We Improved Salt Body Delineation Using a new Structure Extraction Workflow
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1 We Improved Salt Body Delineation Using a new Structure Extraction Workflow A. Laake* (WesternGeco) SUMMARY Current salt imaging workflows require thorough geological understanding in the selection of seismic attributes used to delineate salt bodies. Often, steep flanks and base of salt show low amplitude and may be masked by multiples. We developed a new method to improve delineation of salt boundaries. We propose a step-by-step approach starting with the seismic amplitude cube rendered as a semitransparent volume, which is helpful in judging the success of subsequent attribute-based results, even with little geological background information and also helps to identify weak reflections at the surface of the salt bodies. In the second step, structural sharpening of the seismic data using the structurally sharpened continuous color (SRGB) process helps to delineate the complete surface of the salt bodies through spatial coherence, which is more consistent in the vertical direction than the standard attributes offered by commercially available software packages. Ant tracking on the structurally sharpened seismic amplitude cube provides the internal structure of the salt bodies and confirms the outer structure already mapped by SRGB. The texture of the top of salt may then be revealed by interactive crossplot analysis with the resultant geobody textured with SRGB output.
2 Introduction and geological setting of study area Exploration for hydrocarbons subsalt and pre-salt requires accurate delineation of the salt bodies, which are often obstructed by their complex shapes. Usually, salt has a strong positive impedance contrast relative to underlying and overlaying sediments. However, salt overhangs are often poorly illuminated, which results in weak reflections and poor delineation of the salt bodies (Figure 1). We present a new processing method that enhances the boundaries of the salt bodies and enables simpler and more reliable salt body delineation. Figure 1 Geological setting of exploration below complex salt with dome structures and salt overhangs. The study area geology comprises thick tertiary subsalt sediments that also contain the target reservoir formations. These sediments are overlaid by thick salt that is deformed into salt canopy with overhangs. Locally, sediments are embedded into the salt, which further complicates the imaging. The top of the salt is highly structured along salt and non-salt tectonic lineaments. The post-salt sediments are, therefore, severely deformed; whereas, the seafloor is mostly smooth as a result of sediment deposition. Salt delineation workflows Conventional salt delineation workflows (Pepper 2012) extract first the top and then the base of salt from the 3D seismic cube. In the first step, it is assumed that the entire model has a uniform sediment velocity and the first strong reflector provides top of salt. Then, the model below top of salt is assumed to have uniform salt velocity which aims at picking the flanks and base of salt. Typically, this approach assumes the reflectors to have a constant, uniform thickness. Salt bodies with overhangs require the generation of crossing horizon interpretations. Once an initial salt body model is realized, a new model is constructed assuming a constant salt velocity within the salt body and with sediment velocity elsewhere. In the final step, iterative salt body interpretation improves the delineation of the salt body. This process is laborious, and it has limitations with dirty salt and sedimentary intrusions. The outline of the workflow is shown in Figure 2a. Our proposed workflow, shown in Figure 2b, aims at improving the contrast of the salt boundaries. The salt boundaries are sharpened using the structurally sharpened continuous color (SRGB) technique (Laake 2012) in an implementation that uses different time slices from the prestack time migration (PSTM) cube as input to the SRGB process. We describe the process of sharpening the top salt boundary; the workflow for base of salt is analog.
3 a Figure 2 Workflows for salt body delineation a) Conventional workflow, b) SRGB structural sharpening of salt horizons for the example of top of salt. Color schemes : red-green-blue (RGB), hue-saturation-value (HSV). b Figure 3 Main steps of the SRGB salt delineation workflow a) Geological overview from the semitransparent amplitude cube, b) 3D amplitude cube, c) SRGB structural attribute cube, d) Structurally sharpened amplitude cube. In the first step, the 3D seismic amplitude cube is visualized using semitransparent rendering from commercially available interpretation software to provide the interpreter with an outline of the geological structure (Figure 3a). Then, we plot inline and crossline sections from the PSTM cube for reference (Figure 3b). For each time slice in the amplitude cube, a red-green-blue (RGB) image is generated by loading the layer above the analysis horizon in the red component, the analysis layer itself into the green component, and the layer below into the blue component. The structure is obtained from the boundaries in the RGB image by converting the RGB to a hue-saturation-value (HSV) image and extracting the structure by applying an edge detection filter to the saturation component of the HSV image. All structure slices are then merged to form the structural cube (Figure 3c). To generate the structurally sharpened amplitude cube, we multiply the structural cube with the
4 amplitude (Figure 3d). The improved contrast of the sharpened cube allows direct picking of the top salt using an automated 3D interpretation process. We notice that the structural sharpening partially removes the multiples from the seabed and the sedimentary layers above the salt and it attenuates ambient noise, which results in stronger contrast of the salt boundaries. Results We studied the impact that structural sharpening using the SRGB method has on salt body delineation. The key element of the RGB-based method is the spatial coherency analysis embedded in the depth gap SRGB method. We anticipate, therefore, some differences in the results from the SRGB method. The image in Figure 4 is a delineation of the salt body using existing commercial seismic 3D attributes on the results of the conventional interpretation method shown in Figure 2. Figure 4 Salt body extracted using conventional methods. a Figure 5 Flanks and base of salt a) Conventional approach shows noisy ripples in the lower sections, b) SRGB approach provides a smooth model. The depth of the top of salt is very similar for both methods; whereas, differences appear at the flanks and bottom of the salt body. The conventional method is based on amplitude picking, which is often complicated by the presence of multiples. As a result, the picking may miss geologically meaningful horizons. The risk for incorrect interpretations is greatest at locations where the contact between the sedimentary layers and the salt body is unconformable (Figure 5a). The SRGB method enhances those structural elements that are present in the three depth layers, which then are used in generation of the b
5 RGB image. This means that ambient noise and multiples are partially attenuated, which, in turn, results in a smoother and more geologically meaningful base salt horizon (Figure 5b). Finally, we analysed the texture of the top of salt with the goal of retrieving the fault texture in the overburden of the salt. We picked the top salt horizon in the structural cube and interpreted a horizon from the amplitude cube (Figure 6a). The top of salt horizon shows stress fractures above the top of salt domes, depressions between the salt domes, and faults running across salt domes. The interpreted horizon from the SRGB volume (Figure 6b) provides a much sharper image with a character reminiscent of satellite images. Particularly, the set of stress fractures is more pronounced in the SRGB image, which results from the noise attenuation and coherency embedded in the technique. For comparison with real stress fracture patterns, we selected a glacier surface in eastern Greenland (Figure 6c) that shows very similar fracture patterns. In the case of the glacier, stress fractures occur where the glacier flows across an escarpment and breaks of conjugate joints in a typical fishbone pattern. Figure 6 Texture of top salt reflector in, a) amplitude and, b) depth gap SRGB compared with a, c) top glacier fracture pattern of a Greenland glacier. Conclusions Salt delineation is improved by using the structural attribute from SRGB to sharpen the impedance contrast boundaries between the salt and the sedimentary strata. A desirable side effect of the coherency enhancement, which is embedded into the SRGB technique, partially attenuates ambient noise and multiples. The interpreted SRGB top of salt horizon provides a good insight into the texture of the top salt horizon, allowing for improved understanding of the geological processes that have previously occurred. Acknowledgements The authors thank WesternGeco for permission to present the seismic data and Randolph Pepper, Peter Wang, and thewesterngeco GeoSolutions team in Houston for the discussions of the results. References Laake, A. [2012] Structural mapping with spectral attributes. 82 nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1-5. Pepper, R. [2012] private communication.
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