Introduction to Soil Mechanics

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Introduction to Soil Mechanics"

Transcription

1 AMRC 2011 MODULE 1 Introduction to Soil Mechanics CONTENTS Overview Objectives Procedures Introduction Erosion Importance of Identification of Soil Problems Nature and Origin of Rocks and Soils Soil Properties Soil Strength Soil Drainage Soil Compressibility Self-Test WPC # /09

2

3 Module 1 Introduction to Soil Mechanics Overview Soil and rock are materials which are infinitely diverse in composition. The properties of soil and rock are therefore also diverse. This module introduces the subjects of geology and soil mechanics and describes the key properties of soils applicable to the use of soil in construction. Note that the terms geotechnics or geotechnology are replacing the term soil mechanics. Objectives Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to: discuss the basis of the soil erosion problems and concerns associated with road construction define the terms geology and soil mechanics and their usage in the design and construction of roads and minor structures discuss the concept of soil as a material made up of individual particles and describe how this particulate nature of soil affects all structures involving soil describe the properties of soil and hence the use of soil mechanics in the design and construction of roads and minor structures. Procedures Study the module materials and make notes as required. Perform the self-test on these principles and review the course materials in such a manner as to be able to successfully complete similar questions upon examination. WPC # /09 AMRC

4 1-2 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

5 SECTION 1.1 Introduction The study of the earth s crust, rocks and soils, their origin and formation is referred to as the science of geology. The effect of the geology of a particular region on engineering structures is usually referred to as engineering geology. Directly, or indirectly, geology has an influence on almost all civil engineering structures; foundations for roads, bridges, buildings, slopes for dams and roads and fills are some of the more significant. A thorough understanding of the geological processes is a prime requisite when attempting to solve problems of design and construction in soil and rock. WPC # /09 AMRC

6 1-4 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

7 SECTION 1.2 Erosion Prevention of road-related erosion is of great concern to the road designer and builder. Erosion includes surface soil erosion and mass wasting processes. In the context of roads: Mass wasting includes several dominant groups of landslide processes including: debris falls debris slides debris avalanches debris flows debris torrents rockfalls rockslides slumps and earth flows small scale slumping collapse ravelling of road cuts and fills. Surface soil erosion includes shallow erosion and gullying by running water across the road surface or cuts and fills. A well-designed and well-built road can sometimes improve an existing soil defect. On the other hand, a poorly planned and executed road construction job may cause deterioration of the soil mass in an area and threaten downslope/downstream (or upstream) social, economic and forest resource values. When constructing a road, the road builder alters the existing situation and the changes in the soil s pattern which may lead to problems. Examples of these are as follows roads cut across existing drainage patterns which have to be diverted or otherwise accommodated; roads cut into existing stable slopes normally leaving the soil at steeper and therefore less stable angles; roads often create dust and sediment problems. Soil Surface Erosion Factors which influence surface soil erosion are as follows: rainfall duration and intensity how long, how many mm/hour (i.e., how hard is it raining?) WPC # /09 AMRC

8 soil erodibility density and size of soil particles; is it clay? sand? gravel? top soil? permeability of soil texture, density and size; will water run off or soak in? e.g., clay vs gravel topography slope position slope gradient and length; the steeper and longer the slope, the more the rainwater will run off and the faster it will do so catchment area above the point of concern; the larger the area, the more water can pass through the point plant and litter cover type and density; the more durable and dense the ground cover, the less likely erosion will occur after construction; also the plant root system will have an effect As mentioned previously, road construction physically changes the face of the earth that it passes over and through. Trees and ground cover are removed at an early stage in construction; bare soil is left open to erosion and damage by the elements. Compaction of the exposed surface soil is another concern. During construction the texture of the surface soil is changed as heavy equipment moves over it and compacts it. This makes the soil less permeable, leads to less infiltration of precipitation and hence an increase in surface runoff and the possibility of erosion downstream. In some construction techniques, earth moving equipment may also cause loosening of the natural soils (e.g., building of earth embankments on steep slopes where compaction of the side cast fill material is not possible). Loosening makes the soil more porous. The designer/builder should therefore try to keep the area disturbed by construction (i.e., the area of exposed bare soil) to a minimum so that the impact of erosion is as low as possible. In doing so, the designer or builder must bear in mind that restricting one item of design might lead to problems with another. For instance, a reasonable self-supporting slope for a cut through silty gravel may be 2 horizontal:1 vertical. However, you might consider steepening this to 1.5 H:I V to reduce excavation costs and to reduce the area exposed. After reviewing the slope you may have to protect the face with hydroseeding or other means to minimize erosion. 1-6 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

9 Mass Wasting Downhill movement of rock and soil caused by the force of gravity is the most universal of all processes of erosion. Mass movement mechanisms such as landslides, slumps, earth flows, sheet wash, soil creep and subsidence in combination with transportation by running water, glaciers, wave action, wind, ground water and sea currents are responsible for most erosion. No matter where you are, you do not have to look far to find evidence of mass movement. Principles governing it are simple, but the variety of combinations of types of movement, of materials moved and of geomorphic forms assumed by these masses is great. The driving force behind all mass movement is the force of gravity. This force is directed toward the centre of the earth, but components of it act along any inclined plane. The steeper the inclination, the greater will be the component of force acting down the slope. This force is most effective in moving materials that are unstable in their existing position, such as on surfaces over which they might slide, for example, fractures or bedding planes. Downslope movements can be of major importance, locally and in combination with streams that are responsible for much long distance transportation. Downslope movements occur under all climatic conditions in the air and under the waters of oceans. As use of land is intensified, it becomes increasingly difficult to avoid areas where potential natural mass instability exists areas where floods, wave action or earthquakes may trigger disastrous mass movements. Engineers must take great care to circumvent costly mass movements in planning and constructing building foundations, dams, reservoirs, bridge abutments, tunnels, and in designing cuts and fills along highways and canals. Costly and sometimes even disastrous results have followed where the dangers of potential mass movement have not been fully recognized or efforts to meet the danger have been too limited. Numerous classifications of mass movements have been proposed. These are based on the type of materials moved, the rate of movement, the presence or absence of water or the mechanisms of movement. Road construction activities can accelerate surface erosion and influence slope stability for these reasons: interception and concentration of slope drainage bank exposure and slope undercutting slope scaling. WPC # /09 AMRC

