Sediments and bedrock erosion
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1 Eroding landscapes: fluvial processes Sediments and bedrock erosion Mikaël ATTAL Marsyandi valley, Himalayas, Nepal Acknowledgements: Jérôme Lavé, Peter van der Beek and other scientists from LGCA (Grenoble) and CRPG (Nancy)
2 Lecture overview I. Field testing of fluvial erosion laws: do sediments matter? II. How do sediments modulate bedrock erosion rates? III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers?
3 General form: fluvial incision laws E = KA m S n.f(q s ) Stream Power Law(s) (laws 1, 2, 3): f(q s ) = 1 Laws including the role of the sediments: f(q s ) 1 Threshold for erosion (law 4), slope set by necessity for river to transport sediment downstream (law 5), cover effect (law 6), tools + cover effects (law 7). Similar predictions at SS: concave up profile with power relationship between S and A. Different predictions in terms of transient response of the landscape to perturbation.
4 I. Field testing of fluvial incision laws (1) Excess shear stress model (law 4): Lavé & Avouac, 2001 D V Basal shear stress: Fluvial erosion law: τ = ρ g R S, where R = WD / (W+2D) τ = ρ g D S, if W >10D. E = K (τ - τ c )
5 Fluvial incision along Himalayan rivers MFT
6 Fluvial incision measured using terraces
7 Comparison between fluvial incision (terraces) and excess shear stress (channel geometry) Shields stress (non-dimensional): τ* = τ / (ρ s ρ)gd 50 [Lavé and Avouac, 2001]
8 E = K (τ* - τ c *) Independent measurements: E from terraces and τ from channel geometry. τ c * value used = 0.03 See Buffington and Montgomery, 1997, for extensive description of the critical shear stress concept. Important role of lithology
9 S LH HHC TSS Modified from Lavé & Avouac, 2001 Lavé & Avouac, 2001: maximum fluvial erosion rate in the HHC zone for 6 main Himalayan rivers
10 S LH HHC TSS Lavé & Avouac, 2001: maximum fluvial erosion rate in the HHC zone for 6 main Himalayan rivers Modified from Lavé & Avouac, 2001
11 I. Field testing of fluvial incision laws (2) Using the transient response of the landscape All laws predict similar steady-state topographies (concave-up profile, etc.), Predicted transient response to a disturbance depends on the fluvial incision law chosen.
12 Transient response of fluvial systems Detachment-limited law (SPL, laws 1, 2, 3) Transport limited law (law 5) (2002) (2002)
13 Transient response of fluvial systems Detachment-limited law (SPL, laws 1, 2, 3) Transport limited law (law 5) (2002) (2002)
14 Transient response of fluvial systems Detachment-limited law (SPL, laws 1, 2, 3) Transport limited law (law 5) (2002) (2002)
15 Transient response to tectonic disturbance (Whittaker et al., 2007a, b, 2008; Cowie et al., 2008, Attal et al., 2008) Fiamignano, Italy Xerias, Greece km
16 Transient response to tectonic disturbance (Whittaker et al., 2007a, b, 2008; Cowie et al., 2008, Attal et al., 2008) Fiamignano, Italy Xerias, Greece
17 Transient response to tectonic disturbance Italy closer to DL end-member, Greece closer to TL end-member (Cowie et al., 2008) Fiamignano, Italy Erosion efficiency f(q s ) 0 1 Q s /Q c Xerias, Greece SEDIMENTS DO MATTER!
18 II. How do sediments modulate bedrock erosion rates? Role of sediment: the tools and cover effects (Gilbert, 1877) Cover Tools Experimental study of bedrock abrasion by saltating particles Sklar & Dietrich, 2001
19 Role of sediment: the tools and cover effects Sklar & Dietrich, 1998, 2004 Q s Q E 1 W Lf = s Qc 1998: theoretical E = V i I r F e 2004: mechanistic V i = volume of rock detached / particle impact, I r = rate of particle impacts per unit area per unit time, F e = fraction of the river bed made up of exposed bedrock.
20 Role of sediment: the tools and cover effects Turowski et al., 2007 Erosion efficiency f(q s ) Sklar & Dietrich Maximum bedrock erosion for sediment supply = Q c ( dynamic cover effect ) Turowski et al. 0 Q s /Q c 1 Sediment SUPPLY / Q c Sediment SUPPLY Q c Q s /Q c = Sediment SUPPLY / Q c Sediment SUPPLY > Q c Q s /Q c = 1
21 Role of sediment: the tools and cover effects Effect of grain size? (Sklar & Dietrich, 2004) But very simplistic model: bedload is made of only 1 grain size!
