Assessment of the Early Development Work for Kuyucak Geothermal Field, Turkey

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Assessment of the Early Development Work for Kuyucak Geothermal Field, Turkey"

Transcription

1 PROCEEDINGS, 42nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 13-15, 2017 SGP-TR-212 Assessment of the Early Development Work for Kuyucak Geothermal Field, Turkey Gozde P. Yal 1, A. Mert Eker 2, Selim Cambazoglu 1, Osman Sen 2, Haluk Akgun 1 1 Department of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 2 SDS Enerji A.S., Ankara, Turkey gozdeyal@gmail.com Keywords: magnetotelluric, geothermal exploration, deep drilling, Büyük Menderes Graben, Turkey. ABSTRACT There are a number of geothermal fields that are developed or currently under development for power generation in the Buyuk Menderes Graben and recent exploration field works and drilling operations indicate that this number is bound to increase in the near future. An example for a newly discovered region is located at the northern flank of the Buyuk Menderes Graben, within a small-scale graben structure perpendicular to the main graben. The study area covers the geothermal operation license owned by SDS Enerji. This area is mainly characterized by EW- trending high-angle normal faults of the Buyuk Menderes Graben. This study entails the correlation of the exploration work including geological and geophysical field studies and the deep drilling works conducted in the study area. Menderes Massif is unconformably overlain by the Neogene sediments which are further overlain by the Quaternary deposits in the study area. The Menderes Massif mainly consists of highly jointed, thick bedded-massive marble, quartzite and intensely folded various schists and gneisses. This unit is highly deformed and fractured due to metamorphism and the tectonic activity in the region. The reservoir formation generally consists of the marble units of this massif as it is the case for the entire Buyuk Menderes geothermal system. According to the geological field works, the Menderes Massif acting as the bedrock formation for the entire Buyuk Menderes Graben could be encountered at shallow depths towards the north of the study area in line with the topography. A magnetotelluric (MT) survey was conducted at 83 points within the study area. MT (~10 km penetration depth) data were employed to identify the deep seated geothermal system of the study area located at depths below 2500 m. At these depths, a low resistivity zone was observed in the MT sections. The observed decrease in resistivity accompanied with a slight increase in the geothermal gradient was mainly tied to the permeable fracture zones filled with saline hydrothermal fluids. The results of the MT analysis (Schlumberger, 2015) were consistent with the geological studies and further allowed the determination of the geometry of the reservoir. Two wells, KS-1 and KS-2 were drilled by considering the results of the geological and geophysical studies and the accessibility of the drilling sites at the study area. The correlation of the lithological logs, the depth of loss of circulation, and the temperature measurements of the two wells with the 3D MT results indicated that the MT measurements were able to identify the approximate depth of the reservoir. However, the well logs indicated the presence of two reservoir sections, which was not visible on the MT cross-sections due to the low resolution of MT at great depths. Further, the results of the PT and flow rate measurements taken from the wells showed that the area was suitable for geothermal power generation. Thus, results of this study indicate that for the further development of the field, starting with the currently proven areas around the KS-1 and KS-2 wells, new wells could be drilled towards the northern part of the license area where the reservoir could be encountered even at shallower depths. 1. INTRODUCTION Geothermal energy development in Turkey has started in the mid 1960s. The discovery of new fields over the last decade has led to a considerable growth in the geothermal industry. Owing to the complex geological structure of Western Anatolia identification of high enthalpy areas suitable for power generation requires extensive geological, geophysical, geochemical, drilling works etc. Geothermal energy industry, from service providers to investors, gained considerable amount of experience through these extensive exploration works. However, geothermal industry, considering the vast development potential and the abundance of geothermal resources, has yet to meet its true potential. Discovery of new sites not only will increase power generation capacity from a renewable resource but also will increase the demand and allow for the further development of the industry. This study encloses the late stage exploration works conducted in a newly discovered geothermal field, located north of Buyuk Menderes Graben (BMK), in Aydın, Kuyucak. Extensive geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling works have been performed in the study area. The geothermal reservoir of the systems is identified through correlation of 3D MT analysis with the lithological and temperature logs collected from deep drillings. In this paper, the highlights of the early stage exploration work regarding the general geology and structural geology, relevant to the current study, are also presented. The Paleozoic-Mesozoic Menderes Metamorphics are the basement rock of the study area. The marble layers in the Menderes Metamorphic serves as the reservoir rock and the schistic levels serve as the cap rock for the system. They are unconformably overlain by the Neogene deposits and in turn overlain by the Quaternary graben fills. The 3D MT model shows a sharp resistivity decrease after around 2500 meters at the location of the deep drillings (KS-1 and KS-2). These depths match with the depths where the loss in circulation is experienced along with a slight increase in the geothermal gradient. 1

2 The low resistivity anomalies observed on the MT cross sections were interpreted as the marble units of Menderes Massif that serve as the reservoir rock for the geothermal system. The extensive tectonic activity in the region caused the Menderes Massif units to be highly deformed and fractured. Thus, a highly permeable and porous environment, ideal for the circulation of geothermal fluids, is created causing the observed resistivity anomalies. 2. STUDY AREA The study area is located about 2 km north of Kuyucak Village, on the northern flank of Buyuk Menderes Graben in Aydın, Turkey. East of the study area, lies the well known Pamukoren geothermal field where several geothermal power plants are in place. The elevation varies between 55 m to 1580 m asl increasing mainly from south to north. The location map of the study area can be seen in Figure 1 where the drill works conducted in the study area (KS-1 and KS-2) and in the vicinity of the study area are indicated. Figure 1: Location map of the study area. 2.1 Geological and Structural Settings South Western Turkey has been undergoing a N-S extensional neotectonic regime characterized by a series of grabens-horsts and active normal faults. BMG is bordered by a low angle E-W trending normal detachment fault. The study area is located on the hanging wall fault block (Neogene cover sediments) juxtaposed to the northern boundary fault of the BMG. The Paleozoic-Mesozoic Menderes Metamorphics are the basement of the study area. They are unconformably overlain by the Neogene deposits and in turn overlain by the Quaternary graben fills. The Menderes Massif is composed of "core" and "cover" rock assemblages. Core assemblage is composed of augen gneiss, metagranite, schist and metagabbro whereas the cover assemblage is composed of metapelites, amphibolite with dolomitic marble intercalations and marble dominated re-crystallized sedimentary sequence. In the Menderes Massif the highly fractured augen gneisses, quartzites and marbles present high porosity due to the multiphase brittle deformation and underground dissolution openings form the geothermal reservoir while the schists, such as the mica and chloriteschists, represent the cap rocks of the geothermal system at places (Koçyiğit, 2015). The graben fill units (Neogene) are the Middle Miocene conglomerate and sandstone units at its bottom followed by coal bearing sandstone, claystone, siltstone and marl. Upper Miocene units, comprised of red gravelstone, sandstone, claystone deposits conformably overlie the Middle Miocene units. These units are further overlain by the Quaternary alluvial and Pleistocene continental deposits. The fine grained sedimentary sequence of the graben fills have low permeability allowing them to serve as the cap rock of the geothermal system. The simplified geological map of the study area can be in Figure 2. The main heat sources of the system as described by Koçyiğit (2015) are "zone of shallow curie points, the asthenospheric upwelling up to shallower depths, the natural radioactivity and the shallow seated magma chambers of felsic intrusions". The structural setting in BMG is characterized by a 130 km long zone of deformation with fault zones consisting mostly of N-E- and less commonly of E-W-, N-S- and W-NW- trending fault sets. The E-W- normal faults have been obliquely offset by NE-SW to NNE- SSW left lateral strike slip faults (Koçyiğit,1984). The detachment faults are crossed and displaced by high angle active normal faults. This active tensional tectonics and related normal faults allow for deep circulation of meteoric water (Faulds et al., 2010). 2