10 By identifying areas that are potentially unstable and understanding the reasons why the instability exists, the road builder can locate, design and construct a road which will minimize the likelihood of slope failures. Also, through a carefully designed maintenance program (particularly cleaning out of culverts) we can be more sure of continued success at reducing the impacts in the future. The following three pages (taken from BC MoF Land Management Handbook No. 18 authored by Chatwin, S.C., Howes, D.E., Schwab, J.W. and Swanston, D.N.) show the steps for identifying both potential and existing landslide areas. After following these steps, the user would be expected to recognize whether or not an instability problem exists within an area. Having recognized the problem, the user should seek the expertise of a specialist and recommendation for control and correction. 1-8 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

11 Figure 1.1 WPC # /09 AMRC

12 1-10 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

13 You are not at this stage expected to recognize and understand all that is contained in the preceding pages. They have been included for overall reference purposes. WPC # /09 AMRC

14 1-12 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

15 SECTION 1.3 Importance of Identification of Soil Problems The importance of constructing well-engineered roads cannot be emphasized too strongly. Detrimental impacts related to road-related erosion may include: loss of fish and wildlife habitat through siltation, slide activity or from the actual construction of a road loss of, or damage to, bridges, culverts and road surfaces with an increase in maintenance and inspection costs adverse effect on drinking water supplies damage to high landscape values long-term loss of productive forest land. In extreme cases, road-related landslides may threaten life, property or equipment. Loss of topsoil/overburden by erosion is important. Not only because the soil is virtually irreplaceable, but also because of the effects on the waters into which the soil is washed. Fish spawning areas can be washed away by a torrent or simply covered with debris. WPC # /09 AMRC

16 1-14 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

17 SECTION 1.4 Nature and Origin of Rocks and Soils In order to be able to counteract the soil problems, such as erosion, one must be knowledgeable about how a soil/rock is formed and how it behaves under a variety of circumstances. The rest of this manual will introduce you to the nature, origins and properties of rocks and soils. It is estimated that the world is approximately four and a half billion years old. Since that time, the earth has been in a constant state of change. Bedrock has been weathered (eroded), transported, new material has been manufactured through volcanic action, mountains have risen up, seas have receded, ice has swept over the continental areas and through these geological conditions, natural aggregate deposits have been formed. This constant change is still in progress today. Even though it is slow by human standards, the rate of change today is no different than it was three or four million years ago. We still have earthquakes, volcano eruptions, glacial activity, wind storms and major tidal movements. All these activities are either producing new material or eroding older material. The geologist distinguishes among three basic types of rocks: igneous rocks sedimentary rocks metamorphic rocks. The igneous rocks were formed when molten magma from the interior of the earth erupted and was forced toward the surface. On nearing the earth s surface some of the magma cooled down to form a solid mass of crystals (e.g., granite), while some magma reached the surface in the form of volcanoes and lava (e.g., basalt). The sedimentary rocks were formed mainly by the weathering and erosion of older mountains, with the eroded material being deposited under water in lakes and seas (e.g., sandstone) followed by compression due to significant amounts of overlying sediments. The metamorphic rocks are rocks of either sedimentary or igneous origin, but whose properties have been changed by intense pressure and chemical change. Slate is a metamorphic rock. WPC # /09 AMRC

18 During the formation of these rocks, stresses are created within the rock mass. Uneven cooling of the molten magma and distortions that the rock undergoes through the movement of adjacent rocks are significant causes of stress in rocks. Where the mass of jointed and fissured rock is exposed at the earth s surface, it is subject to the physical action of water, ice, wind and gravity. For instance, water may freeze and expand in a joint in the rock. As a result of this a fragment of the rock may become detached and fall to a new position. This movement will generally be accompanied by further fracturing and fissuring of the rock fragment when it comes into contact with other rocks or rock fragments. The process of continual breaking down into smaller and smaller fragments of rock is called weathering. The more these fragments come into contact with one another as the result of rolling down slopes, the more they are moved along streams and riverbeds or by glaciers, or are blown by wind, the more rounded and generally smaller the fragments become. This process will result in particles of rock varying from a size so small that they cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope to very large particles, metres in diameter, commonly called boulders. This mixture of particles is referred to as soil, and the study of how these materials behave when subject to loads and water pressures is called soil mechanics. The soil mechanics engineer is also concerned with the behaviour of other materials of a similar nature, such as peat, and rock which has not broken down sufficiently to be referred to as a soil. Soil mechanics engineering is also commonly called geotechnical engineering AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

