Lithogeochemistry Constraints on Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization Processes in the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia
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1 Lithogeochemistry Constraints on Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization Processes in the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia Michael Whitbread, iogeochemistry iogeochemistry,, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and: Cliff Stanley, Dept. of Geology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6,
2 South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia largest peraluminous (S-type,( ilmenite series) ) granitoid in the Appalachian orogen Devonian age, ~38 Ma megacrystic, porphyritic emplacement occurred in two stages Stage 1: mafic porphyry, granodiorite & BT monzogranite Stage 2: MS-BT monzogranite, leucomonzogranite & MS leucosyenogranite major minerals quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, biotite, muscovite accessory minerals aluminosilicate, cordierite, garnet, tourmaline, topaz host to significant Sn, Mo, U & Mn mineralization!
3 South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia Middleton Ross Creek Mn Deposits Windsor 11 Millet Brook U Prospect Digby 11 Reeves Sn Prospect Long Lake Mo Prospect 1 Walker Mo Prospect 12 Halifax East Kemptville Sn Mine Duck Pond Sn Prospect 25 km 8 Stage 2 Stage 1 Atlantic Ocean Fine-grained leucomonzogranite, leucosyenogranite and porphyry Coarse-grained leucomonzogranite Muscovite-biotite monzogranite Coarse-grained biotite monzogranite and biotite granodiorite Country rock
4 Coarse Grained, Porphyritic Stage 1 Gaspereau Lake BT Granodiorite
5 Medium Grained, Equigranular Stage 2 Murphy Lake Leucosyenogranite Dyke (intruding Stage 1 Gaspereau Lake BT granodiorite)
6 Fine Grained, Equigranular Stage 2 Lake Lewis MS Leucosyenogranite 1 cm
7 Fine Grained, Equigranular Stage 2 Tantallon Leucomonzogranite
8 Halifax Pluton TA Halifax Tantallon FG Leucomonzogranite Haifax CG Leucomonzogranite Harrietsfield BT-MS Monzogranite Sandy Bat/Peggy s Cove BT Monzogranite Granodiorite HX Peggy s Cove HF N 15 km Modified from MacDonald and Horne 1988
9 Xenolith -Rich Portion of the South Mountain Xenolith-Rich Batholith Photo courtesy of Mike MacDonald, NSDNR
10 How did the various melts in the South Mountain Batholith become evolved? AFC Processes (assimilation & fractional crystallization)
11 Sidewall Boundary Layer Differentiation Crystallization takes place at cool intrusion margin Evolved residual melt forms between the crystals at this margin Residual melt migrates into centre of magma chamber, mixing with less evolved melt, making the mixed melt more evolved Additional crystallization leads to an even more evolved, mixed melt in the centre of the magma chamber Process continues Magma chamber becomes concentrically zoned sidewall boundary layer
12 Residual Melt Composition SiO 2 Water Saturated Quartz 1 kb 5 kb 2 kb Albite 1 kb K-Feldspar NaAlSi 3 O 8 KAlSi 3 O 8
13 Fractionation During Crystallization Enrichment of incompatible elements in the residual melt can occur during sidewall boundary layer crystallization Critical factor controlling mineral deposit genesis C l /C o f ( D 1) C D f f liq M + liq (1 ) C o D = 1 = M o melt path incompatible elements 2 compatible 5.1 elements F
14 How did the various melts in the South Mountain Batholith become evolved? (1) Sidewall Boundary Layer Differentiation (Fractionation) addition of evolved melt (essentially QZ, ALB, KSP) to the original melt, causing it to become more evolved enrichment of incompatible elements in the more evolved phases
15 Partial Melt Composition SiO 2 Water Saturated Quartz 1 kb 5 kb 2 kb Albite 1 kb K-Feldspar NaAlSi 3 O 8 KAlSi 3 O 8
16 Assimilation There is evidence for it, but much of it may be physical
17 Fractionation During Assimilation Enrichment of incompatible elements can occur in the partial melt during assimilation, but only if assimilation if incomplete If assimilation is complete, no enrichment can occur unless the assimilant is enriched Critical factor preventing mineral deposit genesis! C l /C o C C.1.1 D = 1 liq o = D partial melt path incompatible elements 2 5 compatible.1 1 elements.5 1 F res + F 1 1 ( D ) res
18 Average concentrations (ppm) of Meguma Group Pelites & Psammites, and the granodiorite/monzogranite phases of the SMB Pelite Psammite SMB Rb F Li U Sn Nb Ta W Meguma Group average concentrations courtesy of Paul Smith, NSDNR
19 How did the various melts in the South Mountain Batholith become evolved? (2) Assimilation partial melting of host rock (essentially QZ, ALB, KSP) and subsequent addition of this granite minimum melt composition incompatible elements in host rock can partition into partial melt, but likely won t become enriched because partial melting is usually complete (and thus fractionation is limited) addition of assimilated host rock can increase incompatible element concentrations by simple mixing, but this enrichment will be limited by the host rock composition
20 Can one distinguish between evolved granites that have undergone predominantly fractional crystallization from those that have undergone predominantly assimilation?
