Tu G Mapping of Sand Injectites from Colourprocessed Multimeasurement Seismic Data
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1 Tu G Mapping of Sand Injectites from Colourprocessed Multimeasurement Seismic Data A. Laake* (Schlumberger) SUMMARY In a PSDM data set from the Central North Sea we found sand injectite structures of up to 1 km in diameter and 300 m in height. Their shape and thickness varies with the location within a submarine delta. The dewatering of sediments as well as the pressure from overlaying sediments deposited by the delta determines the shape and thickness of the injectites. Sand injectites can be delineated and extracted from seismic prestack depth migration (PSDM) data using the structural attribute from the structurally sharpened continuous-colour red green blue (SRGB) process. Multimeasurement towed streamer acquisition and isometrical sampling enabled the detection of complex sand injectites. Combining seismic sections and horizons textured with seismic attributes in a chair diagram rendering provides a useful approach for geological interpretation in 3D. Texturing seismic horizons with SRGB colours enables the interpreter recognizing morphological patterns that can reveal clues for the interpretation of depositional and erosional environments. Correct mapping of sand injectites can be used for mapping drilling hazards where the sands are still not consolidated. Consolidated sand injectites may be important reservoirs as well as pathways for fluid migration across seals in sandstone reservoirs with frequent shale interbeds.
2 Introduction Sand injectites are sandstone features with complex sill and dyke shapes that originate from intrusion of liquefied sands through and into the overburden (Hurst and Cartwright 2007; Braccini et al. 2008). Sand injectites are related to the local fracture network (Murphy and Wood 2011). They can be mapped in 3D using seismic amplitudes (Szarawarska et al. 2010) or acoustic impedance (Huuse et al. 2004). This paper introduces seismic attributes obtained from structurally sharpened continuous-color red green blue (SRGB) processing and analysis (Laake and Fiduk 2013) to detect and map sand injectites in their paleogeomorphological environment. We study different types of sand injectites interpreted in a seismic prestack depth migration (PSDM) dataset from the central North Sea. The data were acquired using a towed multimeasurement streamer (Robertsson et al. 2008) and isometrically processed to allow uniform interpretation in lateral and vertical directions. Sand injectites in the central North Sea Sand injectites occur in almost all study area s formations from Paleocene to Eocene age. We focus on a small interval from the Paleocene Rogaland Group, which comprises deltaic sandstones to lagoonal shales from the Sele formation (Fm) overlaid by volcanic tuffs from the Balder Fm. For details of the geology and deposition environment of the Rogaland Group see Brunstad et al. (2009). To study the paleogeomorphology of the Sele Fm we apply the SRGB to the PSDM data and obtain a structurally sharpened colour cube, from which we extract the horizon at the top of this formation (Figure 1). At this horizon we interpret a channel feeding deltaic sands into a shallow lagoon. The subsequent deposition of tuffs from the Balder Fm seals the sand and water of the Sele Fm strata. The Sele Fm sands become over-pressured and escape through weak zones (faults) in the Balder Fm tuffs, generating sand injectites (Figure 1). We study different types of sand injectites using the structurally sharpened colour cube as well as the structural cube from the SRGB technique. Figure 1 Seismic signature of the top Sele Fm : chair diagram composed of seismic PSDM sections at the back and the SRGB-textured top Sele Fm. Outline of corresponding stratigraphy (right). Common sand injectite features were described by Hurst and Cartwright (2007). Figure 2 gives an overview of these features as well as a schematic outline of their generation.