19 SECTION 1.5 Soil Properties A soil is a mixture of individual particles. These particles may vary enormously in size, and each individual particle may vary from a very rounded, smooth shape to a sharp sided, angular shape. The natural process of wind or water action tends to sort the particles in such a way that the particles of one range of sizes will tend to congregate in a particular location, and the finer or coarser particles will be moved and deposited elsewhere. Deposits of soils are given names on the basis of the range of particle sizes on the deposit. For instance, the term sand has a very definitive meaning in soil mechanics. Only soils whose particle sizes fall within a specified range may be called a sand. The process of categorizing soils in this way is called classification. The particle structure of soil has a great influence on the soil properties. Therefore, soils of similar classification have similar properties. Among the more common properties of soil are strength, drainage and compressibility. The following discussion is an attempt to visualize how the soil shape, size and structure has a profound influence on these properties, and in turn, how these properties affect engineering structures, such as roads. WPC # /09 AMRC

20 1-18 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

21 SECTION 1.6 Soil Strength Soil develops strength in a rather complex manner; but it can be shown quite easily, how important the influence of size and shape of the soil grains is on this property. Figure 1.2 demonstrates how increased angularity of the grains increases the resistance of one layer of soil grains which has another layer being pushed across it. It is in this way that soil can develop resistance (strength) to a force pushing on it. Figure 1.2 Soil Resistance (Friction) Resistance (strength) opposing the pushing force is due to friction between the grains. Since smooth particles (A) cannot interlock like the angular particles (B), they develop less friction. This situation exists in a soil slope, Figure 1.3. Part of the weight of the slope is attempting to cause a collapse by rotation outward along a failure plane. At this failure plane the friction between the grains (i.e., the soil strength) acts in the opposite direction to prevent the collapse. If the soil is not strong enough to create sufficient friction to oppose the outward motion, then the slope will indeed collapse. WPC # /09 AMRC

22 Figure 1.3 Forces Acting in a Soil Slope 1-20 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

23 SECTION 1.7 Soil Drainage The ease or difficulty with which water passes through soil is referred to as the permeability of the soil. The fact that the size and shape of the grains influence this property is readily demonstrated. Figure 1.4 shows that as the soil grains become smaller, so the path of flow for water becomes much more difficult; the water then has to move through the soil much more slowly and hence the permeability is decreased. Figure 1.4 Soil Permeability In both (a) and (b), points l 2 are the same distance apart. In (a), however, the route which the water has to take is much more difficult and takes more time than in the case of the larger particles in (b). This is why coarse-grained soils such as gravels (with a little silt or clay) are used to build bases underneath wearing surfaces in highway construction. The high permeability allows any water to flow away quickly. This prevents any damage which might occur to the wearing surface if the water were trapped below it. WPC # /09 AMRC

24 1-22 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

25 SECTION 1.8 Soil Compressibility The amount by which a soil will settle and the time it takes to settle is, like soil strength, a complex matter. However, here again, it is not too difficult to show how grain size, shape and structure influence the settlement characteristics of the soil. Figure 1.5 illustrates how, under the influence of a load, the grains will become reoriented and will settle together more closely. Figure 1.5 Soil Reorientation under Load This property of the soil can lead to large settlements when a foundation load is placed on a soil which has high compressibility. A typical example of this is illustrated in Figure 1.6. WPC # /09 AMRC

26 Figure 1.6 Differential Settlement The different soil structure of the clay, which makes it more compressible than the dense sand, causes it to settle (compress) more. This results in a differential settlement across the building, which can cause severe damage to it. Note: Clays vary in their compressibility and some sands will compress AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

27 SECTION 1.9 Self-Test 1. What is the purpose of soil mechanics when designing a road? 2. Describe two types of slope movement. 3. How are soil erosion and slope stability linked? 4. What factors influence surface erosion? Are they linked to each other? 5. Name the three basic classifications of rock and describe each. 6. What is meant by the term soil mechanics and how is it related to geotechnical engineering? 7. What is meant by the term weathering? 8. If a soil has high permeability, what does this mean? 9. Why is the compressibility of a soil important in engineering? WPC # /09 AMRC

28 1-26 AMRC 2011 WPC # /09

Mass Wasting. Requirements for Mass Wasting. Slope Stability. Geol 104: mass wasting

Mass Wasting. Requirements for Mass Wasting. Slope Stability. Geol 104: mass wasting Mass Wasting Movement of earth materials downslope, driven by Gravitational Forces. Landslides - general term for rock or soil movement. In U.S., on average, mass wasting causes 1 to 2 billion dollars

More information

SOIL AND AGGREGATE FUNDAMENTALS STUDENT GUIDE AMRC April, 2006 AREA MANAGER ROADS CERTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY

SOIL AND AGGREGATE FUNDAMENTALS STUDENT GUIDE AMRC April, 2006 AREA MANAGER ROADS CERTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AREA MANAGER ROADS CERTIFICATION PROGRAM AMRC 2011 SOIL AND AGGREGATE FUNDAMENTALS STUDENT GUIDE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY April, 2006 WPC #28013 07/09 2009 by British Columbia Institute of Technology

More information

Name. 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different soil horizons, A, B, C, and D, are shown.

Name. 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different soil horizons, A, B, C, and D, are shown. Name 1. In the cross section of the hill shown below, which rock units are probably most resistant to weathering? 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different

More information

Mass Wasting. Revisit: Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition

Mass Wasting. Revisit: Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition Mass Wasting Revisit: Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition While landslides are a normal part of erosion and surface processes, they can be very destructive to life and property! - Mass wasting: downslope

More information

Bell Ringer. Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants.