3 Figure 2: Simplified geological map of the study area 3. BACKGROUND MATERIAL The geothermal fluids and clay alteration along with high temperatures associated with geothermal activity commonly result in lower resistivity values (Ussher, 2000). Thus, hydrothermal systems cause strong variations in the electrical resistivity of the subsurface, making them ideal targets for electromagnetic methods (Spichak and Zakharova, 2015). The development in MT analysis over the years, especially on 3-D inversion methods, allowed MT surveys to become an invaluable resource for geothermal exploration for the identification of best locations for future drillings. The main factors affecting the electrical resistivity in a geothermal system are; temperature, rock porosity and permeability, alteration mineralogy, fluid chemistry and saturation. However, the interpretations solely based on the parameters independently, causes misinterpretations. Each parameter and their correlations relevant with the system under investigation should be observed thoroughly. Also, the order of significance of these properties varies significantly in geothermal systems with different overall structure (low-high enthalpy systems, tectonic history, etc.). Resistivity-temperature dependency is investigated by Llera et al. (1990). They observed almost an order of magnitude decrease in resistivity when the temperature is increased from 25 to 250 C. Ussher (2000) explained this inverse relation between resistivity and temperature with the ionic processes that are responsible for the conduction processes in hydrothermal systems. A relationship between electrical conductivity of rocks and their porosities is found by Archie (1942) which is later improved by Waxmann and Smith (1968) incorporating the surface conductivity. The relationship suggests that the electrical conductivity is proportional to porosity and permeability (Zhang et al., 1994). Roberts et al. (2001), compared the resistivity values of intact and fractured rocks and observed a decrease in resistivity of 25-50% from intact rock to fractured rock (fluid-filled). Duba et al. (1978) also observed a resistivity decrease of 8 orders of magnitude on rock samples after saturation with distilled water. There is an inverse relation between salinity and resistivity. Conductivity is controlled by the presence of ions in a solution where the dissolved ions act as conductors. Consequently, the more ions that are present, the higher the conduction. The dominant conductive species in geothermal systems are Na-Cl. Ussher et al. (2000), compared resistivity values of the samples of unaltered rocks with different salinities where they found that, more saline sample results in lower resistivity values. However, in the presence of clay minerals, an interface between clay surface and the water forms, called the electrical double layer, which creates an extra conduction pathway (Ward, 1990; Spichak and Manzella, 2009) referred to as surface conductance. The high positive ion concentration in the double layer causes the increased or excess double-layer conductivity in the argillaceous reservoir material. The thickness of this layer 3

4 increases as brine salinity decreases which results in an inverse relation between salinity and conductivity. The high positive ion concentration in the double layer could be explained by the saturation of the porous media with an electrolyte solution, which causes abnormally low resistivity factors (resistivity of the rock when completely saturated with an electrolyte divided by the resistivity of the electrolyte itself) in altered rocks (Winsauer and McCardell, 1953). Hydrothermal alteration is a general term embracing the mineralogical, textural, and chemical response of rocks to a changing thermal and chemical environment in the presence of hot water, steam, or gas (Henley and Ellis, 1983). Primary minerals are converted to secondary minerals as a result of changes in in-situ conditions. The alteration products could be clay minerals and clay alteration causes lower resistivity values due to surface conductance. Flovenz et al. (2005) investigated the dependence of bulk conductivity to the interface conduction and pore fluid conduction at unaltered and altered zones. Resistivity of the unaltered samples showed sole dependency on pore fluid conduction whereas the samples from the altered zone showed that the conduction is dominated by interface conductance. Low resistivity anomolies are matched with the clay cap rocks of the geothermal systems in high temperature and supercritical fields by many researchers (Muñoz, 2014; Gasperikova et al, 2015). The common hydrothermal minerals at the zone between C are commonly represented by the abundance of conductive clays (e.g. smectites). The conductivities of clay rich rocks are inversely proportional to the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). High temperature alteration minerals such as illite and chlorite have lower CEC values. Smectites have much higher CEC values than illites and chlorites which in turn results in lower resistivity values. Clay alteration at lower temperatures causes a decrease in the resistivity values, and when we get to a zone with higher temperature, resistivity values will tend to increase due to the change in alteration mineralogy. However, at a reservoir with temperatures below 200 C, such change in alteration minerology, that could cause a significant resistivity change, is not expected. Accordingly, an anomaly observed in the resistivity sections could be bound to pore fluid conductance even in the existence of altered zones. Pore fluid conductance is controlled by permeability, porosity, and the fluid chemistry and saturation of the circulating fluids. However, it should also be noted that the temperature dependence of surface conduction is higher than the temperature dependence of pore fluid conduction. 4. DATA The 3D MT analysis of the study area was performed. The survey area is about 11x7 km where MT data were acquired at 83 station with an average spacing of 250 m on an irregular grid. Two well locations were identified by incorporating the results of the geophysical measurements and information regarding the structural and geological configuration of the study area. 2 successful production wells, KS-1 and KS-2,, with depths of 3232 m and 3614 m were drilled respectively and artesian flow was observed for both wells. Further, lithological and temperature logs were collected from these wells. At both wells the transition between Neogene and Paleozoic units of the Menderes Massif were observed at around meters. At KS-1 well, based on the lithological log, loss in circulation depths and results of temperature logs, two reservoir sections were identified divided by a layer of graphite-schist. The upper reservoir section was encountered between m. depth with a thickness of 384 m and the lower reservoir section has been encountered at 3029 m following a 90 m graphite-schist unit. A similar situation was observed at the KS-2 well as well. The upper reservoir and lower reservoir sections were encountered between m (thickness of 367m) and after 3150 m (thickness > 464 m) respectively with graphite-schist layer in between. Drilling was terminated before penetrating the entire reservoir in both wells. 5. INTERPRETATION AND RESULTS The 3D MT model and a cross-section intersecting the KS-1 and KS-2 wells can be seen in Figure 3. The resistivity sections show a clear zone of low resistivity at the southern and central part of the survey area, consistent with the Quaternary cover. Owing to the topographical complexity at the northern parts of the study area, higher resistivity values were observed. On the 3D MT model, a general trend of high resistivity until around 2.5 km is followed by a sharp decrease in resistivity. The depth of this resistivity anomaly increases with the topography as we go north of the study area. After an approximate 750 meters of Neogene cover, the hydrothermally altered Menderes Metamorphics were encountered for the remaining depths for both wells. Neither the encountered temperatures (around 160 C) nor the geological formations encountered through the course of the drillings suggest any significant alteration change (such as smectite-illite etc.), thus the observed resistivity anomaly cannot be linked to the surface conductance at the encountered temperatures. With regards to the geology of the area, flow is mainly controlled by the fracture porosity. The fracture system causes lower resistivity values which is studied by many researchers over the years (e.g. Ushijima et al., 1986; Manzella et al., 2002; Del Rasario et al., 2005; Bromley, 1993; Romo et al, 2000). The marble sections identified by the lithological logs are highly fractured creating a deep circulation environment for meteoric waters. Thus, the observed decrease in resistivity accompanied with a slight increase in the geothermal gradient could be tied to the permeable fracture zones filled with saline hydrothermal fluids. Thus, the low resistivity values are associated primarily with the pore fluid conductance, coupled with the surface conductance (at the altered zones) amplified by the circulating Na-Cl dominated geothermal fluids. 4

