Plate tectonics - 3. Homework 1: Due Monday. Hot Spots Magnetic Reversals Isostasy Continental Tectonics. EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System.
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1 2500 EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System Plate tectonics Sep 08 Hot Spots Magnetic Reversals Isostasy Continental Tectonics Depth (m) Homework 1: Due Monday
2 Review: Fracture zone Transform Fault
3 RIDGE Transform Fault Fracture zone RIDGE Pitman Fracture Zone Fly-by
4 Transform San Andreas Fault Big Earthquakes, No Volcanoes Offsets ES101-Lect 2B
5 Transform San Andreas Fault right lateral Big Earthquakes, No Volcanoes Offsets slides-general ES101-Lect 2B
6 Pacific-N. American 50 mm/year SAF 35 mm/year
7 1906 Earthquake Magnitude meters of slip on a fault 500 km long
8 earthquake cycle Fault at boundary between plates is locked Stress builds up on fault as plates move Stress exceeds strength of fault Fault suddenly slips in an earthquake Plate boundary moves Fault locks again
9 fault fault locked loading more loading Earthquake!
10 Earthquake Repeat Time Mean time interval between large earthquakes on a particular fault For San Andread 6 meters = 6000 mm 6000 mm / 35 mm/year = 170 years 170 years of plate motion was released by this earthquake Basis for believing that The repeat time for Such earthquakes is About 200 years.
11 Aftershocks of Sumatra Dec 2004 Fig. 2. Map showing aftershock locations for the first 13 weeks after the 26 December 2004 earthquake from the NEIC (yellow dots, with radii proportional to seismic magnitude). Moment-tensor solutions from the Harvard CMT catalog (21) are shown for the 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005 mainshocks (large solutions at bottom, with associated centroid locations) and aftershocks. Star indicates the epicenter for the 2004 rupture obtained by the NEIC. Dashed line shows the boundary between the aftershock zones for the two events. Lay et al, Science (2005)
12 Plate Boundaries Locations on Earth where tectonic plates meet. Identified by concentrations of earthquakes. Associated with many other dynamic phenomena. Plate interiors are almost earthquake-free. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3 rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
13 Hot spot
14 Hot Spots - independent of plates
15 Iceland
16 Hawaii
17 Hot spot records plate motion 2 Ma 1 Ma 0 Ma
18 Hot spot records plate motion 2 Ma 200 km 0 Ma 200 km 2 Ma = 10 cm/ Hot spot demo
19 The Earth's Magnetic Field -- generated in core N S Magnets line up with North magnetic pole ES101-Lect 3
20 The Earth's Magnetic Field REVERSES sometimes S N ES101-Lect 3
21 Rock Magnetism Some minerals (magnetite) can be magnetized N As magmas cool, magnetite crystals orient and point to north pole ES101-Lect 3
22 Magnetic Reversal Time Scale Ma Brunes Matuyama Gauss Gilbert Normal Reversed ES101-Lect 3
23 Basalt crust Forms at Ridge, cools, freezes Mag. Field Plates Spread, New Basalt Crust Forms animation ES101-Lect 3
24 Magnetic Field Flips "recorded" ES101-Lect 3
25 ... leaving magnetic "stripes" on sea floor Stripes are parallel to ridge youngest at ridge Vine-Mathews (1963): Magnetic stripes give ages A Plate Tectonic strip chart ES101-Lect 3
26 Magnetic Anomalies Towed magnetometers measure ocean crust. Magnetism oscillates perpendicular to the MOR. These variations are + and - magnetic anomalies. Anomalies are linear belts that parallel MOR. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3 rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
27 Magnetic Stripes "Date" the Seafloor Pac Atl Atlantic animation Global ES101-Lect 3
28 Sea-Floor Spreading Ages increase away from the MOR. Ages are mirror images across the MOR. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3 rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
