1. Why do earthquakes happen? 3. What type of mechanical waves are Primary or P waves? 4. What type of mechanical waves are Secondary or S waves?
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1 Name Period Earthquake Activity Background Information Earthquakes occur because of a sudden release of stored energy. This energy has built up over long periods of time as a result of tectonic forces within the earth. 1. Why do earthquakes happen? Most earthquakes take place along faults in the upper 25 miles of the earth's surface when one side rapidly moves relative to the other side of the fault. This sudden motion causes shock waves (seismic waves) to radiate from their point of origin called the focus and travel through the earth. The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus. It is these seismic waves that can produce ground motion which people call an earthquake. 2. Explain the process that causes seismic waves. The rocks that seismic waves travel through quickly are organized into two types of waves; longitudinal and transverse. The longitudinal waves, also known as Primary or P waves travel fastest, at speeds between 1.5 and 8 kilometers per second in the Earth's crust. The transverse waves, also known as Secondary or S waves, travel more slowly, usually at 60% to 70% of the speed of P waves. 3. What type of mechanical waves are Primary or P waves? 4. What type of mechanical waves are Secondary or S waves? Since waves travel outward from the source in all directions, it is possible to track an earthquake back to its source. The greater the earthquake damage an area suffers, the closer the area is to the earthquakes epicenter. One way to measure and track this damage is the modified Mercalli Scale. 5. In what direction do earthquake waves travel?
2 Data Table: Use the modified Mercalli scale to rate the severity of the earthquake in each location listed in the data table. Write the Roman numeral rating for each in column 3 of the data table below.
3 Map
4 Mercalli Scale of Earthquake Intensity I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. Usually only felt very close to the epicenter II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing. III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibration similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck or train passing. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII. Little damage in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI. XII. Few, if any structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. Total Destruction. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air.
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