5 Figure 3: A) 3D-MT model of the study area, B) Cross-section intersecting KS-1 and KS-2 wells C) MT measurement locations 6. CONCLUSIONS The geological and structural framework, MT anomalies and the drill logs are correlated to identify the geothermal system in the study area. The reservoir rocks of the geothermal system are mainly the marble units of the Menderes Metamorphic Core Rock Assemblage, where the cap rock of the system is composed of the schists of the Menderes Metamorphic Cap Rock Assemblage and the Neogene Graben fills. A 3D MT survey and 2 successful deep drillings were conducted in the study area. Initially the MT analysis revealed the existence of a conductive zone at depths below 2500 meters which is further verified by the drilling works where reservoir material and the loss in circulation along with a slight increase in the geothermal gradient was observed at approximately the same depths. This low resistivity anomaly is explained by the presence of Na-Cl dominated meteoric fluids circulating in a highly deformed and fractured medium. MT survey and drilling works conducted in the study area revealed that the Kuyucak field has high potential and needs to be further developed for power production. It was observed that the depth of the resistivity anomaly regarded as the geothermal reservoir increases with topography towards the north of the study area. Thus, for the further development of the field, starting with the currently proven areas around the KS-1 and KS-2 wells, new wells could be drilled towards the northern part of the license area where the reservoir could be encountered even at shallower depths. REFERENCES Archie, G.E.: The Electrical Resistivity Log As An Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics, Trans. AIME, 146, (1942), Bromley, C.: Tensor CSAMT Study Of The Fault Zone Between Waikite And Te Kopia Geothermal Fields, J. Geomag. Geoelectr, 45, (1993), Del Rosario, Jr., R.A., Pastor, M.S., and Malapitan, R.T.: Controlled Source Magnetotelluric (Csmt) Survey Of Malabuyoc Thermal Prospect, Malabuyoc/Alegria, Cebu, Philippines (Expanded Abstr), World Geothermal Congress, Antalya, Turkey, (2005). Duba, A., Piwinskii, A. J., Santor, M., and Weed, H. C.: The Electrical Conductivity of Sandstone, Limestone and Granite, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 53, (1978), Faulds, J., Coolbaugh M., Bouchot, V., Moek, I, and Oguz K,: Characterizing Structural Controls of Geothermal Reservoirs in the Great Basin, USA, and Western Turkey: Developing Successful Exploration Strategies in Extended Terranes, Hal archives-ouvertes.fr, (2010), HAL Id: hal Flovenz, O.G., Spangerberg, E., Kulenkampff, J., Arnason, K., Karlsdottir, R., and Huenges, E.: The Role Of Electrical Interface Conduction In Geothermal Exploration (Expanded Abstr), World Geothermal Congress, Antalya, Turkey, (2005). 5

6 Gasperikova, E., Rosenkjaer, G.K., Arnason, K., Newman, G.A., and Lindsey N.J.: Resistivity Characterization Of The Krafla And Hengill Geothermal Fields Through 3D MT Inverse Modeling, Geothermics, 57, (1986), Henley, R. W. and Ellis, A. J.: Geothermal systems ancient and modern: a geochemical review, Earth Science Reviews, 19, 1, (1983), Koçyiğit, A.: Güneybatı Türkiye ve Yakın dolayında levha içi yeni tektonik gelişim [Intra-plate neotectonic development in Southwestern Turkey and adjacent areas], Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 27, (1984), Koçyiğit, A.; An overview on the main stratigraphic and structural features of a geothermal area: the case of Nazilli-Buharkent section of the Büyük Menderes Graben,SW Turkey, Geodinamica Acta, 27, (2015), Llera, F. J., Sato, M., Nakatsuka, K., and Yokoyama, H.: Temperature Dependence of the Electrical Resistivity of Water-Saturated Rocks, Geophysics, 55, (1990), Manzella, A., Spichak, V., Pushkarev, P., Sileva, D., Oskooi, B., Ruggieri, G., and Sizov, Yu.: Deep Fluid Circulation In The Travale Geothermal Area And Its Relation With Tectonic Structure Investigated by a Magnetotelluric Survey (Expanded Abstr), Proceedings, 31th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA, (2006). Muñoz, G.,: Munoz Gerard. Exploring for Geothermal Resources with Electromagnetic Methods, Surv Geophys, 35, (2014), Roberts, J. J., Bonner, B. P., and Kasameyer, P.W.: Electrical Resistivity Measurements Of Intact And Fractured Geothermal Reservoir Rocks, Proceedings, 26th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA, (2001). Romo, J.M., Wong, V., and Flores, C.: The Subsurface Electrical Conductivity And The Attenuation Of Coda Waves At Las Tres Virgines Geothermal Field In Baja California Sur, Mexico (Expanded Abstr), Proceedings, World Geothermal Congress, Kyushu- Tohoku, Japan, (2000), Schlumberger: 3D Modelling of Magnetotelluric Data Kuyucak, Aydın-Turkey, unpublished, (2015). Spichak, V.V. and Manzella, O.K.: Electromagnetic Sounding of Geothermal Zones, Journal of Applied Geophysics, (2009), Spichak, V.V. and Zakharova, O.K.: Electromagnetic Geothermometry, Elsevier, (2015). Ushijima, K., Noritomi, K., Tagomori, K., Kinoshita, Y.: Joint Inversion Of MT And DC Resistivity Data At Hatchobaru Area, Geotherm. Resour. Council Trans., 10, (1986), Ussher, G., Harvey, C., Johnston, R., and Anderson E.: Understanding The Resistivities Observed in Geothermal Systems, Proceedings, World Geothermal Congress, Kyushu - Tohoku, Japan, (2000). Ward, S.H.: Resistivity and induced polarization methods. In: Ward, S.H. (Ed.), Geotechnical and environmental geophysics, 1, (1990), Waxman, M.H., and Smith, J.M.: Electrical Conductivities In Oil-Bearing Shaley Sands, Soc. Pet.Eng. J., SPE Paper 1863-A at SPE Ann. Fall Meeting, Houston, (1968), Windsauer, W.O., and McCardell, W.M.: Ionic Double Layer Conductivity In Reservoir Rocks, Am. Inst. of Mining and Metal. Eng., 198, (1953), Zhang, S., Paterson, M.S., and Cox, S.F.: Porosity And Permeability Evolution During Hot Isostatic Pressing Of Calcite Aggregates, J. Geophys. Res., 99, (1994),