Bell Ringer. Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants. Bell Ringer Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants. 5.3 Mass Movements Triggers of Mass Movements The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity is

More information

Surface Processes on the Earth. Rocks, Weathering, Erosion and Soil

Surface Processes on the Earth. Rocks, Weathering, Erosion and Soil Surface Processes on the Earth Rocks, Weathering, Erosion and Soil ROCKS AND ROCK CYCLE Rock types Three main types of rock Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Igneous Form when magma or lava cools and hardens

More information

1. Erosion by Running Water Most powerful cause of erosion

1. Erosion by Running Water Most powerful cause of erosion I. Destructive Forces Notes: Destructive force: a process in which land is destroyed or changed such as weathering and erosion. All landforms are a result of a combination of constructive and destructive

More information

EROSION AND DEPOSITION

EROSION AND DEPOSITION CHAPTER 8 EROSION AND DEPOSITION SECTION 8 1 Changing Earth s Surface (pages 252-255) This section explains how sediment is carried away and deposited elsewhere to wear down and build up Earth s surface.

More information

Soil Mechanics. Chapter # 1. Prepared By Mr. Ashok Kumar Lecturer in Civil Engineering Gpes Meham Rohtak INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANICS AND ITS TYPES

Soil Mechanics. Chapter # 1. Prepared By Mr. Ashok Kumar Lecturer in Civil Engineering Gpes Meham Rohtak INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANICS AND ITS TYPES Soil Mechanics Chapter # 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANICS AND ITS TYPES Prepared By Mr. Ashok Kumar Lecturer in Civil Engineering Gpes Meham Rohtak Chapter Outlines Introduction to Soil Mechanics, Soil

More information

THE CHANGING SURFACE OF THE EARTH

THE CHANGING SURFACE OF THE EARTH THE CHANGING SURFACE OF THE EARTH Key words Drain geological agent weathering erosion Sediment deposition transport The landscape is a consequence of the action of two types of geological processes; internal

More information

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development I. Weathering - the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, also called sediments, by natural processes. Weathering is further divided into

More information

Erosion and Deposition

Erosion and Deposition Erosion and Deposition The Erosion-Deposition Process What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with

More information

Weathering, Erosion and Deposition

Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Shaping the Earth s Surface Weathering the process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments Erosion the transport of rock fragments from one location to another

More information

1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart.

1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 4. Which process involves either a physical or chemical breakdown of earth materials?

More information

Weathering, Mass Wasting and Karst

Weathering, Mass Wasting and Karst Weathering, Mass Wasting and Karst Capable of wearing down anything that the internal processes can build. Gravity, water, wind and ice Denudation - the overall effect of disintegration, wearing away and

More information

Earth s Dynamic Surface

Earth s Dynamic Surface Earth s Dynamic Surface Key Concepts What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering? How do water, ice, and wind change Earth s surface? Changing Earth s Surface What do you think? Read

More information

MASS MOVEMENTS, WIND, AND GLACIERS

MASS MOVEMENTS, WIND, AND GLACIERS Date Period Name MASS MOVEMENTS, WIND, AND GLACIERS SECTION.1 Mass Movements In your textbook, read about mass movements. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. avalanche creep

More information

Topic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p ) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 WEATHERING

Topic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p ) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 WEATHERING Topic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p. 95-125) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 THE BIG PICTURE: Weathering, erosion and deposition are processes that cause changes to rock material

More information

Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers

Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers Mass Movements,, and Glaciers SECTION 8.1 Mass Movement at Earth s Surface In your textbook, read about mass movement. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. avalanche creep landslide

More information

Read Across America. Listen as I read for facts about Volcanoes. In the Shadow of the Volcano

Read Across America. Listen as I read for facts about Volcanoes. In the Shadow of the Volcano Read Across America Listen as I read for facts about Volcanoes. In the Shadow of the Volcano Constructive & Destructive Processes Earth s surface is always changing. Blowing wind and flowing water causes

More information

TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE. Surface Processes: Weathering and Erosion

TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE. Surface Processes: Weathering and Erosion TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Surface Processes: Weathering and Erosion Core Concepts Precipitation (caused by the water cycle) and wind cause rocks to be broken into smaller pieces in the process called

More information

Chapter 11 10/30/2013. Mass Wasting. Introduction. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting. Introduction. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting

Chapter 11 10/30/2013. Mass Wasting. Introduction. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting. Introduction. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting Introduction Chapter 11 Mass wasting - The downslope movement of material resulting from the force of gravity. Mass Wasting Mass wasting results when the force of gravity acting on a slope exceeds the

More information

Section 1: Earth s Interior and Plate Tectonics Section 2: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Section 3: Minerals and Rocks Section 4: Weathering and Erosion

Section 1: Earth s Interior and Plate Tectonics Section 2: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Section 3: Minerals and Rocks Section 4: Weathering and Erosion Section 1: Earth s Interior and Plate Tectonics Section 2: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Section 3: Minerals and Rocks Section 4: Weathering and Erosion Key Terms Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Plate Tectonics

More information

Objectives. Introduction to Soils. Terms to know: What is soil? Study of Soils. The Soil Body 11/9/2012

Objectives. Introduction to Soils. Terms to know: What is soil? Study of Soils. The Soil Body 11/9/2012 Objectives Explain what soil is and where it comes from Define a soil body List examples of the five soil-forming factors Explain how soils develop Introduction to Soils Terms to know: What is soil? Alluvial

More information

Weathering of Rocks. Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks

Weathering of Rocks. Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks Weathering of Rocks Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks Mechanical weathering requires physical forces to break rocks into smaller pieces. Chemical

