Contents. 1 Introduction Stable Isotopes
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1 Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Part I Stable Isotopes 2 Isotope Geochemistry of Natural Waters Some Properties of Waters and Solutions The Notion of Activity and the Activity Coefficient The Relationship between Solvent and Solute Activity Water Vapor Pressure over the Water and Solution Physicochemical Foundations of Isotope Separation Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Separation at Phase Transition of Water Relationship Between the Isotope Reaction Change Constant and the Fractionation Factor Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Fractionation at Interaction Between Water and Gases and Rocks Isotope Geothermometry Isotopic Composition of Ocean Water Distribution of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes and Water Dynamics Effect of Evaporation and Vertical Water Exchange Dynamics of the Ocean Water Isotopic Composition of Ocean Water in the Past Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Moisture Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrological Cycle Isotopic Balance in the Global Hydrologic Cycle at Evaporation and Condensation of Water Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Water in the Past ix
2 x Contents 5 Isotopic Composition of Surface Continental Waters Isotopic Balance of the Continental Waters Isotopic Composition of the River and Lake Water Isotopic Composition of Water in Evaporating Basins Isotopic Composition of Water in the Unsaturated and Saturated Zones Relationship Between Surface and Ground Water Groundwater Recharge at Present Time Groundwater Recharge in the Past Identification of Area of Groundwater Recharge Relationship Between Aquifers Mixing Proportions of Groundwater of Different Genesis Groundwater Residence Time in an Aquifer Relationship of Waters in Conjugate Hydrologic Basins Isotopic Composition of Formation Waters Relationship Between Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Formation Waters Isotopic Composition of Formation Water in Sedimentary Basins Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Sedimentary Rocks of Marine Genesis and Implications for Paleothermometry Isotopic Composition of Sediments and Pore Water Paleothermometry Based on the Isotopic Composition of Cherts Paleothermometry Based on the Isotopic Composition of Carbonate Rocks Isotopic Composition of Evaporates Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Groundwater in Volcanic Regions Use of Isotopes in Studying the Origin of Thermal Water Isotopic Geothermometers Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Minerals of Magmatic and Metamorphic Rocks and Fluid Inclusions Role of Water in Hydrothermal Alteration of the Rocks and Minerals Meteoric Water in the Processes of Hydrothermal Formation of Minerals Other Stable Isotopes in the Hydrosphere Stable Isotopes of Carbon Stable Isotopes of Sulfur
3 Contents xi Part II Cosmogenic Radioisotopes 12 Origin and Production of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes Composition of Cosmic Radiation in the Earth s Atmosphere Composition and Steady-state Abundances of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Outer Shells of the Earth Distribution of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Exchange Reservoirs Tritium in Natural Waters Properties of Tritium and Sources of Its Occurrence Global Circulation of Tritium Water Tritium in Atmospheric Hydrogen and Methane Tritium in Atmospheric Water Vapor Tritium in Precipitation Global Distribution of Tritium Regional Distribution of Tritium in Precipitation The North American Continent The European Asiatic Continent The African Continent The South American Continent Australia and New Zealand Antarctic Tritium in Precipitation over the Oceans Formation of Tritium Concentrations in the Atmosphere Tritium in Ocean Waters Tritium in Continental Surface Waters Tritium Content in River Water Tritium in Lakes and Reservoirs Tritium in Groundwaters Dating by Tritium Piston Flow Model Dispersive Model Complete Mixing Model Symmetrical Binominal Age Distribution Model Model of Mixing Waters of Different Ages Complicated Model Radiocarbon in Natural Waters Origin and Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Nature Natural Variations of Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Biosphere Natural Radiocarbon in the Oceans Technogenic Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Oceans Forecast of Carbon Dioxide Increase in the Atmosphere Principles of Radiocarbon Dating
4 xii Contents 14.7 Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater Formation of Chemical and Isotonic Composition of Groundwater s Carbonate System Corrections in Groundwater Dating by Radiocarbon The Other Cosmogenic Isotopes in Natural Waters Origin of Other Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Atmosphere Distribution of Other Cosmogenic Isotopes in the Hydrosphere Use of Radioisotopes as Tracers in the Hydrological Cycle Part III Radiogenic Isotopes 16 Production and Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes Geochemistry of Radiogenic Elements Uranium Thorium Protactinium Actinium Radium Radon Separation of Radiogenic Elements and Isotopes Separation of Uranium Isotopes Separation of Thorium Isotopes Separation of Radium Isotopes Distribution of Radiogenic Elements in Natural Waters Uranium Isotopes in Natural Waters Thorium Isotopes in Natural Waters Dating of Surface Water, Groundwater, and Sediments Dating of Closed Reservoirs Dating of Groundwater Dating of Sediments Uranium-Uranium Method Uranium-Ionium Method Isotopes of Radiogenic Elements as Indicators of Hydrologic Processes Part IV Applications 18 Applications to the Problems of Dynamics of Natural Waters Dynamics of Moisture in the Atmosphere Mixing of River and Sea Waters in Estuaries Water Exchange in the River Basins, Lakes, and Reservoirs Water Dynamics in Unsaturated and Saturated Zone Recharge and Discharge of Groundwater Relationship of Aquifers Separation of Recharged Water of Different Genesis in Mining
5 Contents xiii 18.8 Determination of Radiocarbon Age of Groundwater Determination of Flow Velocity and Direction in Regional Scale Paleoclimatic and Paleohydrogeologic Studies Paleohydrology of the Aral-Caspian Basin Formulation of the Problem General Description of Study in the Caspian Sea Laboratory Data of Core Analysis Structure of Core Cross Section Carbonate Mineral Content of Sediments Ion-Salt Composition of Water Extracts Radiocarbon Age of Sediments Isotope Record in Carbonates Interpretation of Paleoclimatic Events Rate of Sedimentation and Change in the Regime of the Northern and Southern Rivers Variations in the Sea Level Study of Water Regime in the Aral Sea Interpretation of Bottom Sediments Kara-Bogaz-Gol Gulf Lake Issyk-Kul Aral Sea Results and Conclusions The Nature and Mechanism of the Earth Shell Separation and Origin of Hydrosphere Existing Approaches to the Problem Solution Separation of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Natural Objects Evidence from Carbon and Sulfur Isotopes Chemical Differentiation of Proto-Planetary Substance Recent Results of Study of the Earth Gravitational Field by the Satellites The Nature and Mechanism of the Earth Shell Separation Physical Meaning of Archimedes and Coriolis Forces Self-Similarity Principle and Radial Component of Nonuniform Sphere Charges-like Motion of Nonuniformities and Tangential Component of the Force Function Differentiation of the Substances with Respect to Density and Condition for the Planet and the Satellite Separation The Third Kepler s Law as a Kinematics Basis for the Solar System Bodies Creation Problem Solution Conclusion References Index
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