Additional earthquakes parameters are put in the order of a clock-wise sense geographically, except Sumatra and Java, where they are from west to

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1 Additional earthquakes parameters are put in the order of a clock-wise sense geographically, except Sumatra and Java, where they are from west to east. s, g, and t in Data type denotes seismic, geodetic and tsunami data, respectively, used in the inversion for the slip distribution. o or b, and d or e in Fault type indicate whether open or buried, and elliptic or dip-slip formulae are used. be, oe for the two solutions in Tohoku-oki indicates the average of the two cases, because only part of the fault is near the trench in these models.

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5 References for Table S1 Ammon, C.J., et al., Rupture process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Science 308, Ammon, C.J., Kanamori, H., Lay, T., Velasco, A.A., The 17 July 2006 Java tsunami earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L24308, doi: /2006gl Ammon, C.J., Lay, T., Kanamori, H., Cleveland, M., A rupture model of the great 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Earth Planets Space 63, B'ejar-Pizarro, M., et al., Asperities and barriers on the seismogenic zone in North Chile: state-of-the-art after the 2007M w 7.7 Tocopilla earthquake inferred by GPS and InSAR data. Geophys. J. Int. 183, Banerjee, P., et al., Coseismic slip distribution of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman and 28 March 2005 Nias earthquakes from GPS static offsets. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 97, S86-S102, doi: / Beck, S.L., Ruff, L.J., Rupture process of the great l963 Kurile Islands earthquake sequence: Asperity interaction and multiple event rupture. J. Geophys. Res. 92, Bilek, S.L., Engdahl, E.R., Rupture characterization and relocation of aftershocks for the 1994 and 2006 tsunami earthquakes in the Java subduction zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L20311, doi: /2007gl Boyd, T.M., Nabelek, J.L., Rupture process of the Andreanof Islnds earthquake of May 7, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 78, Chlieh, M., de Chabalier, J.B., Ruegg, J.C., Armijo, R., Dmowska, R., Campos, J., Feigl, K.L., Crustal deformation and fault slip during the seismic cycle in the North Chile subduction zone, from GPS and InSAR observations. Geophys. J. Int. 158, Chlieh, M., et al., Coseismic slip and afterslip of the Great (M w 9.15) Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 97, S152-S173. Fujii, Y., Satake, K., Source of the July 2006 West Java tsunami estimated form tide gauge records. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L24317, doi: /2006gl Fujii, Y., Satake, K., Tsunami source of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake inferred from tide gauge and satellite data. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 97, S192-S207, doi: / Fujii, Y., Satake, K., Tsunami waveform inversion of the 2007 Bengkulu, southern Sumatra, earthquake. Earth Planets Space 60, Fujii, Y., Satake, K., Sakai, S., Shinohara, M., Kanazawa, T., Tsunami source of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Earth Planets Space 63,

6 Gahalaut, V.K., Catherine, J.K., Rupture characteristics of 28 March 2005 Sumatra earthquake from GPS measurements and its implication for tsunami generation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 249, Giovanni, M.K., Beck, S.L., Wagner, L., The June 23, 2001 Peru earthquake and the southern Peru subduction zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, No. 21, 2018, doi: /2002gl Hirata, K., et al., The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Tsunami source model from satellite altimetry. Earth Planets Space 58, Hirata, K., Geist, E., Satake, K., Tanioka, Y., Yamaki, S., Slip distribution of the 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake (M 8.1) along the Kuril trench deduced from tsunami waveform inversion. J. Geophys. Res. 108, B4, 2196, doi: /2002jb Ichinose, I., Somerville, P., Thio, H.K., Graves, R., O'Connell, D., Rupture process of the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake from the combined inversion of seismic, tsunami, and geodetic data. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B07306, doi: /2006jb Ide, S., Baltay, A., Beroza, G.C., Shallow dynamic overshoot and energetic deep rupture in the 2011 M w 9.0 Tohoku-oki Earthquake. Science doi: /science Iinuma, T., Ohzono, M., Ohta, Y., Miura, S., Coseismic slip distribution of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (M9.0) estimated based on GPS data -Was the asperity in Miyagi-oki ruptured? Earth Planets Space 63, Ito, T., Ozawa, K., Watanabe, T., Sagiya, T., Slip distribution of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake inferred from geodetic data. Earth Planets Space 63, Johnson, J.M., Satake, K., Holdahl, S.R., Sauber, J., The 1964 Prince Williams Sound earthquake: Joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data. J. Geophys. Res. 101, Kikuchi, M., Fukao, Y., Inversion of long-period P-waves from great earthquakes along subduction zones. Tectonophysics 144, Koketsu, K., et al., A unified source model for the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 310, Konca, A.O., et al., Partial rupture of a locked patch of the Sumatra megathrust during the 2007 earthquake sequence. Nature 456, , doi: /nature Kreemer, C., Blewitt, G., Maerten, F., Co- and postseismic deformation of the 28 March 2005 Nias M w 8.7 earthquake from continuous GPS data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L07307, doi: /2005gl Lay, T., et al., The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December Science 308,