More information

OIKOS > landslide > mechanism >predisposing causes

OIKOS > landslide > mechanism >predisposing causes predisposing causes and trigger OIKOS > landslide > mechanism >predisposing causes Landslides are events that occur in space and time. As such, it is usually possible to identify both one or more landslide

More information

3.12 Geology and Topography Affected Environment

3.12 Geology and Topography Affected Environment 3 Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 3.12 Geology and Topography 3.12.1 Affected Environment 3.12.1.1 Earthquakes Sterling Highway MP 45 60 Project Draft SEIS The Kenai Peninsula is predisposed

More information

Pratice Surface Processes Test

Pratice Surface Processes Test 1. The cross section below shows the movement of wind-driven sand particles that strike a partly exposed basalt cobble located at the surface of a windy desert. Which cross section best represents the

More information

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Flood and Flood Hazards Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG, Legon College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education

More information

Erosion Surface Water. moving, transporting, and depositing sediment.

Erosion Surface Water. moving, transporting, and depositing sediment. + Erosion Surface Water moving, transporting, and depositing sediment. + Surface Water 2 Water from rainfall can hit Earth s surface and do a number of things: Slowly soak into the ground: Infiltration

More information

SLOPE FAILURE SLOPES. Landslides, Mudflows, Earthflows, and other Mass Wasting Processes

SLOPE FAILURE SLOPES. Landslides, Mudflows, Earthflows, and other Mass Wasting Processes GEOL g406 Environmental Geology SLOPE FAILURE Landslides, Mudflows, Earthflows, and other Mass Wasting Processes Read Chapter 5 in your textbook (Keller, 2000) Gros Ventre landslide, Wyoming S. Hughes,

More information

EARTH S CHANGING SURFACE

EARTH S CHANGING SURFACE EARTH S CHANGING SURFACE Weathering Together, weathering and erosion work continuously to wear down the material on Earth s surface. weathering process that breaks down rock and other substances of Earth

More information

1. The map below shows a meandering river. A A' is the location of a cross section. The arrows show the direction of the river flow.

1. The map below shows a meandering river. A A' is the location of a cross section. The arrows show the direction of the river flow. 1. The map below shows a meandering river. A A' is the location of a cross section. The arrows show the direction of the river flow. Which cross section best represents the shape of the river bottom at

More information

Grade 5 Hands on Science Weathering, Erosion and Deposition

Grade 5 Hands on Science Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Grade 5 Hands on Science Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Objective: To demonstrate and investigate the effect of weathering, water and wind erosion and the subsequent deposition into landforms. Background:

More information

1. Any process that causes rock to crack or break into pieces is called physical weathering. Initial product = final product

1. Any process that causes rock to crack or break into pieces is called physical weathering. Initial product = final product Weathering 1. Any process that causes rock to crack or break into pieces is called physical weathering. Initial product = final product End Result of physical weathering is increased surface area. 2. Physical

More information

Rock Cycle. Presented by Kesler Science

Rock Cycle. Presented by Kesler Science Presented by Kesler Science Essential Questions: What processes are involved in the formation and classification of metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks? Sediments A model that describes the formation,

More information

Unit Study Guide: Earth s Changing Surface

Unit Study Guide: Earth s Changing Surface Name Date Per Unit 8.3.2 Study Guide: Earth s Changing Surface I Can Statements I Can Statements are the learning targets for each unit. By the time you take the test for this unit, you should be able

More information

Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity

Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity Chapter 15 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Twelfth Edition Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity Tarbuck and Lutgens Chapter 15 Mass Wasting The Importance of Mass Wasting Slopes are the

More information

Classify Rock (rock1)

Classify Rock (rock1) Name: Date: 1. Cleavage of a mineral is related to a mineral's A. chemical composition. B. streak color. C. luster. D. crystalline structure. 2. Which is not part of the definition of a mineral? A. naturally

More information

4 th Grade Science Unit C: Earth Sciences Chapter 6: Minerals and Rocks Lesson 1: What are minerals?

4 th Grade Science Unit C: Earth Sciences Chapter 6: Minerals and Rocks Lesson 1: What are minerals? 4 th Grade Science Unit C: Earth Sciences Chapter 6: Minerals and Rocks Lesson 1: What are minerals? mineral A mineral is a natural, nonliving, solid crystal that makes up rocks. All over the world, each

More information

Surface Processes Focus on Mass Wasting (Chapter 10)

Surface Processes Focus on Mass Wasting (Chapter 10) Surface Processes Focus on Mass Wasting (Chapter 10) 1. What is the distinction between weathering, mass wasting, and erosion? 2. What is the controlling force in mass wasting? What force provides resistance?

More information

Rocks don't form into the three types of rocks and stay there. The Earth is constantly changing and in motion. The rock cycle demonstrates how a rock

Rocks don't form into the three types of rocks and stay there. The Earth is constantly changing and in motion. The rock cycle demonstrates how a rock Rocks don't form into the three types of rocks and stay there. The Earth is constantly changing and in motion. The rock cycle demonstrates how a rock can start out as one type and change into another.

More information

TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE. Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle

TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE. Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle Core Concepts Rocks in the Earth s crust vary in their form and structure based on process that made them. The constant changing of the form

More information

abrasion the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering (SRB, IG)

abrasion the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering (SRB, IG) FOSS Soils, Rocks, and Landforms Module Glossary NGSS Edition 2019 abrasion the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering (SRB, IG) acid a substance that geologists use to

More information

NC Earth Science Essential Standards

NC Earth Science Essential Standards NC Earth Science Essential Standards EEn. 2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the Lithosphere. EEn. 2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the Lithosphere.