The Role of Magnetotellurics in Geothermal Exploration

The Role of Magnetotellurics in Geothermal Exploration The Role of Magnetotellurics in Geothermal Exploration Adele Manzella CNR - Via Moruzzi 1 56124 PISA, Italy manzella@igg.cnr.it Foreword MT is one of the most used geophysical methods for geothermal exploration.

More information

Cubic Spline Regularization Applied to 1D Magnetotelluric Inverse Modeling in Geothermal Areas

Cubic Spline Regularization Applied to 1D Magnetotelluric Inverse Modeling in Geothermal Areas Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Cubic Spline Regularization Applied to 1D Magnetotelluric Inverse Modeling in Geothermal Areas Egidio Armadillo 1, Daniele

More information

Lecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued. and Metamorphic rocks!

Lecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued. and Metamorphic rocks! Lecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued and Metamorphic rocks! Metamorphism Process that leads to changes in: Mineralogy Texture Sometimes chemical composition Metamorphic rocks are produced from

More information

Answers: Internal Processes and Structures (Isostasy)

Answers: Internal Processes and Structures (Isostasy) Answers: Internal Processes and Structures (Isostasy) 1. Analyse the adjustment of the crust to changes in loads associated with volcanism, mountain building, erosion, and glaciation by using the concept

More information

Exploration of Geothermal High Enthalpy Resources using Magnetotellurics an Example from Chile

Exploration of Geothermal High Enthalpy Resources using Magnetotellurics an Example from Chile Exploration of Geothermal High Enthalpy Resources using Magnetotellurics an Example from Chile Ulrich Kalberkamp, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover,

More information

Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc., Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization,Tokyo, Japan

Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc., Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization,Tokyo, Japan DEEP GEOTHERMAL STRUCTURE AND THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM THE GEOTHERMAL FIELD, JAPAN M. H. K. MATSUDA', T. K. Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc., Japan Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization,Tokyo,

More information

THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF GEOELECTRICAL STRUCTURE BASED ON MT AND TDEM DATA IN MORI GEOTHERMAL FIELD, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN

THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF GEOELECTRICAL STRUCTURE BASED ON MT AND TDEM DATA IN MORI GEOTHERMAL FIELD, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF GEOELECTRICAL STRUCTURE BASED ON MT AND TDEM DATA IN MORI GEOTHERMAL FIELD, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN Tatsuya Kajiwara 1, Tohru Mogi 2, Elena Fomenko 3 and Sachio Ehara 4 1 JMC Geothermal

More information

NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #3 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 8, 9, 10, 11

NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #3 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 8, 9, 10, 11 NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #3 MATERIAL OVERS HAPTERS 8, 9, 10, 11 Assignment is due the beginning of the class period on November 23, 2004. Answers for each chapter will be discussed in class, as Exam #3

More information

Chapter 8 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Twelfth Edition. Metamorphism. Rocks. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Twelfth Edition. Metamorphism. Rocks. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Twelfth Edition Metamorphism and dmetamorphic Rocks Tarbuck and Lutgens Chapter 8 Metamorphic Rocks What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means

More information

UNDERSTANDING THE RESISTIVITIES OBSERVED IN GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS

UNDERSTANDING THE RESISTIVITIES OBSERVED IN GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS UNDERSTANDING THE RESISTIVITIES OBSERVED IN GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS Greg Ussher, Colin Harvey, Roy Johnstone, Errol Anderson PB Power GENZL Division, New Zealand Key Words: geothermal, resistivity, rock properties.

More information

Big Island Field Trip

Big Island Field Trip Big Island Field Trip Space Still Available Group Airline Tickets May be available if enough people sign on If interested send email to Greg Ravizza Planning Meeting Next Week Will

More information

Geophysics Course Introduction to DC Resistivity

Geophysics Course Introduction to DC Resistivity NORAD supported project in MRRD covering Capacity Building and Institutional Cooperation in the field of Hydrogeology for Faryab Province Afghanistan Geophysics Course Introduction to DC Resistivity By

More information

Overview of geophysical methods used in geophysical exploration

Overview of geophysical methods used in geophysical exploration Overview of geophysical methods used in geophysical exploration Lúdvík S. Georgsson United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme Orkustofnun Reykjavík ICELAND The role of the geophysicist Measuring

More information

WAMUNYU EDWARD MUREITHI I13/2358/2007

WAMUNYU EDWARD MUREITHI I13/2358/2007 WAMUNYU EDWARD MUREITHI I13/2358/2007 Olkaria geothermal area is situated south of Lake Naivasha on the floor of the southern segment of the Kenya rift. The geology of the Olkaria Geothermal area is subdivided

More information

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF INTACT AND FRACTURED GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR ROCKS

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF INTACT AND FRACTURED GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR ROCKS PROCEEDINGS, Twenty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 29-31, 2001 SGP-TR-168 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF INTACT AND FRACTURED

More information

As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D

As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D 1. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together,

More information

RESISTIVITY OF ROCKS

RESISTIVITY OF ROCKS Presented at Short Course IV on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP, KenGen and GDC, at Lake Naivasha, Kenya, November 1-22, 2009. Kenya Electricity Generating Co., Ltd. GEOTHERMAL

More information

Engineering Geology ECIV 3302

Engineering Geology ECIV 3302 Engineering Geology ECIV 3302 Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2019-2018 Chapter (7) Metamorphic Rocks Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism The transition of one rock into another by temperatures

