YEAR 9 GEOGRAPHY EXAMS

Transcription

1 YEAR 9 GEOGRAPHY EXAMS This exam will assess the topics covered so far this year: Topic 3: Challenges of an urbanising world Topic 1: Hazardous Earth (climate and cyclones) It will also check understanding of key terms. Below are checklists and glossaries for the units above. Students can access further revision assistance on the t drive and the dedicated webpage (which they have been ed joining instructions for). CGP revision guides and work books are available to purchase in school from student services at a discounted price of GCSE Geography Edexcel B Revision Checklist Paper 1. Global Geographical Issues Topic 3. Challenges of an urbanising world Key Idea I know/ understand Urban change Global urbanisation trends Reasons for urbanisation Cities change over time What urbanisation is. How urbanisation has changed since 1980 and future projections. Where urbanisation is taking place most. What a megacity is. The change in the global distribution of megacities since What urban primacy (primate city) is and the influence of this. Push and pull factors leading to rural-urban migration. Why cities in developing countries are growing. What formal and informal employment are. Which type of country most informal employment is found (developed, developing or emerging). The four economic sectors and the countries they are found in: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary What the working conditions are like in developing countries. How urban population changes over time through the cycle of urbanisation: Urbanisation Suburbanisation De-industrialisation Counter-urbanisation Regeneration The different urban land use zones: Central business district (CBD) Inner city Suburbs Rural-urban fringe Which of these land use zones are dominated by commercial, industrial and residential land use.

2 Factors that influence land-use type including: Accessibility, availability, cost, planning regulations. CASE STUDY: Why does quality of life vary in MUMBAI? The location and context of Mumbai Growth of Mumbai Opportunities and challenges for people in Mumbai Strategies to improve quality of life in Mumbai Where Mumbai is located. Why Mumbai s location is significant related to its site, situation and connectivity. The structure of Mumbai s land use, including: Where is the CBD, the inner city, suburbs and rural-urban fringe? Where are the oldest buildings? Where are the newest? Reasons for population growth in Mumbai. How this population growth has led to changes in land use in the city. Opportunities for people living in Mumbai (including access to resources and employment). Challenges for people in Mumbai (including housing shortages, slums, water supply, waste disposal, employment, services and traffic). Reasons for the differences in quality of life within Mumbai. TOP-DOWN STRATEGY One example of a top-down initiative that is trying to improve Mumbai and make it more sustainable: Vision Mumbai Advantages and disadvantages of Vision Mumbai. BOTTOM-UP STRATEGY One example of a bottom-up initiative that is trying to improve Mumbai and make it more sustainable: LSS Advantages and disadvantages of LSS. GCSE Geography Edexcel B Revision Checklist Paper 1. Global Geographical Issues Topic 1. Hazardous Earth Key Idea I know/ understand The world s climate system Global Atmospheric Circulation Past climate change and natural causes Global climate change and human activity What global atmospheric circulation is. How atmospheric circulation leads to high and low pressure belts. How ocean currents transfer heat around the Earth. How high and low pressure belts lead to arid (high) and high rainfall (low) areas. That climate has changed through the Quaternary period. What the natural causes of climate change are and how they explain past climate change events: Asteroid collisions Orbital changes Volcanic activity Variations in solar output (sunspots) The evidence we can use for natural climate change and how we can use this: Ice cores Tree rings Historical sources e.g. poems/ diaries The natural greenhouse effect. The enhanced greenhouse effect: Human activities (e.g. industry, transport, energy, farming) that can produce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. How the enhanced greenhouse effect leads to global warming. The evidence we have for how human activity is causing climate change: Sea level rise and warming oceans

3 Global temperature rise Declining Arctic ice Increased extreme weather events Consequences of climate change on people. Projections for future climate change. Reasons why these projections are uncertain. Extreme weather events tropical cyclones Cause of tropical cyclones The impacts of tropical cyclones Preparation and responses to tropical cyclones How a tropical cyclone develops and the conditions needed for this (pressure, rotation and structure). Where tropical cyclones are found their global distribution. The different names used (cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes) and where. Why some tropical cyclones intensify. Why tropical cyclones dissipate. The physical hazards of tropical cyclones: High winds Intense rainfall Storm surges Coastal flooding Landslides The impacts of these hazards on people. The impacts of these hazards on the environment. Why some countries are more vulnerable than others to the impacts: Socially Physically Economically Ways in which countries can prepare for and respond to tropical cyclones, including: Weather forecasting Satellite technology Warning and evacuation Storm-surge defences LOCATED EXAMPLE (1) Developed country: Hurricane Sandy, USA When did this happen? What were the impacts? How did they prepare for the tropical cyclone? How did they respond to the tropical cyclone? Were these methods effective? LOCATED EXAMPLE (2) Emerging country: Cyclone Pam, Vanuatu When did this happen? What were the impacts? How did they prepare for the tropical cyclone? How did they respond to the tropical cyclone? Were these methods effective? Tectonic hazards earthquakes and volcanoes The layers of the Earth: 1. Core Earth s 2. Mantle (including the structure asthenosphere) 3. Crust How convection currents are generated Plate boundaries and hazards For each layer: Temperature Density Composition Distribution and characteristics of conservative plate boundaries Distribution and characteristics of convergent plate boundaries. Distribution and characteristics of divergent plate boundaries. Distribution and characteristics of hotspots.