7 Lorito, S., et al., Limited overlap between the seismic gap and coseismic slip of the great 2010 Chile earthquake. Nature Geosci. 4, , doi: /ngeo1073. Lorito, S., Romano, F., Piatanesi, A., Boschi, E., Source process of the September 12, 2007, M w 8.4 southern Sumatra earthquake from tsunami tide gauge record inversion. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L02310, doi: /2007gl Lorito, S., Piatanesi, A., Cannelli, V., Romano, F., Melini, D., Kinematics and source zone properties of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and tsunami: Nonlinear joint inversion of tide gauge, satellite altimetry, and GPS data. J. Geophys. Res. 115, B02304, doi: /2008jb Miyagi, Y., Ozawa, T., Shimada, M., Crustal deformation associated with an M8.1 earthquake in the Solomon Islands, detected by ALOS/PALSAR. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 287, Miyashita, K., Matsu'ura, M., Inversion analysis of static displacement data associated with the Alaska Earthquake of J. Phys. Earth 26, Moreno, M., Bolte, J., Klotz, J., Melnick, D., Impact of megathrust geometry on inversion of coseismic slip from geodetic data: Application to the 1960 Chile earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L16310, doi: /2009gl Moreno, M., et al., Toward understanding tectonic control on the M w Maule Chile earthquake. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett , Murotani, S., Source process of the 1946 Nankai earthquake estimated from seismic waveforms and leveling data. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tokyo, 112 pp.. Newman, A.V., Hayes, G., Wei, Y., Convers, J.A., The 25 October 2010 Mentawai Tsunami earthquake, from real-time discriminants, finite fault rupture, and tsunami excitation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L05302, doi: /2010gl Nishimura, T., Munekane, H., Yarai, H., The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and its aftershocks observed by GEONET. Earth Planets Space 63, Piatanesi, A., Lorito, S., Rupture process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from tsunami waveforms inversion. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 97, S223-S231. Piatanesi, A., Tinti, S., Gavagni, I., The slip distribution of the 1992 Nicaragua earthquake from tsunami run-up data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, Rhie, J., Dreger, D., Burgmann, R., Romanowicz, B., Joint slip inversion of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from long period global seismic waveform and GPS static offsets. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 97, S115-S127. Romano, F., Piatanesi, A., Lorito, S., Hirata, K., Slip distribution of the 2003 Tokachi-oki M w 8.1 earthquake from joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and geodetic data. J. Geophys. Res. 115, 3

8 B11313, doi: /2009jb Satake, K., Depth distribution of coseismic slip along the Nankai Trough, Japan, from joint inversion of geodetic and tsunami data. J. Geophys. Res. 98, Satake, K., Tanioka, Y., Sources of tsunami and tsunamigenic earthquakes in subduction zones. Pure Appl. Geophys. 154, Simons, M., et al., The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: Mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries. Science 332, Sladen, A., et al., Source model of the 2007 M w 8.0 Pisco, Peru earthquake: Implications for seismogenic behavior of subduction megathrusts. J. Geophys. Res. 115, B02405, doi: /2009jb Tanioka, Y., Satake, K., Coseismic slip distribution of the 1946 Nankai earthquake annd aseismic slips caused by the earthquake. Earth Planets Space 53, Tanioka, Y., Satake, K., Detailed coseismic slip distribution of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake estimated from tsunami waveforms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, Tanioka, Y., Hirata, K., Hino, R., Kanazawa, T., Slip distribution of the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake estimated from tsunami waveform inversion. Earth Planets Space 56, Tanioka, Y., Kusunose, T., Kathiroli, S., Nishimura, Y., Iwasaki, S., Satake, K., Rupture process of the 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake estimated from tsunami waveforms. Earth Planets Space 58, Vigny, C., et al., Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia. Nature 436, Vigny, C., The 2010 M w 8.8 Maule megathrust earthquake of Central Chile, monitored by GPS. Science 332, Yagi, Y., Fukahata, Y., Rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake and absolute elastic strain release. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L19307, doi: /2011gl Yaginuma, T., Okada, T., Yagi, Y., Matsuzawa, T., Umino, N., Hasegawa, A., Coseismic slip distribution of the 2005 off Miyagi earthquake (M7.2) estimated by inversion of teleseismic and regional seismograms. Earth Planets Space 58, Yamanaka, Y., Kikuchi, M., Source process of the recurrent Tokachi-oki earthquake on September 26, 2003, inferred from teleseismic body waves. Earth Planets Space 55, e21-e24. Yamanaka, Y., Source process of the Tonankai earthquake in Abstr. Seism. Soc. Jpn. meeting, p.12. Yoshida, S., Waveform inversion for rupture process using a non-flat seafloor model: application to 4

9 1986 Andreanof Islands and 1985 Chile earthquakes. Tectonophysics 211, Yoshida, Y., Ueno, H., Muto, D., Aoki, S., Source process of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake with the combination of teleseismic and strong motion data. Earth Planets Space 63,

Supplementary Figure 1 Published rupture models of the Tohoku-oki earthquake that included tsunami data as constraints. Each curve is labeled with

Supplementary Figure 1 Published rupture models of the Tohoku-oki earthquake that included tsunami data as constraints. Each curve is labeled with Supplementary Figure 1 Published rupture models of the Tohoku-oki earthquake that included tsunami data as constraints. Each curve is labeled with its model number as in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2. This

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