More information

Metamorphism: summary in haiku form

Metamorphism: summary in haiku form Metamorphism & Metamorphic Rocks Earth, Chapter 8 Metamorphism: summary in haiku form Shape-shifters in crust. Just add heat and/or pressure. Keep it solid please! What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means

More information

Integrated Geophysical Model for Suswa Geothermal Prospect using Resistivity, Seismics and Gravity Survey Data in Kenya

Integrated Geophysical Model for Suswa Geothermal Prospect using Resistivity, Seismics and Gravity Survey Data in Kenya Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Integrated Geophysical Model for Suswa Geothermal Prospect using Resistivity, Seismics and Gravity Survey Data in Kenya

More information

Engineering Geology. Metamorphic Rocks. Hussien Al - deeky

Engineering Geology. Metamorphic Rocks. Hussien Al - deeky Metamorphic Rocks Hussien Al - deeky 1 Definition Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith (parent rock), in a process called metamorphism, which means

More information

BULLS-EYE! - SIMPLE RESISTIVITY IMAGING TO RELIABLY LOCATE THE GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR

BULLS-EYE! - SIMPLE RESISTIVITY IMAGING TO RELIABLY LOCATE THE GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR BULLS-EYE! - SIMPLE RESISTIVITY IMAGING TO RELIABLY LOCATE THE GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR Errol Anderson, Daryl Crosby and Greg Ussher PB Power GENZL Division, P O Box 3935, Auckland, New Zealand Key Words:

More information

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Earth - Chapter Pearson Education, Inc.

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Earth - Chapter Pearson Education, Inc. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Earth - Chapter 8 Metamorphism Transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed Metamorphic rocks are produced from:

More information

Which rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite

Which rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite 1. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica crystals and a foliated texture? A) marble B) quartzite C) schist D) slate 2. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure

More information

Reinjection Experience in Salavatli-Sultanhisar field of Turkey

Reinjection Experience in Salavatli-Sultanhisar field of Turkey Cover Page - Example Reinjection Experience in Salavatli-Sultanhisar field of Turkey U. SERPEN 1 Scientist, Petroleum and Natural Gas Eng. Dept. of Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul Turkey. N. AKSOY

More information

Three Dimensional Inversions of MT Resistivity Data to Image Geothermal Systems: Case Study, Korosi Geothermal Prospect

Three Dimensional Inversions of MT Resistivity Data to Image Geothermal Systems: Case Study, Korosi Geothermal Prospect PROCEEDINGS, 42nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 13-15, 2017 SGP-TR-212 Three Dimensional Inversions of MT Resistivity Data to Image Geothermal

More information

Depositional History and Petroleum Potential of Ombilin Basin, West Sumatra - Indonesia, Based on Surface Geological Data*

Depositional History and Petroleum Potential of Ombilin Basin, West Sumatra - Indonesia, Based on Surface Geological Data* Depositional History and Petroleum Potential of Ombilin Basin, West Sumatra - Indonesia, Based on Surface Geological Data* Yahdi Zaim 1, Litto Habrianta 2, Chalid I. Abdullah 1, Aswan 1, Yan Rizal 1, Nurcahyo

More information

CHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS

CHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS CHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS Introduction Metamorphism - the process of changes in texture and mineralogy of pre-existing rock due to changes in temperature and/or pressure. Metamorphic means change

More information

"When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka

When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka Metamorphosis "When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka Metamorphism The transformation of rock by temperature

More information

Practice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1

Practice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1 Name Practice Test Rocks and Minerals 1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite

More information

Status of geothermal energy exploration at Buranga geothermal prospect, Western Uganda

Status of geothermal energy exploration at Buranga geothermal prospect, Western Uganda Status of geothermal energy exploration at Buranga geothermal prospect, Western Uganda ARGeo-C6, Addis Ababa 2016 James Francis Natukunda and Godfrey Bahati Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development Directorate

More information

3D MAGNETOTELLURIC SURVEY AT THE YANAIZU-NISHIYAMA GEOTHERMAL FIELD, NORTHERN JAPAN

3D MAGNETOTELLURIC SURVEY AT THE YANAIZU-NISHIYAMA GEOTHERMAL FIELD, NORTHERN JAPAN 3D MAGNETOTELLURIC SURVEY AT THE YANAIZU-NISHIYAMA GEOTHERMAL FIELD, NORTHERN JAPAN Toshihiro Uchida 1, Shinichi Takakura 1, Takumi Ueda 1, Masaho Adachi 2, Hitoshi Ozeki 2, Kunikazu Kamada 3, Tatsuya

More information

Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals

Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.

More information

Gaseous vs. Aqueous Fluids: Travale (Italy) Case Study using EM Geothermometry

Gaseous vs. Aqueous Fluids: Travale (Italy) Case Study using EM Geothermometry PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 24-26, 2014 SGP-TR-200 Gaseous vs. Aqueous Fluids: Travale (Italy) Case Study

More information

RESISTIVITY IMAGING IN EASTERN NEVADA USING THE AUDIOMAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD FOR HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK STUDIES. Abstract.

RESISTIVITY IMAGING IN EASTERN NEVADA USING THE AUDIOMAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD FOR HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK STUDIES. Abstract. RESISTIVITY IMAGING IN EASTERN NEVADA USING THE AUDIOMAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD FOR HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK STUDIES Darcy K. McPhee, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA Louise Pellerin, Green Engineering,

More information

HDR/EGS POTENTIAL OF THE VILKYCIAI AREA, WEST LITHUANIA

HDR/EGS POTENTIAL OF THE VILKYCIAI AREA, WEST LITHUANIA HDR/EGS POTENTIAL OF THE VILKYCIAI AREA, WEST LITHUANIA Prepared by Saulius Sliaupa, Dainius Michelevicius, Gediminas Motuza, Larisa Korabliova, Kirstina Ciuraite West Lithuania is situated in the central

More information

Chapter 13. Groundwater

Chapter 13. Groundwater Chapter 13 Groundwater Introduction Groundwater is all subsurface water that completely fills the pores and other open spaces in rocks, sediments, and soil. Groundwater is responsible for forming beautiful

More information

The Geology of Two Lights State Park. Cape Elizabeth, Maine

The Geology of Two Lights State Park. Cape Elizabeth, Maine Maine Geologic Facts and Localities June, 2002 Cape Elizabeth, Maine 43 33 33.48 N, 70 12 13.32 W Text by Henry N. Berry IV and Robert G. Marvinney, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1

More information

High-resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glauconitic Sandstone, Upper Mannville C Pool, Cessford Field: a Record of Evolving Accommodation

High-resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glauconitic Sandstone, Upper Mannville C Pool, Cessford Field: a Record of Evolving Accommodation Page No. 069-1 High-resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glauconitic Sandstone, Upper Mannville C Pool, Cessford Field: a Record of Evolving Accommodation Thérèse Lynch* and John Hopkins, Department