4 Impacts and management of tectonic hazards Which plate boundaries volcanoes and earthquakes are found at. Composite volcanoes: Causes of and locations Magma type/ lava flows Explosivity Shield volcanoes Causes of and locations Magma type/ lava flows Explosivity Causes of earthquakes Causes of tsunami LOCATED EXAMPLE (3) Developed country: Japan (volcano) Impacts Primary impacts on people and property Secondary impacts on people and property Management Short-term relief Long-term planning, preparation and prediction LOCATED EXAMPLE (4) Emerging country: Nepal (earthquake) Impacts Primary impacts on people and property Secondary impacts on people and property Management Short-term relief Long-term planning, preparation and prediction GCSE Geography Edexcel B Key Term Glossary Paper 1. Global Geographical Issues Topic 3. Challenges of an urbanising world Key Term Definition Bottom-up Experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance development and let people have more control over their lives, often run by NGOs. Brownfield sites Former industrial areas that have been developed before. Central Business The heart of an urban area, often containing a high percentage of shops District (CBD) and offices. Connectivity How easy it is to travel or connect with other places. Conurbation A continuous urban or built-up area, formed by merging towns or cities. Counter-urbanisation When people leave towns and cities to live in the countryside. Deindustrialisation Formal economy Green belt Informal economy Infrastructure Megacity Migration Decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to unemployment. Means one which is official, meets legal standards for accounts, taxes and workers pay and conditions. Undeveloped areas of land around the edge of cities with strict planning controls. Means an unofficial economy, where no records are kept. People in the informal economy have no contracts or employment rights. The basic services needed for an industrial country to operate e.g. roads, railways, power and water supplies, waste disposal, schools, hospitals and communication services. A many centered, multi-city urban area of more than 10 million people. A megacity is sometimes formed from several cities merging together. The movement of people from one area to another.

5 Multiplier effect When people or businesses move into an area and invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people. Natural increase The birth rate minus the death rate for a place. It is normally given as a % of the total population. Non-governmental NGOs work to make life better, especially for the poor. Oxfam, the Red organisation (NGO) Cross and Greenpeace are all NGOs. Primary industry Using raw materials e.g. farming, mining or fishing. Pull factor Something that attracts someone to an areas. Push factor Quality of life Quaternary industry Regeneration Re-urbanisation Rural-urban fringe Rural-urban migration Secondary industry Site Situation Slum Spatial Suburbanisation Sustainable development Sustainable management Tertiary industry Top-down development Urbanisation Something that makes someone want to leave an area. A measure of how wealthy people are, but measured using criteria such as housing, employment and environmental factors, rather than income. Research and development/ the knowledge sector. Means re-developing former industrial areas or housing to improve them. When people who used to live in the city and then moved out to the country or to a suburb, move back and live in the city. The area where a town or city meets the countryside The movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally to escape from poverty and to search for work. Manufacturing products e.g. factory work or builders. The actual location of a settlement on the Earth. The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. A run-down and often over crowded urban area with poor quality housing and services. Means relating to space e.g. the spatial growth of a city means how much extra space it takes up as it grows. The movement of people from the inner suburbs to the outer suburbs. Defined as that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Meeting the needs of people now and in the future, and limiting harm to the environment. The service sector e.g. teaching, nursing, shop assistants. When decision making about the development of a place is done by the governments or large companies. Means a rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas compared with rural areas. GCSE Geography Edexcel B Key Term Glossary Paper 1. Global Geographical Issues Topic 1. Hazardous Earth Key Term Definition Aftershocks Andesitic lava Asthenosphere Follow an earthquake as the fault settles into its new position A thick and sticky lava erupted from composite volcanoes. Part of the Earth s mantle. It is a hot, semi-molten layer that lies beneath the tectonic plates. Atmosphere Basalt Carbon dating The layer of gases above the Earth s surface A dark-coloured volcanic rock. Molten basalt spreads rapidly and is widespread. Uses radioactive testing to find the age of rocks which contained living material.

