Earth/Environmental Science. Unit 4: Formation of Earth and Geology

Transcription

1 Earth/Environmental Science Unit 4: Formation of Earth and Geology

2 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 2nd 2. Notebook Topic: Kepler s Laws Bell Ringer: Explain how both the tilt of the Earth and the occurrence of weather at the equator explain the different seasons in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

3 EEn I can explain the Earth s motions through space, including precession, nutation, the barycenter, and its path about the galaxy.

4 What is Astronomy? The science that studies

5 Kepler s Laws Purpose: Explain the motion of the Earth and how that affects the creation of the lithosphere in the past and present

6 Kepler s Laws Kepler: st law: The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.

7 Kepler s Laws 2nd law: A planet moves fastest when it is closest to the sun and slowest when it is furthest from the sun.

8 Kepler s Laws 3rd law: relationship between the distance of planets from the Sun, and their orbital periods.

9 Kepler s Laws - Pictures First Law Second Law Third Law

10 Study Guide Question Describe the concept of Kepler s Laws in terms of Earth s Motion.

11 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 3rd 2. Notebook Topic: Theories of Earth s Formation Bell Ringer: Explain why Kepler s Laws fit with the theory of the expanding universe and big bang theory.

12 Formation of the Universe The Big Bang Theory States that the universe started as a tiny point, then began to enlarge rapidly in a hot explosion, and it is still expanding today.

13 Nebula Theory Theory of how the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. Made up of Hydrogen and Helium Theory how the planets were formed 8 13

14 The Expanding Universe Theory States that the space between galaxies is expanding, so that they appear to recede from us at velocities that increase with their distance. 9 14

15 Whiteboard & Discussion 1. Read the article given to you - on a whiteboard make some notes about the theory you read about. 2. Gallery Walk to fill in Map

16 Study Guide Question Draw a table that allows you to summarize the theory of Earth s formation (Big Bang, Expanding Universe Theory and Nebula Theory)

17 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 4th 2. Notebook Topic: Earth s Motion and Barycenter Demo Bell Ringer: How does Earth s rotation affect Earth s revolution? What would happen if rotation would stop, but revolution kept going?

18 Types of Galaxies Spiral Elliptical Irregular Disk-shaped with concentration of stars in the center and arms extending from the center Contain old and young stars Ex) Milky Way Galaxy Round to oval in shape Contain old stars Ex) giant diffuse galaxies largest Most galaxies No definite shape Composed of young stars Ex) Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (closest neighbor galaxies)

19 Earth s Motions Rotation Revolution Precession Nutation Barycenter

20 Earth s Motions Precession Tilt on a plane in am elliptical motion The North Star is not always the starting point of rotation

21 Earth s Motions Nutation Oscillatory (movement of the axis back and forth) of a rotating body Observed during precession Occurs about 18.6 years

22 Earth s Motions Barycenter The center of mass where two or more celestial bodies orbit each other and balance each other out. Barycenter website with animation

23 Study Guide Question What key concepts are important when discussing celestial bodies and a barycenter? (Think you your lab)

24 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 5th 2. Notebook Topic: Rock Cycle Foldable Bell Ringer: What happens to a moist air mass as it moves upward in the atmosphere? In which type of front is the flow of air on both sides of the front almost parallel to the line of the front?

25 EEn I can explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the lithosphere.

26 What is a Rock? Any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet 3 types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

27 The Rock Cycle Interactions among Earth s water, air, land, and living things can cause rocks to change from one type to another A continuous process Driven by heat and mechanical energy

28 Define these terms Weathering Compaction Melting Cementation

29 Rock Cycle

30 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 6th 2. Notebook Topic: Rock Cycle Lab Bell Ringer: A student reads the following statement. The presence of greenhouse gases in Earth s atmosphere is important to Earth s ability to support human life. How would Earth be different without greenhouse gases in its atmosphere?

31 Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics

32 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 9th 2. Notebook Topic: Continental Drift Theory Bell Ringer: 1. How are igneous and metamorphic rocks similar? 2. Explain the rock cycle using the terms: weathering, cementation and magma.

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34 What is Continental Drift Proposed by Alfred Wegener Stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent Wegener s Theory Pangaea broke apart 200 MY Continents drifted Continents broke through the oceans

35 Pangaea Supercontinen t formed 250 million years ago

36 Evidence of Continental Drift Shorelines look like they fit together Fossil organisms found on different landmasses

37 Matching Mountain Ranges

38 Glacier Evidence

39 Continental Drift Activity Paste activity in your notebook Color Key Flora - Red C.Reptile - Yellow L. Reptile - Orange G. Plant - Green M. Reptile - Blue Mountains - Purple

40 Parts of the Earth Layers defined by composition Crust Thin, rocky outer layer of Earth Either oceanic crust or continental crust Oceanic crust is 7 km thick

41 Mantle 82% of the Earth s volume Solid rock at the top, liquid at the bottom

42 Layers defined by Physical Properties Lithosphere The crust and uppermost mantle Cool, rigid shell 100 km thick Asthenosphere Soft, comparatively weak layer Below the lithosphere Rock close to melting

43 Outer Core Liquid layer 2260 km thick Metallic iron generates Earth s magnetic field Inner Core Solid layer having a radius of 1220 km High temperatures and high pressure Nickel mostly

44 Plate Boundaries and Features

45 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 10th 2. Notebook Topic: Plate Tectonics Bell Ringer: 1. What does the word paleoclimate mean? 2. Describe a concept that is not explained by Wegner s Theory.

