5 th Grade Science Study Guide Virginia SOL Aligned

Transcription

1 5 th Grade Science Study Guide Virginia SOL Aligned By: The Moelrich Adventures

2 Table of Contents Page Name 3-4 SOL 5.1 Scientific Method 5 SOL 5.2 Sound 6 7 SOL 5.3 Light 8 9 SOL Matter SOL 5.5 Living Systems SOL 5.6 Oceans SOL 5.7 Earth 15 Credits

3 Scientific Method and Process Scientific Method Steps 1 Make an Observation 2 Formulate a Question 3 Try to answer it (Hypothesized & predict) 4 Plan an experiment & Record your data. 5 Make inference and conclude. Independent Variable is the factor in an experiment that is altered by the experimenter It is purposely changed or manipulated Control Variable The constants in an experiment are those things that are purposefully kept the same throughout the experiment. Dependent variable is the factor in an experiment that changes as a result of the manipula;on of the independent variable. Quantitate data: 1 flower 2 friends Qualitative data: Red flower Cool friends Hypothesis: is an educated guess/prediction about what will happen based on what you already know and what you have already learned from your research. It must be worded so that it is testable. The hypothesis can be written as an If, then. statement, such as If all light is blocked from a plant for two weeks, then the plant will die.

4 Scientific Method and Process A scientific prediction is a forecast about what may happen in some future situation. It is based on the application of factual information and principles and recognition of trends and patterns. Scientists question everything by experimenting An inference is a tentative explanation based on background knowledge and available data. Scientific Tools Metric Units: Length Meters Weight Grams Temperature Celsius Volume Liters Classify Thermometer U.S. Standard Unit: Length inches, yards, miles Weight pounds, ounces Temperature Fahrenheit Volume Fluid ounces, gallons, cups Ruler / Meter Stick Beakers and Flask Safety Goggles Spring Scale A conclusion is a summary statement based on the results of an investigation. Scientific conclusions are based on verifiable observations (science is empirical).

5 Sound Sound is a form of energy Sound travels in compressional waves. Sound moves through matter. Pitch How high or low a sound is. Bats & Whales use different sound frequencies to communicate = Echolocation Sound needs a medium Sound is caused by vibra;ons. Put your index finger to your throat and say ah. You feel the vibra;on of your vocal cords The frequency of sound is the number of wavelengths in a given unit of ;me. Phases of Matter Sound Waves Journey Solid Best Liquid So - So Gas To Slow

6 It takes 8 ½ minutes to go from the Sun to the Earth When light hits an object 4 things can happen: Reflected (Bounce off of) Refracted (bend) Longest Wavelength Red Orange Light Green TransmiDed (go through) Transparent Translucent opaque Absorbed (be taken in as heat) Blue Indigo Light does not need marer to travel. The en;re range of electromagne;c radia;on (light) is called electromagne;c spectrum Shortest Wavelength Violet

7 Light We see visible light as the colors of the rainbow Sunlight consist of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. 1. Examples of transparent materials include clear glass, clear plas;c food wrap, clean water, and air. 2. Examples of translucent materials include wax paper, frosted glass, thin fabrics, some plas;cs, and thin paper. 3. Examples of opaque materials include metal, wood, bricks, aluminum foil, and thick paper.

8 MaRer can exit in several dis;nct forms which are called phases. Matter Characteristics of the Phases of Matter Gas liquid solid Assumes the shape of its container Assumes the volume of its container - No definitive volume Compressible (lots of free space between particles) Flows easily (particles can move past one another Assumes the shape of its container Has a definite volume Not easily compressible (little free space between particles) Flows easily (particles can move past one another) Retains a fixed shape Has a definite volume Not easily compressible (little free space between particles) Does not flow easily (rigid particles cannot move pas one another)

9 Gas Gas Temperature decreases Liquid Matter Liquid Temperature increases Solid Solid Mixture & Solutions Mixture is made up of two or more substances that can be separated and will not lose their characteristics when combined. Solution is made up of two or more substances that cannot be separated and that will lose their characteristics when combined or dissolved to form a new substance. ATOM Nanotechnology is the study of materials at a molecular level. Chemical Change: A change that creates a new substance. It is difficult to reverse. When atoms combine, they form molecules. When two or more molecules combine and make a new substance, it is called a compound. Common examples of compounds are table salt (NaCl) and Water (H2O) Physical Change: A change in marer which no new substance is produce. It can be reverse.