22 Role of sediment: the tools and cover effects Effect of grain size? Bedload is made of a wide range of grain sizes At low flow: bedload is motionless and protects bedrock from erosion. During floods, the smallest particles will be put in motion ( tools) while the largest might remain motionless ( cover): difference in sediment MOBILITY will affect bedrock erosion Not only size will affect sediment mobility: interactions between particle will do it as well (e.g. patches, gravel-bars)
23 Cellular Automata model Sediment mobility in bedrock rivers Movement probability Courtesy Rebecca Hodge, University of Glasgow
24 Role of sediment: the tools and cover effects Erosion efficiency f(q s ) Hodge et al., work in progress Sklar & Dietrich Lower erosion rates for higher sediment supply because of increasing likelihood of jams Turowski et al. 0 Q s /Q c 1 Sediment SUPPLY / Q c Sediment SUPPLY Q c Q s /Q c = Sediment SUPPLY / Q c Sediment SUPPLY > Q c Q s /Q c = 1
25 Characterizing sediment mobility in the field Calder River, Renfrewshire
26 Characterizing sediment mobility in the lab Schmeeckle et al. Modelling sediment motion Ideally, we would include pebble and bedrock abrasion in such models. But the computer that can do that efficiently doesn t exist yet
27 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Bedrock erosion in (1) will depend on sediment characteristics in (1): - what proportion of sediment is bedload? ( tools and cover) - what is the grain size distribution of the bedload? ( for a given flood, what will be tools, what will be cover, and how efficient the tools will be) - what is the lithologic content of the bedload? ( how efficient the tools will be) What does control the characteristics of sediments in (1)? (1) (2) (3) (2) Characteristics of the source of sediment (location, amount, grain size distribution, lithology) (3) Transport and abrasion processes along the channel Sediment mobility
28 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport Sediments entering the channel are usually angular Marsyandi River, Nepal
29 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport Angular pebbles in the river Pebbles are abraded during fluvial transport Each pebble is reduced in size and gets more rounded Marsyandi River, Nepal
30 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Common pebble abrasion processes: Chipping Crushing Cracking Grinding Splitting These processes reduce the size of pebbles and tend to make them more rounded Marsyandi River, Nepal
31 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport Not necessarily, because fresh material is added along the river course in mountain rivers ( alluvial rivers) Downstream fining?
32 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport If the 2 rock types are eroded at the same rate A Rock-type content in bedload (coarse fraction, > ~1 mm) 100% B Change in rock type proportion? 50% 0% A B Distance downstream (km)
33 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport If the pink rock type is more resistant than the orange one A Rock-type content in bedload (coarse fraction, > ~1 mm) 100% B Change in rock type proportion? 50% 0% A B Distance downstream (km)
34 Experimental study of pebble abrasion during fluvial transport Scale 1/5 model
35 The «machine a laver» on its frame The circular flume Piping suspended 1.35m above the ground
36 Non-abrasive floor condition physical laws of pebble abrasion Abrasion = f (pebble size, velocity, lithology, amount of sediment) Videos: the flume in action
37 Experimental study of pebble abrasion during fluvial transport Differences in pebble abrasion rates can be up to a factor 200! Pebble abrasion rate (% / km) Attal and Lavé, 2006
38 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Field study: the sediments of the Marsyandi river (Himalayas) Size distributions Rock type proportions Colchen et al., 1986, modified DOMINANT LITHOLOGIES: Limestone Gneiss Schist Sandstone & Schist Measurement sites: Gravel bar Source of sediment
39 Gravel bar D50 (cm) Shear stress (N/m²) (a) Lavé and Avouac, 2001 (b) Increase in grain size due to change from moraine-type source (a) to landslide-type source (b) Increase in grain size due to drop in shear stress the river is less likely to move large particles supplied from hillslopes and upstream Source and transport effects Distance from source (km) Attal and Lavé, 2006
40 Lithologies exposed Gneiss and granite Schist Sandstone Quartzite Limestone Resistant rock types (Quartzite, Gneiss + Granite) are overrepresented with respect to poorly resistant rock types (Schist, Sandstones) Abrasion effect % Weight % Area Distance from source (km) Gravel bar content Distance from source (km) Attal and Lavé, 2006
41 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada (Parker, 1991) After a few hundreds of km of transport, Quartz becomes the dominant rock type in bedload % Kali Gandaki - Narayani, Nepal (Mezaki and Yabiku, 1984) (km) Downstream
42 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? TO SUMMARIZE Angular pebbles, varied rock types Pebbles are abraded during fluvial transport Rounded pebbles, resistant rock types dominant What happens to the other rock types? They are turned into sand, silt transported to sedimentary basins, mostly in suspension Marsyandi River, Nepal
43 III. What does control sediment characteristics in bedrock rivers? Perfectly rounded quartz pebbles on the Isle of Arran
44 The ideal model of fluvial erosion and landscape evolution? Sediment characteristics strongly influence bedrock erosion rates. To better understand and predict how these characteristics evolve along rivers, the ideal model would need to include: (1) (2) (3) - characteristics of the sources of sediment (2), - fluvial transport law (3), - law of pebble abrasion during fluvial transport (3), - law of bedrock abrasion due to impacts by moving particles, - particles tracking, from hillslopes to rivers, from mountain range to basins.
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