More information

Rocks & Minerals. Lesson 1 Properties of Minerals. What is a mineral? What is a mineral?

Rocks & Minerals. Lesson 1 Properties of Minerals. What is a mineral? What is a mineral? Rocks & Minerals What is a mineral? A mineral must have 5 specific characteristics to be considered a mineral a. b. c. d. e. Naturally occurring - formed by natural processes. Solid - must have a definite

More information

Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movements

Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movements Tarbuck Lutgens Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movements 5.1 Weathering Mechanical Weathering Mechanical weathering occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the

More information

Internet Interactive Rock Cycle

Internet Interactive Rock Cycle Internet Interactive Rock Cycle Directions: Go to the website http://www.uky.edu/as/geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module05swf.swf and answer the questions below. Part I: Igneous Rocks (click on Igneous

More information

Wearing Down Landforms

Wearing Down Landforms Wearing Down Landforms Denudation Denudation has also been called gradation. It is the Natural loss of soil and rock debris, blown away by wind or washed away by running water, laying bare the rock below.

More information

Earth Science S5E1b (EarthScienceS5E1b)

Earth Science S5E1b (EarthScienceS5E1b) Name: Date: 1. The flattest part of the ocean floor is the A. trench. B. abyssal plain. C. continental shelf. D. mid-ocean rift valley. 2. Which causes some parts of the ocean to be saltier than other

More information

Understanding Earth Fifth Edition

Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Grotzinger Jordan Press Siever Chapter 16: WEATHERING, EROSION, AND MASS WASTING Interface Between Climate and Tectonics Lecturer: H Mohammadzadeh Assistant professors,

More information

Essential Questions. What is erosion? What is mass wasting?

Essential Questions. What is erosion? What is mass wasting? Erosion Essential Questions What is erosion? What is mass wasting? What is Erosion? Erosion The transportation of sediment from one area to another Caused mainly by running water but also caused by glaciers,

More information

THE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS. Subtitle

THE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS. Subtitle THE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS Subtitle 3. Three rocks that do not have minerals or are composed of nonmineral matter. Coal Pumuce Obsidian THE ROCK CYCLE Why do scientists study rocks? Rocks contain clues about

More information

Ch. 8: Mass Movements, Wind and Glaciers

Ch. 8: Mass Movements, Wind and Glaciers Ch. 8: Mass Movements, Wind and Glaciers Every day the landscape around us undergoes changes. Changes that are powered by gravity alone are called mass movement or mass wasting. Mass movement includes

More information

Engineering Geology ECIV 3302

Engineering Geology ECIV 3302 Engineering Geology ECIV 3302 Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2019-2018 Chapter (5) Weathering & Soil Chapter 5: Weathering, Soil, and Mass Wasting External processes include : (1) Weathering (2) Mass wasting

More information

UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water. Chapter 21 Water and Solutions. Chapter 22 Water Systems. Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land

UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water. Chapter 21 Water and Solutions. Chapter 22 Water Systems. Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water Chapter 21 Water and Solutions Chapter 22 Water Systems Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land Chapter Twenty-Three: How Water Shapes the Land 23.1 Weathering and Erosion 23.2

More information

Constructive & Destructive Forces

Constructive & Destructive Forces Constructive & Destructive Forces Intro: Constructive Forces Processes that create landforms. Destructive Forces Processes that destroy landforms. Intro: Constructive Forces Volcanoes Deposition Landslides

More information

Ecoregions Glossary. 7.8B: Changes To Texas Land Earth and Space

Ecoregions Glossary. 7.8B: Changes To Texas Land Earth and Space Ecoregions Glossary Ecoregions The term ecoregions was developed by combining the terms ecology and region. Ecology is the study of the interrelationship of organisms and their environments. The term,

More information

Surface Events & Landforms. Mrs. Green

Surface Events & Landforms. Mrs. Green Surface Events & Landforms Mrs. Green Bell Work 1) Which event MOST likely causes the slowest change to the surface of Earth? a) Earthquake b) Landslide c) Volcano d) Wind 2) When cold weather freezes

More information

Chapter 8 Earth Systems

Chapter 8 Earth Systems Chapter 8 Earth Systems Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP, second edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not

More information

Tips for Success on a Test

Tips for Success on a Test Number of Incorrect: Final Grade: Parent Signature: Top Tips for Success on a Test 1. Read the following statements at least two times. 2. Circle the key words in each question/ or statement. (*Remember

More information

Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition. The Big Question:

Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition. The Big Question: Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition The Big Question: 1 Design a way to represent and describe the 4 types of mass movement. You may use pictures, diagrams, list, web, chart, etc 2 Chapter 3: Erosion and

More information

The Rocky Road Game. Sedimentary Rock. Igneous Rock. Start. Metamorphic Rock. Finish. Zone of Transportation. Weathering Way.

The Rocky Road Game. Sedimentary Rock. Igneous Rock. Start. Metamorphic Rock. Finish. Zone of Transportation. Weathering Way. Sedimentary Rock Deposition Depot Zone of Transportation Transported: Advance 3 Weathering Way The Rocky Road Game Uplift: Advance 5 Lithification Lane Crystallization Crossway Submerge Detour take the

More information

1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below

1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below 1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below freezing B) a wet climate in which temperatures alternate

More information

What are the different ways rocks can be weathered?

What are the different ways rocks can be weathered? Romano - 223 What are the different ways rocks can be weathered? Weathering - the breakdown of rocks and minerals at the Earth s surface 1. 2. PHYSICAL WEATHERING Rock is broken into smaller pieces with

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals.