More information

Rock Cycle and Rock Types Homework

Rock Cycle and Rock Types Homework Rock Cycle and Rock Types Homework Completion Complete each statement. 1. A(n) is a solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally. 2. Rocks are generally classified as igneous,, or

More information

INFERRING RELATIVE PERMEABILITY FROM RESISTIVITY WELL LOGGING

INFERRING RELATIVE PERMEABILITY FROM RESISTIVITY WELL LOGGING PROCEEDINGS, Thirtieth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 3-February 2, 25 SGP-TR-76 INFERRING RELATIVE PERMEABILITY FROM RESISTIVITY WELL LOGGING

More information

B) color B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. D) igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

B) color B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. D) igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks 1. Which characteristic of nonsedimentary rocks would provide the least evidence about the environment in which the rocks were formed? A) structure B) color C) crystal size D) mineral composition 2. Which

More information

Giovanni Gianelli ISTITUTO DI GEOSCIENZE E GEORISORSE INSTITUTE OF GEOSCIENCES AND EARTH RESOURCES

Giovanni Gianelli ISTITUTO DI GEOSCIENZE E GEORISORSE INSTITUTE OF GEOSCIENCES AND EARTH RESOURCES Giovanni Gianelli ISTITUTO DI GEOSCIENZE E GEORISORSE INSTITUTE OF GEOSCIENCES AND EARTH RESOURCES DEEP SEATED UNCONVENTIONAL GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN TUSCANY More and more steam from Larderello Larderello/Travale

More information

Application of Transient Electromagnetics for the Investigation of a Geothermal Site in Tanzania

Application of Transient Electromagnetics for the Investigation of a Geothermal Site in Tanzania Application of Transient Electromagnetics for the Investigation of a Geothermal Site in Tanzania Gerlinde Schaumann, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover,

More information

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE CONCEPTUAL MODELS USING SURFACE EXPLORATION DATA

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE CONCEPTUAL MODELS USING SURFACE EXPLORATION DATA PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Fourth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 9-11, 2009 SGP-TR-187 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE CONCEPTUAL MODELS USING SURFACE EXPLORATION

More information

Earth Science Chapter 6 Rocks

Earth Science Chapter 6 Rocks Earth Science Chapter 6 Rocks I. Rocks and the Rock Cycle * Material that makes up the solid part of the Earth. * Made of a variety of different combinations of minerals and organic matter. A. Three Major

More information

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 Fresh Water What we will cover The Hydrologic Cycle River systems Floods Groundwater Caves and Karst Topography Hot springs Distribution of water in

More information

CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe

CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Igneous Origins Intrusive Batholithic or plutonic: phaneritic Dikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphanitic Extrusive deposition as melt (lava) pyroclastic

More information

Chapter 3. Geology & Tectonics

Chapter 3. Geology & Tectonics Chapter 3 Geology & Tectonics 3.1 Geology The general geological features of Indonesia are shown in Figure 3.1. The basement formation is metamorphic and it is intruded with plutonic formations. They are

More information

A New Combinational Terminology for Geothermal Systems

A New Combinational Terminology for Geothermal Systems International Journal of Geosciences, 2013, 4, 43-48 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2013.41005 Published Online January 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijg) A New Combinational Terminology for Geothermal

More information

1D and 2D Inversion of the Magnetotelluric Data for Brine Bearing Structures Investigation

1D and 2D Inversion of the Magnetotelluric Data for Brine Bearing Structures Investigation 1D and 2D Inversion of the Magnetotelluric Data for Brine Bearing Structures Investigation Behrooz Oskooi *, Isa Mansoori Kermanshahi * * Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. boskooi@ut.ac.ir,

More information

Exploring for geothermal reservoirs using broadband 2-D MT and gravity in Hungary

Exploring for geothermal reservoirs using broadband 2-D MT and gravity in Hungary KMS Technologies KJT Enterprises Inc. An EMGS/RXT company Exploring for geothermal reservoirs using broadband 2-D MT and gravity in Hungary Tulinius, H., Adám, L., Halldórsdóttir, H.,Yu, G., Strack, K.

More information

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF ANDESITE AND HYDROTHERMAL BRECCIA FROM THE AWIBENGKOK GEOTHERMAL FIELD, INDONESIA

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF ANDESITE AND HYDROTHERMAL BRECCIA FROM THE AWIBENGKOK GEOTHERMAL FIELD, INDONESIA PROCEEDINGS, Twenty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 24-26, 2000 SGP-TR-165 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF ANDESITE AND HYDROTHERMAL

More information

GEOL Introductory Geology: Exploring Planet Earth Fall 2010 Test #2 October 18, 2010

GEOL Introductory Geology: Exploring Planet Earth Fall 2010 Test #2 October 18, 2010 GEOL 101 - Introductory Geology: Exploring Planet Earth Fall 2010 Test #2 October 18, 2010 Name KEY ID# KEY Multiple choice questions (2 points each). 1. What type of metamorphic rock is formed over large

More information

Wind Mountain Project Summary Memo Feeder Program

Wind Mountain Project Summary Memo Feeder Program A Manex Resource Group Company Wind Mountain Project Summary Memo Feeder Program J.A. Kizis, Jr., February 07, 2018 Assays have been received for both holes drilled at Wind Mountain during late 2017 and

More information

Numerical Simulation of Devolution and Evolution of Steam-Water Two-Phase Zone in a Fractured Geothermal Reservoir at Ogiri, Japan

Numerical Simulation of Devolution and Evolution of Steam-Water Two-Phase Zone in a Fractured Geothermal Reservoir at Ogiri, Japan GRC Transactions, Vol. 37, 2013 Numerical Simulation of Devolution and Evolution of Steam-Water Two-Phase Zone in a Fractured Geothermal Reservoir at Ogiri, Japan Yohei Tateishi 1, Ryuichi Itoi 1, Toshiaki

More information

Which sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D

Which sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 1 Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of (1) white quartz (3) pink feldspar (2) aluminum (4) iron 2 The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks

More information

Petrophysical Charaterization of the Kwale Field Reservoir Sands (OML 60) from Wire-line Logs, Niger Delta, Nigeria. EKINE, A. S.

