North Dakota Clay Chemistry and Its Link to Crop Potassium Nutrition

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1 North Dakota Clay Chemistry and Its Link to Crop Potassium Nutrition Soil and Soil Water Workshop, Jan. 17, 2018 David Franzen, PhD Professor Soil Science NDSU Extension Soil Specialist Fargo, ND

2 K study started 2014 season Response to decline in K soil test levels in SE North Dakota as a result of rotation change from wheat/barley/sugar beet, which do not result in high K removal to corn and soybean which removes much K. Common K soil tests in SE ND are ppm.

3 Six different extraction methods were investigated in site data Dry K left, Moist K right Tetraphenyl Boron 5 min left, 168 hrs right Resin extraction, left Pct of base saturation, right

4 The dry K test was best of all, but was only predictive of response 50% of time

5 Site, Year K test, ppm Expected Yield Increase Actual Yield Increase Buffalo, Y N Walcott E, Y Y Wyndmere, Y N Milnor, Y N Gardner, Y Y Fairmount, Y N Walcott W, Y N Arthur, N Y Valley City, N N Page, N N

6 Site, Year K test, ppm Expected Yield Increase Actual Yield Increase Buffalo, Y N Walcott E, Y Y Wyndmere, Y N Milnor, Y N Gardner, Y Y Fairmount, Y N Walcott W, Y N Arthur, N Y Valley City, N N Page, N N Absaraka, Y N Arthur, Y Y Barney, N N Casino, Y Y Dwight, Y N Fairmount1, N Y Fairmount2, N Y Leonard N, N N Leonard S, N N Milnor, Y Y Prosper, N N Valley City, N N Walcott, Y Y Absaraka, N Y Valley City, N Y Gardner, Y Y Lisbon, Y Y Mooreton, Y N Colfax, Y Y

7 An Historical Perspective on the Chemistry and Mineralogy of Soil Potassium Symposium - Soil Potassium Tests and Their Relationship to Plant Availability and Native Mineralogy Donald L. Sparks S. Hallock du Pont Chair Director, Delaware Environmental Institute

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9 Available pool (K on CEC) Months/years Slowly Available Pool (K in clay interlayers) A lifetime Unavailable Pool (feldspars)

10 From Sparks and Huang 1985

11 From Sparks and Huang 1985

12 From Sparks and Huang 1985

13 From Sparks et al., Agron. J. 1980

14 From Sparks et al., Agron. J. 1980

15 From Sparks et al., Agron. J. 1980

16 From Parker et.al., SSSAJ 1989a

17 From Parker et.al., SSSAJ 1989a

18 From Parker et.al., SSSAJ 1989b

19 From Parker et.al., SSSAJ 1989b

20 Commenting on Way's (1850) and Hissink's (1922) research showing rapid cation exchange kinetics on soils of a few minutes, W.P. Kelley (1948), in his famous book, Cation Exchange in Soils, commented: "With soils, the cation-exchange material (referring to Way's and Hissink's soils) of which is montomorillonite clays, it is not difficult to see why the reaction should take place rapidly. The exchangeable cations, being located on the surface of lattice layers, the so-called inner crystalline swelling makes possible the rapid passage of the solution into the spaces between lattice layers where exchange takes place. It is doubtful whether exchange equilibrium is established as rapidly with the hydrous mica-type of clay as with montmoriilonitic clay, owing to the closeness of packing of the lattice layers of the former. Soil scientists should always bear in mind that no two soils are identical in all respects, and this probably applies to the cationexchange material".

21 From Sparks and Huang 1985

22 From Sparks et al., SSSAJ 1980a

23 From Sparks et al., SSSAJ 1980b

24 Desorption equilibrium reached in minutes (about 3 hours) From Sparks et al., SSSAJ 1980b

25 From Sparks and Huang 1985

26 From Jardine and Sparks, SSSAJ 1984a

27 From Jardine and Sparks, SSSAJ 1984a

28 From Jardine and Sparks, SSSAJ 1984a

29 From Martin and Sparks, SSSAJ 1983

30 AP Kenansville = 85 lb K 2 O per acre From Sadusky et.al., SSSAJ 1987

31 From Sparks 1987

32 Potassium feldspar- 3-D framework of SiO 4 and Al 2 O 3 tetrahedrals isomorphous substitution of Al for Si ~ ¼ of the time results in significant negative (-) charge. Potassium within the open spaces helps balance charge.

33 Percent of total mineral within the surface soils as K-Feldspar

34 Clays measured in survey- Smectite- (includes montmorillonite/beidelite) (Crisp leaf-lettuce sandwich w/o mayo) Illite- 2-1 limited expanding clay (peanut butter sandwich) Kaolinite (1-1 non-expanding clays) Chlorite (3-1 non-expanding clays)

35 Smectites fix, or temporarily retain K when soil is dry Illites do not fix K when dry

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37 Used statistics to cluster the sites into two groups. The ratio of smectite to illite that was best for dividing our data-set was 3.5

38 Smectite/illite ratio > 3.5 Smectite/illite ratio < 3.5

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40 New North Dakota critical K levels- For corn, alfalfa- Smectite/illite > 3.5 Smectite/illite < 3.5 For sugar beet- > ppm < ppm 200 ppm 150 ppm For spring wheat/durum/winter wheat > ppm < ppm

41 North Dakota corn potassium recommendation app Search for Corn K Calculator

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43 Seasonal variability in a smectite dominate Flanagan/Drummer soil near Urbana, IL over 9 complete years From Peck and Sullivan, 1995, IFCA proceedings Graphed by Franzen, 2011.

44 Variability of soil test dry and moist K in a year with greater soil moisture (A) and a dryer growing season year (B), North Dakota (From Breker MS thesis, 2017)

45 Tillage and clays? Smectites shrink and swell - moisture - freeze thaw (moisture more important) Illites only shrink and swell a little Kaolinite/Chlorite not at all

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48 Smectite-dominant soils (S/other > 1.5) would have greatest ease of transition to no-till Illite and other dominant soils (S/other <1.5) growers would need to be patient in spring field work, adopt controlled traffic management and grow a rotation incorporating different crop rooting depths.