovic Gilau**, Alina Vasilica Merca*
PROCEEDINGS, Twenty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 24-26, 2000 SGP-TR-165 SCALING PROBLEMS RECORDED AT GEOTHERMAL WELLS FROM BORS
More informationGOZO COLLEGE BOYS SECONDARY SCHOOL
GOZO COLLEGE BOYS SECONDARY SCHOOL Embracing Diversity Half Yearly Exams 2013-2014 FORM 4 CHEMISTRY TIME: 1h 30min Name: Class: Useful Data: One Faraday is equivalent to 96500 C. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 H 1
More information