Directed Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals. Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1. The solid part of Earth is made up of material called a. glacial ice. b. lava. c. rock. d. wood. 2. Rock can be a collection of one

More information

Weathering & Erosion

Weathering & Erosion Name Test Date Hour Earth Processes#1 - Notebook Weathering & Erosion LEARNING TARGETS I can explain the process of weathering. I can explain why weathering is important. I can describe the difference

More information

Engineering Geology. Igneous rocks. Hussien Al - deeky

Engineering Geology. Igneous rocks. Hussien Al - deeky Igneous rocks Hussien Al - deeky 1 The Geology Definition of Rocks In Geology Rock is defined as the solid material forming the outer rocky shell or crust of the earth. There are three major groups of

More information

The Production of Sediment. Contents. Weathering. Chapters 1, 3

The Production of Sediment. Contents. Weathering. Chapters 1, 3 The Production of Sediment Chapters 1, 3 Contents Weathering Physical, chemical, biogeochemical processes Rates Products Carbon cycle and global change Erosion/Soils Sediment Texture Weathering General

More information

GG101 Lecture 22: Mass Wasting. Soil, debris, sediment, and broken rock is called regolith.

GG101 Lecture 22: Mass Wasting. Soil, debris, sediment, and broken rock is called regolith. GG101 Lecture 22: Mass Wasting Mass Wasting is the movement of rock and soil down a slope due to the force of gravity. Soil, debris, sediment, and broken rock is called regolith. Mass wasting creates broad

More information

Explain how rock composition affects the rate of weathering. Discuss how surface area affects the rate at which rock weathers.

Explain how rock composition affects the rate of weathering. Discuss how surface area affects the rate at which rock weathers. Objectives Explain how rock composition affects the rate of weathering. Discuss how surface area affects the rate at which rock weathers. Describe the effects of climate and topography on the rate of weathering.

More information

Changing Earth s Surface

Changing Earth s Surface Name Date Class Changing Earth s Surface What processes wear down and build up Earth s surface? What causes the different types of mass movement? Erosion is the process by which natural forces move weathered

More information

Sediment and Sedimentary rock

Sediment and Sedimentary rock Sediment and Sedimentary rock Sediment: An accumulation of loose mineral grains, such as boulders, pebbles, sand, silt or mud, which are not cemented together. Mechanical and chemical weathering produces

More information

Unit E: Planet Earth Topic 1: Scientific Study Helps Us Understand the Earth

Unit E: Planet Earth Topic 1: Scientific Study Helps Us Understand the Earth Unit E: Planet Earth Topic 1: Scientific Study Helps Us Understand the Earth 1 1.1 A Model for Earth A. Our Ancient Past 1. Geologists estimate that the Earth is about billion years old 2. Humans appeared

More information

3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice

3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice CHAPTER 12 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice SECTION Agents of Erosion and Deposition BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are glaciers? How do

More information

Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements

Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements Mass Movements Downslope motion of earth materials by gravity. Mass movements are a type of natural hazard. Natural feature of the environment. Can cause

More information

Page 1. Name:

Page 1. Name: Name: 1) Which event is the best example of erosion? dissolving of rock particles on a limestone gravestone by acid rain breaking apart of shale as a result of water freezing in a crack rolling of a pebble

More information

Beyond the Book. FOCUS Book

Beyond the Book. FOCUS Book FOCUS Book Suppose your city wants to build a new housing development on a steep slope outside town. Design a model to test whether the land is safe from the types of landslides you read about in this

More information

Class Notes: Surface Processes

Class Notes: Surface Processes Name: Date: Period: Surface Processes The Physical Setting: Earth Science Class Notes: Surface Processes I. Weathering and Soils Weathering -! Sediments -! Weathering occurs when rocks are exposed to:

More information

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 Fresh Water What we will cover The Hydrologic Cycle River systems Floods Groundwater Caves and Karst Topography Hot springs Distribution of water in

More information

Characteristics and processes associated with the development of Hilly Landscapes

Characteristics and processes associated with the development of Hilly Landscapes GRADE 11 GEOGRAPHY SESSION 1: GEOMORPHOLOGY I (TOPOGRAPHY) Key Concepts In this lesson we will focus on summarising what you need to know about: Topography associated with Horizontally Layered Rocks Topography

More information

Cattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16

Cattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16 Cattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16 Raymond C. Vaughan, Ph.D. What happens if you drop a

More information

Unit 3 Review - Surface Processes

Unit 3 Review - Surface Processes Unit 3 Review - Surface Processes 1. Why is the surface of Mercury covered with meteor impact craters, while Earth s surface has relatively few craters? A) Mercury is larger than Earth, so it gets hit

More information

Geo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs. LAB 1: Introduction to Rocks and Sedimentary Processes

Geo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs. LAB 1: Introduction to Rocks and Sedimentary Processes Geo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs LAB 1: Introduction to Rocks and Sedimentary Processes We would not be able to address the interesting questions of dinosaurs and their place in the history of life without the

More information

3. [ES 3] 1. [ST8.2] Some processes that shape Earth s surface are slow. Other processes are rapid. Which statement describes a rapid change?