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47 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Proposes that Earth s outer shell consist of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and the

48 Do the plates move? Do the plates move? If so, why?

49 Causes of Plate Motion Mantle Convection Basic driving force for plate movement The unequal distribution of heat within Earth causes thermal convection the drives plate motion

50 Plate Boundary Activities Seismic activity Earthquakes! Volcanism Mountain Building Sea Floor Spreading

51 Divergent Boundaries Also called spreading centers When two plates move apart Creates new seafloor (seafloor spreading) Causes ocean ridges and rift valleys

52 Convergent Boundaries OceanicContinental boundaries ContinentalContinental Boundaries Causes Two plates collide subduction zones, - Forms trenches, mountains continental volcanic arcs OceanicOceanic boundaries One oceanic plate goes beneath another oceanic plate Creates volcanic island arcs

53 Transform Boundaries Two plates grind past each other without production and destruction of lithosphere Ex: San Andreas Fault in California Plate Boundary Rap

54 Evidence of Plate Tectonics Paleomagnetism Earthquake patterns Ocean Drilling: Hot Spots: supports that the plates move over Earth s surface

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56 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 12th 2. Notebook Topic: Plate Tectonics (Day 2) Bell Ringer: 1. What type of landforms are created by the different boundaries? 2. How does density play a part in plate tectonics?

57 Faults Faults are formed by fractures in rocks Parts of a Fault Hanging wall: rock above the fault line Foot Wall: rock below the fault line

58 Types of Faults Normal: Occurs when the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block Reverse: A fault in which the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block

59 Thrust: Reverse fault with dips of less than 45 degrees Strike-Slip: Faults in which the movement is horizontal and parallel to the trend

60 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 13th 2. Notebook Topic: Earthquakes Bell Ringer: 1. What type of plate motion creates earthquakes? 2. Why does this plate movement create earthquakes?

61 Earthquakes Earthquakes

62 What is an earthquake? Vibration of Earth produced by a sudden release of energy Movements along the fault line.

63 Focus, Epicenter and Faults Focus point within the Earth where the Earthquake starts Epicenter location on the surface of Earth directly above the focus Fault- associated with earthquake activity where movement has occurred

64 Earthquake waves Surface Seismic waves that travel along Earth s outer layer Most destructive earthquake waves Last to arrive at the seismograph

65 Earthquake waves P waves Can travel through solid, liquid, and gas Fastest waves S waves Can only travel through solids Slower than P waves but faster than surface waves

66 Intensity and Magnitude of Earthquakes Intensity - A measure of the amount of earthquake shaking at a given location Magnitude the amount of energy released at the source of an earthquake Scale 0-10, 2.5 is the weakest damage

67 Focus and Magnitude of Earthquakes Higher the Magnitude + Shallow focus = Severe Damage Lower the Magnitude + Deep focus = Minor Damage

68 Tsunami Seismic sea waves Triggered by an earthquake occurring where a slab of the ocean floor is displaced vertically along a fault

69 Other Dangers Landslides Sinking of the ground triggered by the vibration Greatest damage to structures Fires Caused by ruptured gas lines

70 Predicting Earthquakes Short range Methods for short range predictions of earthquakes have not been successful Long range Based on the idea that earthquakes are repetitive Seismic gap: an area along a fault where there has not been any earthquake for a

71 Virtual Earthquake hquake/ Main Activities: Time travel Graph Recommended: Tutorials (top right) Tasks use different tools to gather and record in journal at bottom of screen Show teacher after you verify your answers Main Activities: Epicenter and Magnitude

72 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 16th 2. Notebook Topic: Volcanoes Bell Ringer: 1. Determine two characteristics of each of the wave types. 2. How does the magnitude and focus affect the amount of damage an earthquake will cause?

73 Volcanoes Magma vs. Lava Magma molten rock within Earth Lava molten rock on Earth s surface

74 What is a volcano? A mountain formed of lava and/ or pyroclastic material

75 Volcanic Materials Lava Flow Pahoehoe: lava flow resembles the twisted braids in ropes Aa: lava flow that has a surface of rough, jagged blocks with dangerously sharp edges and spiny projections

76 Gases 70% water vapor 15% carbon dioxide 5% nitrogen 5% sulfur Pyroclastic material Fragments ejected during eruptions Varies in size from very fine and volcanic ash to pieces that weigh several tons

77 Pyroclastic Flow Consist of hot gases, glowing ash, and larger rock fragments racing down the steep slope Lahar Mudflow that occurs when volcanic debris becomes saturated with water and rapidly moves down steep volcanic slopes

78 Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity The basic connections between plate tectonics and volcanism is that plate motion provide the mechanisms by which mantle rock melt to generate magma Ring of Fire: area around the pacific ocean with extreme volcanic activity

79 Intraplate Activity Occurs within a plate, not plate boundary Most intraplate volcanism occurs where a mass of hotter than normal mantle material called mantle plumes rise toward the surface

80 Hot Spots Small volcanic region a few hundred kilometers across within a plate Ex: Hawaiian Island

81 Welcome! 1. Today s Date: October 17th 2. Notebook Topic: Review of Unit 4 Grab a sheet from the front table and answer the questions.