UPSTREAM-DOWNSTREAM CONTAMINATION GRADIENT OF THE FLUVIAL URBAN SYSTEM IN CHENNAI (Tamil Nadu, India)

Transcription

1 UPSTREAM-DOWNSTREAM CONTAMINATION GRADIENT OF THE FLUVIAL URBAN SYSTEM IN CHENNAI (Tamil Nadu, India) Saravanan S.P. a,b, Desmet. M. a, Ambujam N.K. b, Thenmozhi D. b, Manikandabharath K. b, Rukkumany R.H. b, Grosbois. C. a a University of Francois-Rabelais, Tours, France b Anna University, Chennai, India 1-4 December 2015, Paris, France

2 Urban activity ( Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn) Air Air Fossil Fuel Combustion Motor Vehicle Exhaust Water Water Uncontrolled Growth Urban Sewer System Urban River Visible pollution Non-visible pollution Anthropogenic Sources Chemical Industries ( Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) Soil Soil Metals & Metalloids Elemental or Compound Electronic Industries ( As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Sb) Urban River, Chennai, South India Mechanical Industries ( Cr, Cu, Ni, Sn, Zn) 2

3 MEGACITIES Los Angeles, U. S Mexico City, Mexico New York, U.S London, U.K Moscow, Russia Paris, France Istanbul, Turkey Greater Cairo, Egypt Karachi, Pakistan Mumbai, India Lagos, Nigeria Chennai, India Tianjin, China Seoul Incheon, South Korea Tokyo - Yokohama, Japan Osaka Kobe Kyoto, Japan Shanghai, China Shenzhen, China Guangzhou Foshan, China Manila, Philippines Bangkok, Thailand Lima, Peru Kinshasa, DR Congo Jakarta, Indonesia > 20 Million Million Rio de Janeiro, Brazil São Paulo, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentina 3

4 Culiacan river, Culiacan city, Mexico Thames River, London, U.K Suburban Stream, Helsiniki, Finland Seine River, Paris, France Passaic River, Manzanares River, New York, U.S Madrid, Spain Tsurumi River, Yokohama, Japan Almendares River, Haraz River, Amol, Iran Havana City, Cuba Indus River, Pakistan Xi River, Shenyang, China Kor River, Shiraz, Iran Korota River, Bogra, Pearl River, Guangzhou, China Bangladesh Cu Zn Urban rivers, Manila, Philippines Congo River, Kinshasa, DR Congo Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia TE (µg/g) Mantanza-Riachuelo River, Buenos Aires, Argentina Urban Stream, Melbourne, Australia > 500 Megacities River Urban River 4

5 Yamuna River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Brahmani River Narmada River Subarnarekha River Tapti River Godavari River Krishna River Adyar River, Chennai TE (µg/g) > 500 5

6 Study area : Urban Rivers in Chennai City 6

7 Chennai flooding- November 2015

8 Chennai flooding alert 1 December 2015

9 Objectives To identify potential agricultural, industrial and urban sources of incoming pollutants To establish upstream-downstream characterization of the fluvial system To correlate the state of sediment contamination to the industrial, waste areas and urban planning 9

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11 Sediment Sampling Uwitec Coring Device 11

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14 1-4 µm Clay 4-63 µm Silt µm Fine Sand µm Medium Sand µm Coarse Sand >2000 µm Gravel Percentage % Introduction Problem and Issues Analysis and Results Conclusions Grain Size - Classification Adyar Cooum Size Classification This analysis is considered as random and no trace element signal trend should be attributed to texture variation of the sediment deposits 14

15 River Range Ag As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Sb Sn U W Zn Minimum (mg/kg) Cooum River Maximum (mg/kg) River Range (mg/kg) Ag As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Sb Sn U W Zn Minimum (mg/kg) Adyar River Maximum (mg/kg)

16 Minimum Maximum Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, W and Zn Ag, Cd, Hg and Zn As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Sn W Sb Ag, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, W and Zn Ag, Cd, Cu and W As, Hg, Pb and U Minimum Maximum 16

17 Its common approach to estimate the enrichment of metal concentrations is to calculating the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) as proposed by Muller (1969) Igeo value Polluted level <1 From unpolluted to moderately polluted 1-2 Moderately polluted I geo = Log 2 (C n /1.5 x B n ) Adyar River As, U Ni (50%), Ni, Pb(40%) Cooum River Ni, U, U, W As(10%) 2-3 From moderately polluted to strongly polluted 3-4 Strongly polluted 4-5 From strongly polluted to extremely polluted >5 Extremely polluted Sb(10%), Sb, W(10%) Cu Cu (40%) Cd(10%), Cd, Cr, Hg, Cr(20%), Zn Hg(20%), Zn(10%) Ag(40%), Ag, Sn(10%) Cr(10%), Cr, Zn Zn(77%) Cu(67%), Cu, Pb(10%), Pb, Sn Sn(10%) Sb(10%) Ag(88%), Ag, Cd(67%),Hg(45%) Cd, Description of sediment quality according to I geo (Muller, 1969) 17

18 Results : Upstream - Downstream geoaccumulation Index (I geo ) of Ag, Cd and Hg associated to total carbon (%) and urban activities in Adyar River sediments 18

19 Results : Upstream - Downstream geoaccumulation Index (I geo ) of Ag, Cd and Hg associated to total carbon (%) and urban activities in Cooum River sediments 19

20 Yamuna River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Brahmani River Narmada River Subarnarekha River Tapti River Godavari River Krishna River Cooum River, Chennai Adyar River, Chennai TE (µg/g) > 500

21 Ag, Cd and Hg are used as urban tracers. This may be ascertained to the various pollutants discharge via diffuse urban and punctual industrial sources operating in and around the river bed. Concentration of trace elements (Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, W and Zn) are strongly influenced by the local industrial input The results of this study indicates that monitoring and immediate managerial measures must be taken to avoid further potentially toxic metal pollution of river sediment TE (µg/g) > 20 Ag Cd Hg Cooum River, Chennai Adyar River, Chennai Ag Cd Hg 21

22 Special Thanks for