3. [ES 3] 1. [ST8.2] Some processes that shape Earth s surface are slow. Other processes are rapid. Which statement describes a rapid change? Science 8 SCIENCE QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT 2 3. [ES 3] S 1. [ST8.2] Some processes that shape Earth s surface are slow. Other processes are rapid. Which statement describes a rapid change? A. Glaciers melt

More information

10/27/2014. Surface Processes. Surface Processes. Surface Processes. Surface Processes. Surface Processes

10/27/2014. Surface Processes. Surface Processes. Surface Processes. Surface Processes. Surface Processes Hewitt/Lyons/Suchocki/Yeh Conceptual Integrated Science Chapter 25 Surface or surficial processes originate at Earth's surface and reshape its contours. Surface processes include: Weathering Erosion Deposition

More information

mountain rivers fixed channel boundaries (bedrock banks and bed) high transport capacity low storage input output

mountain rivers fixed channel boundaries (bedrock banks and bed) high transport capacity low storage input output mountain rivers fixed channel boundaries (bedrock banks and bed) high transport capacity low storage input output strong interaction between streams & hillslopes Sediment Budgets for Mountain Rivers Little

More information

WHAT ARE ROCKS? ROCKS are a naturally occurring SOLID MIXTURE of one or more minerals and organic matter. Rocks are ALWAYS changing.

WHAT ARE ROCKS? ROCKS are a naturally occurring SOLID MIXTURE of one or more minerals and organic matter. Rocks are ALWAYS changing. WHAT ARE ROCKS? ROCKS are a naturally occurring SOLID MIXTURE of one or more minerals and organic matter. Rocks are ALWAYS changing. How do we classify Rocks? Formation (where and how the rock was formed)

More information

2nd Grade Changing of Earth

2nd Grade Changing of Earth Slide 1 / 133 Slide 2 / 133 2nd Grade Changing of Earth 2015-11-23 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 133 Table of Contents: Changing of Earth Earth and Moon Cycles Weather Cycles The Rock Cycle Defined Events Gradual

More information

Weathering and Erosion

Weathering and Erosion Have you ever looked at the land around you and wondered how it was shaped? The geologic features that help define the world are still being shaped by the natural processes of weathering, erosion, and

More information

Unit 3 Rocks, Minerals, Soil Twitter Review Questions

Unit 3 Rocks, Minerals, Soil Twitter Review Questions Unit 3 Rocks, Minerals, Soil Twitter Review Questions U3-1: Which type of rock is most representative of a slow cooling process of molten material? (Be specific) - Answer: Intrusive Igneous Rock U3-2:

More information

2nd Grade. Earth and Moon Cycles. Slide 1 / 133 Slide 2 / 133. Slide 3 / 133. Slide 4 / 133. Slide 5 / 133. Slide 6 / 133.

2nd Grade. Earth and Moon Cycles. Slide 1 / 133 Slide 2 / 133. Slide 3 / 133. Slide 4 / 133. Slide 5 / 133. Slide 6 / 133. Slide 1 / 133 Slide 2 / 133 2nd Grade Changing of Earth 2015-11-23 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 133 Slide 4 / 133 Table of Contents: Changing of Earth Earth and Moon Cycles Click on the topic to go to that

More information

Weathering, Erosion & Soils Quiz

Weathering, Erosion & Soils Quiz Weathering, Erosion & Soils Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The diagram below shows a cross-section of a rock layer. Erosion is the

More information

Chapter 8 Earth Systems and Resources

Chapter 8 Earth Systems and Resources Chapter 8 Earth Systems and Resources Earth s resources were determined when the planet formed. The Earth s Crust Layers Core: innermost zone of the planet, largely nickel and iron. Mantle: above the core,

More information

1/6/ th Grade Earth s Surface. Chapter 3: Erosion and Deposition. Lesson 1 (Mass Movement)

1/6/ th Grade Earth s Surface. Chapter 3: Erosion and Deposition. Lesson 1 (Mass Movement) Lesson 1 (Mass Movement) 7 th Grade Earth s Surface Chapter 3: Erosion and Deposition Weathering the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth s surface Mechanical weathering when rock

More information

Changes over Time: Destructive Processes

Changes over Time: Destructive Processes 1 Name Date Changes over Time: Destructive Processes Earth s surface is always changing. Blowing wind and flowing water causes some changes. Moving rock deep inside Earth causes other changes. These processes

More information

Chapter 10: Water Systems on Earth

Chapter 10: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 10: Water Systems on Earth The Hydrosphere Water covers 70% of the Earth 3 % of the Earth s water is fresh only 1/3 of that is liquid (rest is frozen glaciers) therefore, only 1% of Earth s water

More information

9/24/2017. ES Ch 5 & 6 Rocks 1. Objectives -Igneous. Chapters 5 and 6. Objectives - Sedimentary. Objectives Metamorphic. Objectives Rock Cycle

9/24/2017. ES Ch 5 & 6 Rocks 1. Objectives -Igneous. Chapters 5 and 6. Objectives - Sedimentary. Objectives Metamorphic. Objectives Rock Cycle Chapters 5 and 6 Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks.. Objectives -Igneous 1. Identify and explain characteristics of igneous rocks. This means that if I am given an igneous rock I a. Can use grain

More information

Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Mechanical Weathering

Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Mechanical Weathering Weathering, Erosion and Mass Wasting Weathering is the the breakdown of solid rock at or near the Earth's surface. Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting Does weathering of rock remove or add CO

More information

Biosphere. All living things, plants, animals, (even you!) are part of the zone of the earth called the biosphere.

Biosphere. All living things, plants, animals, (even you!) are part of the zone of the earth called the biosphere. Unit 1 Study Guide Earth s Spheres Biosphere All living things, plants, animals, (even you!) are part of the zone of the earth called the biosphere. Hydrosphere Water covers ¾ of the earth, made up mostly

More information