6 Collision zone Composite volcano Conservative boundary Continental crust Convection currents Where two tectonic plates collide forming mountains like the Himalayas. A steep-sided volcano that is made up of a variety of materials, such as lava and ash. Where two tectonic plates slide past each other. The part of the Earth s crust that makes up land, on average 30-50km thick. Transfer heat from one part of a liquid or gas to another. In the Earth s mantle, the currents which rise from the Earth s core are strong enough to move the tectonic plates on the Earth s surface. Convergent boundary Where two tectonic plates come together. Core Coriolis force Dissipate Distribution The central part of the Earth s structure, made up of a solid inner and liquid outer core. A strong force created by the Earth s rotation. It can cause storms, including hurricanes. Means to reduce energy. The way something is spread out or arranged over a geographic area. Divergent boundary Effusive Epicentre Evaporation Eye Where two tectonic plates move away from each other. A type of eruption where runny lava flows steadily out of a fissure or vent. The point on the ground directly above the focus (centre) of an earthquake. The changing of a liquid into vapour or gas. The centre of a tropical cyclone; an area of clear conditions created by air converging at the centre of the storm and then sinking. Fault Fissure Focus Friction Large crack s caused by past tectonic movement. A crack in the Earth s crust which lava comes out of. The point of origin of an earthquake. The force which resists the movement of one surface over another. Glacial Global circulation model A cold period of time during which the Earth s glaciers expanded widely. A theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a series of three cells each side of the equator.

7 Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases Hot spot Interglacial Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Landslide Latitude Lava Lava flows Lithosphere Magma Magnitude Mantle The way that gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun. Like the glass in a greenhouse they let heat in, but prevent most of it from escaping. Gases like carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat around the Earth, leading to global warming. Columns of heat in Earth s mantle found in the middle of a tectonic plate. A long period of warmer conditions between glacials. A narrow zone of low pressure near the Equator where northern and southern air masses converge. A rapid mass movement of rock fragments and soil under the influence of gravity. How far north or south a location is from the Equator, measured in degrees. Melted rock that erupts from a volcano. Lava flows at different speeds, depending on what it is made of. Lava flows are normally very slow and not hazardous but, when mixed with water, can flow very fast and be dangerous. The uppermost layer of the Earth. It is cool and brittle. It includes the very top of the mantle and, above this, the crust. Melted rock below the Earth s surface. When it reaches the surface it is called lava. Of an Earthquake (how much the ground shakes), an expression of the total energy released. The middle layer of the Earth. It lies between the crust and the core and is about 2900km thick. Its outer layer is the asthenosphere. Below the asthenosphere it consists mainly of solid rock. Milankovitch cycles (orbital change) Ocean currents Oceanic crust Plate boundaries Plumes The three long-term cycles in the Earth s orbit around the sun. Permanent or semi-permanent large-scale horizontal movements of the ocean waters. The part of the Earth crust which is under the oceans, usually 6-8km thick. Where tectonic plates meet. There are 3 kinds: divergent, convergent and conservative. Upwelling of molten rock through the asthenosphere to the lithosphere. Primary effects The immediate effects of a natural hazard, caused directly by it.

8 Pyroclastic flow Quaternary A lethal hot mixture of broken rocks and gases that races down the side of a volcano. The last 2.6 million years, during which there have been many glacials. Radioactive decay Richter scale Remote sensing Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Secondary effects Seismometer Storm surge Subduction The process where natural radioactive materials in the Earth s rocks break down, giving out energy and heat as they do. A scale for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes. Using satellites or aerial photography to provide information on land use over large areas. A scale that classifies hurricanes into five different categories according to their wind strength. The indirect impacts of an event, usually occurring in the hours, weeks, months or even years after the event. A machine for recording and measuring an earthquake using the Richter scale. A rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure and strong winds. Describes oceanic crust sinking into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary. As the crust subducts, it melts back into the mantle. Tectonic hazards Tectonic plates Thermal expansion Track Tree rings Tropical cyclone Tsunami Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) Natural events caused by movement of the Earth s plates that affect people and property. The Earth s surface is broken into large pieces, like a cracked eggshell. The pieces are called tectonic plates, or just plates. As a result of heating, expansion occurs. When sea water waters up, it expands. The path followed by a tropical cyclone. Marks on the inside of trees trunks that show individual growing seasons. The thickness of the rings varies depending on climatic conditions during the seasons. A weather system that forms over the ocean in tropical areas and can produce high winds and heavy rain. Earthquakes beneath the sea bed generate huge waves that travel up to 900km/h. Measures the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 1 to 8.