29 Spreading Rates vary from 3 to 16 cm/yr Slow spreading: Atlantic Fast spreading: East Pacific Rise how do we know?
30 Magnetic Stripes! 100 km 2 Ma = 100 km per 2 Ma = 50 km/ma = 5 cm/yr half-spreading rate; full = 10 cm/yr
31 Paleomagnetism: Evidence for continental drift Some rocks retain magnetic field at formation (cooling, sedimentation,...) N Old rocks: field does not point to North pole why not? ES101-Lect 3
32 200 Ma N ES101-Lect 3
33 100 Ma N ES101-Lect 3
34 Today N 200 Ma paleo-pole ES101-Lect 3
35 "paleo-pole" 200 Ma --> Plates moved! N 200 Ma -> A method for reconstructing continental drift ES101-Lect 3
36 Why are some slow, some fast?! Plates with slabs are fast!! (Pacific, Nazca)! Plates with continents are slow!! (Africa, Eurasia, Americas) slow fast
37 What are possible Driving Forces? ridge push boundary resistance Driving flow Flow resistance cold, dense slab sinks
38 plates with slabs are fast: dense slab drives motion plate with continents are slow: continents resist flow
39 Continental Tectonics continent = a passenger bump and grind Continent oldest oceanic crust = 170 Ma oldest continental crust =??
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43 Density, buoyancy, and isostasy Crust is less dense than mantle Lithospheric mantle is colder and denser than asthenospheric mantle As the lithosphere is rafted away from the ridge axis, it thickens and the seafloor deepens because of isostasy
44 Density and temperature Coefficient of thermal expansion " # = #0 (1 $ "T) For mantle rocks, " = 3 x 10-5 Density of mantle rocks #0 at low T: 3.3 g/cm 3 Density of mantle asthenosphere #A (T = 1300 C): 3.17 g/cm 3 Average density of mantle lithosphere #L: 3.24 g/cm 3
45 Cooling lithosphere #W = 1 g/cm 3 Ridge axis (t = 0) Ridge flank (t = 60 Ma) Sea level #C = 2.8 g/cm 3 hw hc #L = 3.24 g/cm 3 #A = 3.17 g/cm 3 Pressure at hl this depth = constant
46 Continental Margins 1. passive margin Continent
47 Passive Margins: NOT a plate boundary!can hold high volumes of sediment " (up to 15 km thick!!) Passive Margin sediments Atlantic Coast Continent
48 Passive Margins are created by Rifting Atlantic Opening Rift System ~ 225 Ma
49 Continental Rifting faults sediment basin Volcanism East Africa W. US
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51 Continental Margins 2. convergent margin Continent
52 Pacific Plate Cascades Continental Volcanic Arc Juan de Fuca MSH Hood Shasta
53 Continental Margins 3. collision margin Continent
54 Parts of the Collision deformed arc suture Orogeny = Mountain Building
55 Himalayan Orogeny Sediments limestone! suture India Tibet Fault, Earthquakes
56 Mountain Belts Folds and Faults Appalachian Orogenies
57 Valley and Ridge Province
58 Continents built outward... cratons: old cores of ancient rock
59 Continents built outward... shield: The stable center of continent
60 Continents built outward... Old Interior Younger margins
61 passive margins:! Old Rifting sites...
62 Passive and active margins: the Wilson Cycle Rifting leads to Ocean Basin formation (Red Sea, Atlantic)
63 ...later, plates converge and subduct ocean... arc terranes arc-con. collision
64 Finally, continents collide.. Orogeny! continent-continent collision.....later Rifting event can start process over The Wilson Cycle
65 Net Growth of Continents: Accretion of volcanic arcs!! Arcs = new crust, born from the mantle
66 Cratons (accreted arcs) orogenic belts OLD MOUNTAIN BELTS the seams between cratons
67 200 Ma: Pangaea N. Am Eurasia S. Am Africa Ant. Ind Aust. Supercontinent!
68 200 Ma: Pangaea Laurasia N. Am Eurasia S. Am Africa Ant. Ind Aust. plate recon demo Gondwanaland
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