10 Living Systems Plant Cell Animal Cell Cells carry out life process. - Plant cell are usually shaped like a rectangle. - Nucleus (the brain) controls everything in the cell. - Cell Membrane (the muscles) it holds the cell together. - Vacuole (the stomach) stores food, water, and waste - Cytoplasm fills the rest of the space of the cell. It is jelly like. - Round or uneven edges. - Do not have a CELL WALL or CHLOROPHYLL. - Nucleus (the brain) controls everything in the cell. - Cell Membrane (the muscles) it holds the cell together. - Vacuole (the stomach) stores food, water, and waste - Cytoplasm fills the rest of the space of the cell. It is jelly like. Only a person can see cells with a microscope New Cells come from existing cells

11 Living Systems Vertebrates Having backbone Animals Invertebrates Not having a backbone Organisms that share similar characteristics can be organized into groups in order to help understand similarities and differences. Vascular Having special tissues to transport food and water Plants Non-Vascular Not having a special tissues to transport food and water

12 Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of Earth Oceans As the depth of ocean water increases, the temperature decreases, the pressure increases, and the amount of light decreases. These factors influence the type of life forms that are present at a given depth. Plankton flourish in areas where nutrient- rich Ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, floating are caused by wind parerns like and plankton the differences are in water water densi;es upwells (due from to salinity the organisms called zooplankton. and temperature deep. differences). Ocean that currents live in affect the mixing of ocean waters. This can affect plant and animal popula;ons. water. Currents also affect naviga;on routes. Ocean water is a complex mixture of gases (air) and dissolved solids (salts, especially sodium chloride) Con;nental Shelf Con;nental Slope Con;nental Rise Plankton are tiny free- These areas are covered by thick layers of sediments Plankton may be animal- - like or plant- - like. Animal- - Plant- - like plankton (phytoplankton) carry out most of the photosynthesis on Earth. Therefore, they provide much of Earth s oxygen. Phytoplankton form the base of the ocean food web.

13 Oceans Ocean Light Zones Eupho;c Zone / Sunlit Zone Dispho;c Zone / Twilight Zone Apho;c Zone / Midnight Ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, are caused by wind parerns and the differences in water densi;es (due to salinity and temperature differences). Ocean currents affect the mixing of ocean waters. This can affect plant and animal popula;ons. Currents also affect naviga;on routes. Food Web Producers: oden phytoplankton which are ;ne plants that produce food from sunlight. Consumers: larger organism that eat other organisms in order to survive, such as zooplankton, fish, and whales. Decomposers: live on the ocean floor and feed off of dead or dying organisms that sink to the ocean floor.

14 Earth s Layer Earth Crust: Thinnest and outermost layer made up of rocks, soil, and water. The outer two layers are composed primarily of rocky material. The innermost layers are composed mostly of iron and nickel. Rocks have properties that can be observed, tested, and described. Composition, grain size and textural features, color, and the presence of fossils help with identification. Mantle: Thickest layer made up of think magma that CharacterisScs of Rocks and Minerals Helps Us Tell Them Apart Outer flows beneath the Color What color is it? Ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, are caused crust. Core: hot by wind parerns and the differences in water densi;es (due to salinity Luster Is it shiny or dull? How layer of does light bounce off and temperature differences). Ocean melted currents Pressure affect the and mixing temperature of ocean waters. of This it? can affect plant and animal popula;ons. rock. increase with depth beneath the surface. Streak What color powder is Currents also affect naviga;on routes. led when it is rubbed on a hard surface? Inner Core: solid The Rock Cycle layer with Hardness How hard is it? (does it break easily?) intense pressure Minerals: are solid material form the Earth s crust made up of one of more elements. Common Types are gold and Silver. Ore: is a mineral that is a useful substance such as bronze. Metamorphic Mel;ng Heat pressure fluids Igneous Sedimentary Weathering Erosion Cleavage Fracture Crystal Shape When it breaks, does it break into flat sheets? When it breaks, does it have a jagged edge? What shape are the crystals

15 Earth Materials can be moved by water and wind (eroded) and deposited in new loca;ons as sediment (deposi;on). Scien;fic evidence indicates Earth is ancient approximately 4.6 billion years old. The age of many rocks can be determined very reliably. Fossils provide informa;on about life and condi;ons of the past. Geological features in the oceans (including trenches and mid- ocean ridges) and on the continents (mountain ranges, including the Appalachian Mountains) are caused by current and past plate movements. Depending on how rocks are formed, they are classified as sedimentary (layers of sediment cemented together), igneous (melted and cooled, e.g., lava and magma), and metamorphic (changed by heat and pressure). Most earthquakes and volcanoes Rock Cycle are located at the boundaries of Ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, are caused by wind parerns and the differences in the plates (faults). Plates can move water together densi;es (convergent (due to salinity Earth s and boundaries), temperature apart differences). (divergent Ocean currents thermal affect the mixing of ocean waters. This can affect energy plant boundaries), and animal or slip popula;ons. past each other horizontally (transform causes Currents also affect naviga;on routes. boundaries, also called strike- - slip or sliding boundaries). movement of material within Earth. Large continent- size blocks (plates) move slowly about Earth s surface, driven by that thermal energy.

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