21 Nova Scotia Radiometric Map Davis Lake Pluton New Ross Pluton Halifax Pluton
22 South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia Middleton Windsor 11 Digby 11 1 New Ross Pluton 12 Halifax Pluton Halifax Davis Lake Pluton 25 km 8 Stage 2 Stage 1 Atlantic Ocean Fine-grained leucomonzogranite, leucosyenogranite and porphyry Coarse-grained leucomonzogranite Muscovite-biotite monzogranite Coarse-grained biotite monzogranite and biotite granodiorite Country rock
23 NSDNR Lithogeochemical Database 5,, 4,98, 4,96, Northing (m) 4,94, 4,92, 4,9, 4,88, Davis Lake Pluton New Ross Pluton Halifax Pluton GD 4,86, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, Easting (m)
24 South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia GD Zr (ppm)
25 South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia Sr GD V Sr (ppm) 15 V (ppm) GD La GD Sc La (ppm) 4 3 Sc (ppm) GD
26 South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia 1, Rb (ppm) Average Meguma Abundances Pelite Psammite Rb F Li U 24 6 Sn Nb 14 9 Ta 4 1 W 7 5 GD
27 South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia 1, Li GD 1, 9, 8, 7, 6, F GD Li (ppm) 5 4 F (ppm) 5, 4, 3 3, 2 2, 1 1, U (ppm) U GD Sn (ppm) Sn GD
28 Davis Lake Pluton, Nova Scotia Rb (ppm) 1, Average Meguma Abundances Pelite Psammite Rb F Li U 24 6 Sn Nb 14 9 Ta 4 1 W 7 5 GD
29 Davis Lake Pluton, Nova Scotia 1, Li GD 1, 9, 8, 7, F GD 6 6, Li (ppm) 5 4 F (ppm) 5, 4, 3 3, 2 2, 1 1, U GD Sn GD U (ppm) Sn (ppm)
30 New Ross Pluton, Nova Scotia Rb (ppm) 1, Average Meguma Abundances Pelite Psammite Rb F Li U 24 6 Sn Nb 14 9 Ta 4 1 W
31 New Ross Pluton, Nova Scotia 1, Li 1, 9, 8, 7, F 6 6, Li (ppm) 5 4 F (ppm) 5, 4, 3 3, 2 2, 1 1, U Sn U (ppm) Sn (ppm)
32 Halifax Pluton, Nova Scotia Rb (ppm) 1, Average Meguma Abundances Pelite Psammite Rb F Li U 24 6 Sn Nb 14 9 Ta 4 1 W
33 Halifax Pluton, Nova Scotia 1, Li 1, 9, 8, 7, F 6 6, Li (ppm) 5 4 F (ppm) 5, 4, 3 3, 2 2, 1 1, U Sn U (ppm) Sn (ppm)
34 Halifax Pluton, Nova Scotia 2. (2Ca+Na+K)/Zr (ppm) Al/Zr (molar) Feldspar Control (m = 1) m = 1. Projected from Quartz Muscovite Control (m = 1/3)
35 Davis Lake Pluton, Nova Scotia 2. (2Ca+Na+K)/Zr (ppm) GD Feldspar Control (m = 1) m = Muscovite Control (m = 1/3) Al/Zr (molar)
36 New Ross Pluton, Nova Scotia 2. (2Ca+Na+K)/Zr (ppm) Feldspar Control (m = 1) m = Muscovite Control (m = 1/3) Al/Zr (molar)
37 (K-OH/2)/Zr (Molar) Halifax Davis Lake New Ross Projected from Muscovite and Quartz Na/Zr (molar)
38 .3 Halifax Davis Lake (Al/3-Na/3-K/3)Zr (Molar).2.1 Muscovite New Ross Projected from Feldspar Quartz (Si-3Na-3K)/Zr (molar)
39 2.5 Halifax 2. Davis Lake m =.5 (Al-Ca-3/2*OH)/Zr (ppm) Feldspar Control (m = ) New Ross.5 Quartz Control (m = ) (Si-2Ca-3Na-3K)/Zr (molar)
40 Fractionation Composition SiO 2 Water Saturated Liquidus Surface fractionating QZ, ALB, KSP composition (by either process) Quartz 1 kb Halifax Davis Lake New Ross 5 kb 2 kb Albite 1 kb K-Feldspar NaAlSi 3 O 8 KAlSi 3 O 8
41 Fractionation Composition Quartz Water Saturated Liquidus Surface Halifax Davis Lake Variation New Ross Feldspar Muscovite
42 Some Key Points Major element, and therefore mineralogical, differences are subtle However, even utilising a poor man s water, we can demonstrate repeatable differences between fertile and barren plutons within the SMB by examining their most evolved components Major and trace elements are telling us the same story! Gives more confidence in the interpretation Proper water analyses would have helped greatly, and might allow interpretation of major element data against mineral phase boundaries Structural water. Analyse for it! If you are looking for variations in hydrous minerals! Point Counting might help but time consuming and is it really more reliable? Use the whole rock traces and majors to rapidly assess many samples
43 Conclusions two processes operated to cause magma evolution in the South Mountain batholith: fractional crystallization, and assimilation Only the former leads to significant lithophile element enrichment Think PROCESS The Halifax pluton hosts no significant known mineralization, does not exhibit significant lithophile element enrichment, and did not become very peraluminous during evolution (probably as a result of assimilation) The New Ross and Davis Lake plutons have significant mineralization, exhibit lithophile element enrichment, and became very peraluminous during evolution (probably as a result of fractional crystallization)
44 Thanks to: NSERC Discovery Grant to CRS Mike MacDonald & Linda Ham, NS-DNR Christina Giles Barrie Clarke and Saskia Erdmann, Dalhousie Questions?
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