PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Twenty Seventh Annual Convention & Exhibition, October 1999
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1 IPA99-G-046 PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Twenty Seventh Annual Convention & Exhibition, October 1999 THE CENOZOIC EVOLUTION OF THE LARIANG AND KARAMA BASINS, SULAWESI Stephen J. Calvert* INTRODUCTION The Cenozoic history of western Sulawesi was influenced by the development of the Makassar Straits to the west and the collision of continental, ophiolitic and island arc fragments to the east. These fragments include those of the East Sulawesi ophiolite and the microcontinents of Buton, Tukang-Besi and Banggai Sula. The ages attributed to the collision events range from early to late Miocene. (e.g. Kundig; 1956, Audley-Charles et al, 1972; Hamilton, 1979; Fortuin, 1990; Davies, 1990; Smith & Silver, 1991; Daly et al, 1991; Bergman et al, 1996; Hall, 1996, and Parkinson, 1998). Although all the fragments are small, the effects of their collisions have been inferred to have caused tectonic events throughout the region, for example, they have been used to explain inversion(s) in the Kutai Basins of Kalimantan (e.g. Daly et al, 1991, van de Weerd & Armin, 1992) and subsidence of the Makassar Straits (Bergman et al, 1996). The product of the collisions in Sulawesi was uplift, erosion and deposition of the Celebes Molasse first described by Sarasin and Sarasin (1901). However, this is not a single stratigraphic unit and rocks assigned to this formation have ages ranging from early to late Miocene (Simandjuntak et al, 1994; Sukamto, 1973; Sukamto, 1975). The Lariang and Karama basins in central western Sulawesi border the east Makassar Straits. In this area of approximately 10000km 2 there is a sequence of Cenozoic sediments, including the Celebes Molasse, that have not been dated, described or interpreted in any detail. These sediments should record collision events in Sulawesi, as well as the events which led to the formation of the Makassar Straits. Field studies, detailed biostratigraphy and remote sensing data have * University of London - SE Asia Research Group been used to map and establish a stratigraphy modified in part from earlier work by GRDC (Hadiwijoyo et al, 1993; Ratman and Atmawinata, 1993; Sukamto, 1973). STRATIGRAPHY A Mesozoic basement, dominated in outcrop by Campanian to Maastrichtian rocks, had been accreted to Sundaland by the early Cenozoic. The Cenozoic rocks rest unconformably on this basement and can be divided into three major sequences each bounded by unconformities: the Middle Eocene to mid Oligocene Toraja Group; the Middle to Upper Miocene Lariang Group and the Plio-Pleistocene Pasangkayu Formation. At the base of the Toraja Group are marl beds of the Bone Hau Formation deposited in an open marine environment. They are overlain by the Kalumpang Formation which consists of siltstone and claystone beds, coal beds, quartz-rich sandstone beds, and minor volcanic sediments deposited in brackish and fluvial environments. These rocks pass laterally into and are overlain by marine marl beds, nummulitic limestones and interbedded mudstones of the Rantepao Formation. At the top are open marine marl beds of the mid Oligocene Batio Formation. The Toraja Group records sedimentation into a dominantly marine setting created when western Sulawesi was rifted from Borneo (Figure 1). The Upper Oligocene to Middle Miocene is represented only by reworked material in younger formations. Middle-Upper Miocene sediments of the Lariang Group lie unconformably on the Toraja Group. At the base the uppermost Middle Miocene to Upper Miocene Tabiora Formation is marl dominated. The overlying Upper Miocene Lisu Formation shows an increase in coarse clastic material with a volcanic
2 component increasing to the south. The Lariang Group records marine shelfal deposition and includes material derived from older Miocene and pre- Neogene sediments (Figure 2). The Lariang Group was deformed and thrust before deposition of the Plio-Pleistocene Pasangkayu Formation. The proximal part of this formation is dominated by conglomerates with a higher quartz content than the Lariang Group. The distal part comprises conglomerates interbedded with sandstones and mudstones. Biostratigraphic dates for the Pasangkayu Formation are scarce, and indicate a Late Pliocene-Pleistocene age. The Pasangkayu Formation was deposited in a foreland basin setting with sediment derived from a rapidly uplifted orogenic belt to the east. The form of the basin was influenced by NW-SE faults and movement on these faults has deformed the conglomerates (Figure 3). CONCLUSIONS The stratigraphy of central western Sulawesi records the infilling of the eastern margin of the symmetrically rifted Makassar