Petrophysical Charaterization of the Kwale Field Reservoir Sands (OML 60) from Wire-line Logs, Niger Delta, Nigeria. EKINE, A. S. JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 All rights reserved Full-text Available Online at wwwbiolineorgbr/ja J Appl Sci Environ Manage December, 2009 Vol 13(4) 81-85 Petrophysical Charaterization of the Kwale Field Reservoir

More information

Metamorphism & Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism & Metamorphic Rocks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 & Metamorphic Rocks Earth 9 th edition, Chapter 8 Mass wasting: summary in haiku form Shape-shifters in crust. Just add heat and/or pressure. Keep it solid please! Key Concepts

More information

Process, Zeit Bay Fields - Gulf of Suez, Egypt*

Process, Zeit Bay Fields - Gulf of Suez, Egypt* PS Pressure Regime Evaluation, Role, and Contribution in Well Planning and Formation Evaluation Process, Zeit Bay Fields - Gulf of Suez, Egypt* Saber Moustafa Selim 1, Khaled Mohamed Abdallah 1, and Khalaf

More information

OVERVIEW OF THE WAIRAKEI-TAUHARA SUBSIDENCE INVESTIGATION PROGRAM

OVERVIEW OF THE WAIRAKEI-TAUHARA SUBSIDENCE INVESTIGATION PROGRAM PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 31 - February 2, 2011 SGP-TR-191 OVERVIEW OF THE WAIRAKEI-TAUHARA SUBSIDENCE INVESTIGATION

More information

Overview of Indonesian Geothermal System

Overview of Indonesian Geothermal System Overview of Indonesian Geothermal System The Resources Beyond High Enthalpy Magmatic/Volcanic Systems By Dr.Eng. Suryantini ITB 4/3/2017 1 Outline Current Condition of Indonesian Geothermal Resources and

More information

SUB-SURFACE GEOLOGY AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION OF WELLS LA-9D AND LA-10D OF ALUTO LANGANO GEOTHERMAL FIELD, ETHIOPIA

SUB-SURFACE GEOLOGY AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION OF WELLS LA-9D AND LA-10D OF ALUTO LANGANO GEOTHERMAL FIELD, ETHIOPIA Proceedings, 6 th African Rift Geothermal Conference Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2 nd -4 th November 2016 SUB-SURFACE GEOLOGY AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION OF WELLS LA-9D AND LA-10D OF ALUTO LANGANO GEOTHERMAL

More information

. Slide 1. Geological Survey of Ethiopia, P.O.Box 2302, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

. Slide 1. Geological Survey of Ethiopia, P.O.Box 2302, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia The electrical resistivity structure of the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift (around the Lake Abaya geothermal prospect) revealed by magneto-telluric telluric imaging Mohammednur Desissa and Yohanes Lema Geological

More information

VECTORING VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDE MINERALIZATION AT THE RAINDROP ZONE, SNOW LAKE (NTS 63K16), MANITOBA by G.H. Gale

VECTORING VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDE MINERALIZATION AT THE RAINDROP ZONE, SNOW LAKE (NTS 63K16), MANITOBA by G.H. Gale GS-8 VECTORING VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDE MINERALIZATION AT THE RAINDROP ZONE, SNOW LAKE (NTS 63K16), MANITOBA by G.H. Gale Gale, G.H. 2002: Vectoring volcanogenic massive sulphide mineralization at

More information

Reservoir Geomechanics and Faults

Reservoir Geomechanics and Faults Reservoir Geomechanics and Faults Dr David McNamara National University of Ireland, Galway david.d.mcnamara@nuigalway.ie @mcnamadd What is a Geological Structure? Geological structures include fractures

More information

Metamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism: occurs when rocks are subjected to heat, pressure, and/or other environmental conditions - The rock remains a solid during this time period - Why Should You

More information

Structural Deformation and Karst in the Devonian Waterways Formation: Examples from Outcrops along the Athabasca River*

Structural Deformation and Karst in the Devonian Waterways Formation: Examples from Outcrops along the Athabasca River* Structural Deformation and Karst in the Devonian Waterways Formation: Examples from Outcrops along the Athabasca River* Chris L. Schneider 1 and Matthias Grobe 2 Search and Discovery Article #51073 (2015)

More information

B7 Applications of DC resistivity exploration

B7 Applications of DC resistivity exploration B7 Applications of DC resistivity exploration Modern DC resistivity surveys collect data for generating a 2-D or 3-D geoelectric model of the Earth. A simple 1-D analysis does not often yield results that

More information

Integrated interpretation of multimodal geophysical data for exploration of geothermal resources Case study: Yamagawa geothermal field in Japan

Integrated interpretation of multimodal geophysical data for exploration of geothermal resources Case study: Yamagawa geothermal field in Japan Integrated interpretation of multimodal geophysical data for exploration of geothermal resources Case study: Yamagawa geothermal field in Japan Masashi Endo*(TechnoImaging), Alex Gribenko (TechnoImaging

More information

Interpretation of Subsurface Geological Structure of Massepe Geothermal Area Using Resistivity Data

Interpretation of Subsurface Geological Structure of Massepe Geothermal Area Using Resistivity Data Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 Interpretation of Subsurface Geological Structure of Massepe Geothermal Area Using Resistivity Data Ahmad Zarkasyi and Yuanno

More information

Tu D Understanding the Interplay of Fractures, Stresses & Facies in Unconventional Reservoirs - Case Study from Chad Granites

Tu D Understanding the Interplay of Fractures, Stresses & Facies in Unconventional Reservoirs - Case Study from Chad Granites Tu D201 04 Understanding the Interplay of Fractures, Stresses & Facies in Unconventional Reservoirs - Case Study from Chad Granites D. Lirong (Chinese National Petroleum Company Ltd. (Chad)), C. Shrivastava*

More information

Name: Date: Use the following to answer question 2.

Name: Date: Use the following to answer question 2. Name: Date: 1. Which of the following statements regarding the scientific method is false? A) A hypothesis must be agreed upon by more than one scientist. B) A theory is a hypothesis that has withstood

More information

Ann Moulding and Tom Brikowski University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Geosciences

Ann Moulding and Tom Brikowski University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Geosciences GRC Transactions, Vol. 39, 2015 Influence of Continuously Variable Permeability and Basin Rock Properties on Three Dimensional Heat and Mass Balance Models of Basin & Range Geothermal Systems Ann Moulding

More information

6162 Upper Rhine Graben: 3D Seismic - A New Approach to Geothermal Exploration in a Structurally Complex Tectonic Enviroment

6162 Upper Rhine Graben: 3D Seismic - A New Approach to Geothermal Exploration in a Structurally Complex Tectonic Enviroment 6162 Upper Rhine Graben: 3D Seismic - A New Approach to Geothermal Exploration in a Structurally Complex Tectonic Enviroment C. G. Eichkitz* (Joanneum Research), M.G. Schreilechner (Joanneum Research),

More information

Exploring for geothermal reservoirs using broadband 2-D MT and gravity in Hungary

Exploring for geothermal reservoirs using broadband 2-D MT and gravity in Hungary KMS Technologies KJT Enterprises Inc. An EMGS/RXT company Exploring for geothermal reservoirs using broadband 2-D MT and gravity in Hungary Tulinius, H., Adám, L., Halldórsdóttir, H.,Yu, G., Strack, K.