3 Figure 2 Selected common sand-injection features. For details see Braccini et al. (2008). Sand injectite mapping from coloured seismic attributes We extract the seismic horizon at the top of the Sele Fm (Figure 3a) and texture it with PSDM amplitudes (b) as well as with SRGB colours (c). The channel and delta system becomes evident through the SRGB texturing whereas the typical amplitude display provides only a hint for this feature. Figure 3 Seismic attribute study of the top Sele Fm horizon : seismic horizon at top of Sele F (a), PSDM amplitude texturing (b), SRGB texturing (c), structural cube overlaid on SRGB texturing (d). Sand injectite features above the top of the Sele Fm horizon are identified (in light blue) using a semitransparent rendering of the structural attribute from the SRGB process. For correlation with
4 geomorphology, the top of Sele Fm horizon is textured with SRGB colours (Figure 4d). The zoom into the structural cube (Figure 4a) reveals that sand injectites are most common in areas of rapid deposition, i.e. above the area of submarine deposition of the delta. Depending on the faults present in the Sele and Balder formations, the sand can be ejected in saucer-shaped features (Type I) of about 1 km in diameter and 150 m in height closest to the centre of the delta (b). Further into the basin the saucer structures are intersected by thin sills (Type F) of several hundred meters in length and up to 200 m in height (c). Furthest into the basin intersecting sills and dikes of type C dominate. These structures resemble local fault planes and reach several hundred meters in length and up to 300 m in height (Figure 4d). The injectite structures have been resolved at a thickness of 2 m. Figure 4 Sand-injectite features mapped from the structural cube : overview of the structural cube in the context with PSDM amplitude sections and the top Sele Fm horizon (a), zoom into selected sand injectite features Type I (b), Types I and F (c), Type C (d). See Figure 2 for types. Conclusions Sand injectites can be delineated and extracted from seismic PSDM data using the structural attribute from the SRGB process. Multimeasurement streamer acquisition and processing, coupled with isometrical data sampling enabled the detection of complex sand injectites because of the uniform and unbiased sampling in vertical and lateral directions. We found sand injectite structures of up to 1 km in diameter and 300 m in height. Their shape and thickness depends on the location within the submarine delta. The dewatering of sediments as well as the pressure from overlaying sediments deposited by the delta determines the shape and thickness of the injectites. (see Figure 5). The combination of seismic sections and horizons textured with seismic attributes in a chair diagram rendering provides a useful approach for geological interpretation in 3D. Texturing seismic horizons with SRGB colours enables the interpreter to recognize morphological patterns which can give clues for the interpretation of depositional and erosional environments.correct mapping of sand injectites and their correlation with the fault network can be used to map drilling hazards where the sands are
5 still not consolidated. Consolidated sand injectites may be important pathways for fluid migration across seals in sandstone reservoirs with frequent shale seals. Figure 5 Sand injectite features and their correlation with the paleogeomorphology of the deltaic to lagoonal deposition environment at the top of the Sele Fm. Acknowledgements The author thanks BP and Schlumberger for the permission to publish the data, the Schlumberger GeoSolutions team in Houston for the processing the data, and Malcolm Francis for discussion of the results. References Braccini, E., de Boer, W., Hurst, A., Huuse, M., Vigorito, M. and Templeton, G. [2008] Sand injectites. Schlumberger Oilfield Review Summer 2008, Brunstadt, H., Gradstein, F., Vergara, L., Lie, J.E. and Hammer, O. [2009] A revision of the Rogaland Group, Norwegian North Sea. Norwegian Stratigraphic Lexicon, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Hurst, A. and Cartwright, J. [2007] Relevance of sand injectites to hydrocarbon exploration and production. In: Hurst, A. and Cartwright, J. (Eds) Sand injectites : implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production. AAPG Memoir, 87, Huuse, M., Duranti, D., Steinsland, N., Guargena, C.G., Prat, P., Holm, K., Cartwright, J.A. and Hurst, A. [2004] Seismic characterisation of large-scale sandstone intrusions in the Paleogene of the South Viking Graben, UK and Norwegian North Sea. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 29, Laake, A. and Fiduk, J.C. [2013] Seismic processing and interpretation in colour. First Break, 31, Murphy, S.D. and Wood, P.H. [2011] Paleogene remobilized sandstones of the Central North Sea implications for hydrocarbon migration. First Break, 29, Robertsson, J.O.A., Moore, I., Vassallo, M., Oezdemir, K., van Manen, D.J. and Oezbek, A. [2008] On the use of multicomponent streamer recordings for reconstruction of pressure wavefields in the crossline direction. Geophysics, 73(5), A45-A49. Szarawarska, E., Huuse, M., Hurst, A., de Boer, Lu, L., Molyneux, S. and Rawlinson, P. [2010] Three-dimensional seismic characterization of large-scale sandstone intrusions in the lower Paleogene of the North Sea: completely injected vs. in situ remobilised sandbodies. Basin Research, 22,
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