Straits from the middle Eocene onwards. The Paleogene sediments of the Lariang and Karama basins record relatively shallow water deposition. Erosion and reworking of the lower Tertiary sediments occurred at the end of the Middle Miocene and there is no evidence for major input of coarse clastic sediments during the early Neogene as would be expected if an orogen existed to the east. The marine environment remained relatively shallow until the late Miocene - early Pliocene. Deformation and uplift since then has led to the deposition of a sequence of terrestrial coarse clastic sediments and the rise of the present 3 km high mountains of western Sulawesi (Figure 4). The Makassar Straits did not originate as a foreland basin. The change to a foreland basin setting occurred only in the last few million years and this has resulted in a narrowing of the Makassar Straits. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Logistical support in the field was provided by the Geological Research and Development Centre in Bandung. Mac Endharto and Simon Baker are thanked for their invaluable help in the field. This thesis is funded by Amerada Hess and a consortium of oil companies, Arco, Lasmo, Mobil, Exxon, Canadian Petroleum, Union Texas Unocal and Minorco who are all gratefully acknowledged. Robert Hall, Gary Nichols and Moyra Wilson are acknowledged for their continued encouragement and comments. REFERENCES Audley-Charles, M.G., Carter, D.J. and Milsom, J., Tectonic development of Eastern Indonesia in relation to Gondwanaland dispersal. Nature, 239(90): Bergman, S.C., Coffield, D.Q., Talbot, J.P. and Garrard, R.J., Tertiary Tectonic and Magmatic Evolution of Western Sulawesi and the Makassar Strait, Indonesia: Evidence for a Miocene Continent- Continent Collision. In: Hall, R. & Blundell, D.J. (eds.), Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia, Geological Society of London Special Publication: Daly, M.C., Cooper, M.A., Wilson, I., Smith, D.G. and Hooper, B.G.D., Cenozoic plate tectonics and basin evolution in Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology (Special issue: South-east Asia), 8(1): Davies, I.C., Geology and exploration review of the Tomori PSC, Eastern Indonesia. Indonesian Petroleum Association, Proceedings 19th annual convention, Jakarta, 1990, I: Fortuin, A.R. et al., Late Cenozoic sedimentary and tectonic history of south Buton, Indonesia. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(2): Hadiwijoyo, S., Sukarna, D. and Sutisna, K., Geology of the Pasangkayu Quadrangle, Sulawesi. (Quadrangle 2014) Scale 1: 250, 000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of Mineral Resources, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung: 19pp. Hall, R., Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia. In: R.H.D. Blundell (Editor), Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia. Geological Society Special Publications, pp Hamilton, W., Tectonics of the Indonesian
3 region. U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper, 1078: 345pp. Kundig, E., Geology and ophiolite problems of East Celebes. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Geologisch - Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Geologische Serie,, 16: Parkinson, C., Emplacement of the east Sulawesi ophiolite: evidence from subophiolitic rocks. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 16: Ratman, N. and Atmawinata, S., Geology of the Mamuju Quadrangle, Sulawesi. Scale 1: 250, 000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of Mineral Resources, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung: 25pp. Sarasin, P. and Sarasin, S., Entwurf einer geografisch - geologischen beschreibung der Insel Celebes. Wiesbaden, Deutschland. Simandjuntak, T.O., Surono and Sukido, Geology of the Kolaka Sheet, Sulawesi (Quadrangles 2111, 2210, 2211) Scale 1:250,000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of Mineral Resources, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung: 18pp. Smith, R.B. and Silver, E.A., Geology of a Miocene collision complex, Buton, eastern Indonesia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103(5): Sukamto, R., Reconnaissance geologic map of Palu Area, Sulawesi - scale 1:250, 000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of Mineral Resources, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, Open File. Sukamto, R., Geological map of Indonesia, Ujung Pandang sheet - scale 1:1, 000, 000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of Mineral Resources, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung. van de Weerd, A. and Armin, R.A., Origin and evolution of the Tertiary hydrocarbon bearing basins in Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 76(11):
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