More information

Numerical Simulation Study of the Mori Geothermal Field, Japan

Numerical Simulation Study of the Mori Geothermal Field, Japan Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 Numerical Simulation Study of the Mori Geothermal Field, Japan Kazuyoshi Osada 1, Mineyuki Hanano 2, Kei Sato 1, Tatsuya Kajiwara

More information

Comparison of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D Inversion Approaches of Interpreting Electromagnetic Data of Silali Geothermal Area

Comparison of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D Inversion Approaches of Interpreting Electromagnetic Data of Silali Geothermal Area Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Comparison of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D Inversion Approaches of Interpreting Electromagnetic Data of Silali Geothermal Area Charles

More information

Resistivity structure of Sumikawa geothermal field, northeastern Japan, obtained from magnetotelluric data. Toshihiro Uchida

Resistivity structure of Sumikawa geothermal field, northeastern Japan, obtained from magnetotelluric data. Toshihiro Uchida Resistivity structure of Sumikawa geothermal field, northeastern Japan, obtained from magnetotelluric data Toshihiro Geological Survey of Japan 1-1-3 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 35, Japan ABSTRACT: Resistivity

More information

Geophysical exploration methods at European sites

Geophysical exploration methods at European sites Geophysical exploration methods at European sites David Bruhn, GFZ Potsdam, Section 5.2 Geothermics, 14473 Potsdam, Germany Most geophysical exploration methods have been developed for the oil and gas

More information

Joint Interpretation of Magnetotelluric and Seismic Models for Exploration of the Gross Schoenebeck Geothermal Site

Joint Interpretation of Magnetotelluric and Seismic Models for Exploration of the Gross Schoenebeck Geothermal Site Joint Interpretation of Magnetotelluric and Seismic Models for Exploration of the Gross Schoenebeck Geothermal Site G. Muñoz, K. Bauer, I. Moeck, O. Ritter GFZ Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum Introduction

More information

water L v i Chapter 4 Saturation

water L v i Chapter 4 Saturation 4. Resistivity The presence of hydrocarbons is identified by the electrical resistance of the formation. These electrical properties of rocks depend on the pore geometry and fluid distribution. That is,

More information

Characterizing a geothermal reservoir using broadband 2-D MT survey in Theistareykir, Iceland

Characterizing a geothermal reservoir using broadband 2-D MT survey in Theistareykir, Iceland KMS Technologies KJT Enterprises Inc. An EMGS/RXT company Characterizing a geothermal reservoir using broadband 2-D MT survey in Theistareykir, Iceland Yu, G., Strack, K. M., Allegar, N., Gunnarsson, Á.

More information

Quantitative comparison of two 3-D resistivity models of the Montelago geothermal prospect

Quantitative comparison of two 3-D resistivity models of the Montelago geothermal prospect IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER OPEN ACCESS Quantitative comparison of two 3-D resistivity models of the Montelago geothermal prospect To cite this article: W A van Leeuwen

More information

Geological Mapping using Geophysics

Geological Mapping using Geophysics Geological Mapping using Geophysics Pugin, A.J.M. and T.H. Larson Illinois State Geological Survey, 615 E Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820; E-mail: A.J.M. Pugin at pugin@isgs.uiuc.edu Mapping Techniques.

More information

APPENDIX C GEOLOGICAL CHANCE OF SUCCESS RYDER SCOTT COMPANY PETROLEUM CONSULTANTS

APPENDIX C GEOLOGICAL CHANCE OF SUCCESS RYDER SCOTT COMPANY PETROLEUM CONSULTANTS APPENDIX C GEOLOGICAL CHANCE OF SUCCESS Page 2 The Geological Chance of Success is intended to evaluate the probability that a functioning petroleum system is in place for each prospective reservoir. The

More information

Chapter 7 Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks

Chapter 7 Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Chapter 7 Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Metamorphism What happens to rocks that are

More information

Geoelectricity. ieso 2010

Geoelectricity. ieso 2010 Geoelectricity ieso 2010 1 RESISTIVITY SURVEY AT VENETO VILLA GRITTI AT THE TOWN OF TREVISO (VENETO REGION) The survey was carried out to verify the underground presence of the fondations of a rustic building.

More information

Rocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way.

Rocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way. Rocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way. All rocks fit into one of three categories: Igneous- formed by the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock Sedimentary- formed

More information

Case Study: University of Connecticut (UConn) Landfill

Case Study: University of Connecticut (UConn) Landfill Case Study: University of Connecticut (UConn) Landfill Problem Statement:» Locate disposal trenches» Identify geologic features and distinguish them from leachate and locate preferential pathways in fractured

More information

Imaging Reservoir Structure of Mt. Pancar Geothermal Prospect Using Audio-Frequency Magnetotelluric (AMT) and Gravity Technology

Imaging Reservoir Structure of Mt. Pancar Geothermal Prospect Using Audio-Frequency Magnetotelluric (AMT) and Gravity Technology PROCEEDINGS, 42nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 13-15, 2017 SGP-TR-212 Imaging Reservoir Structure of Mt. Pancar Geothermal Prospect Using

More information

I. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical

I. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical How Earth s Rocks Were Formed I. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical features of Earth were

More information

Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE

Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed

More information

Igneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks

Igneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks Name: Date: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma either below (intrusive igneous rocks) or above (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth s surface. For example, the igneous rock

More information

So I have a Seismic Image, But what is in that Image?

So I have a Seismic Image, But what is in that Image? P-513 So I have a Seismic Image, But what is in that Image? Dr. Nader C. Dutta, Schlumberger Introduction and background Migration involves repositioning of returned signals in a seismic experiment to

More information

Conceptual model for non-volcanic geothermal resources - examples from Tohoku Japan

Conceptual model for non-volcanic geothermal resources - examples from Tohoku Japan Conceptual model for non-volcanic geothermal resources - examples from Tohoku Japan S. Tamanyu 1 and K. Sakaguchi 2 1, 2 Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and

More information

11.1 Rock Deformation

11.1 Rock Deformation Tarbuck Lutgens Mountain Building 11.1 Rock Deformation Factors Affecting Deformation Factors that influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform include temperature, confining pressure, rock

More information

Page 1. Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks?

Page 1. Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? 1663-1 - Page 1 5) The flowchart below illustrates the change from melted rock to basalt. 2) Which processes most likely

More information

Pacific Northwest Rock Lab, Part II. Igneous Rocks. Name Per.

Pacific Northwest Rock Lab, Part II. Igneous Rocks. Name Per. Name Per. Pacific Northwest Rock Lab, Part II After you ve classified all your rocks, place their numbers next to the names and read the information about the rock. Check the classifications here (igneous,

More information

Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3

Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification VI. Additional sub-classes

More information