Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks
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1 Anisoft5 Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks Martin Chadima AGICO Inc., Brno, Czech Republic Institute of Geology, ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
2 Magnetic anisotropy of rocks Literature Tarling, D.H. & Hrouda, F The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rock. Chapman & Hall, 217 pp. Lanza, R. & Meloni, A The Earth s Magnetism: An Introduction for Geologist. Springer, 278 pp. (Chapter 5). Hrouda, F Magnetic Susceptibility, Anisotropy. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism. Springer Sagnotti, L Magnetic anisotropy. Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Springer Tauxe, L Lectures in paleomagnetism. Hrouda, F., Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics. Geophysical Surveys, 5, Borradaile, G. J. & Henry, B Tectonic applications of magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy. Earth Science Reviews, 42, Jackson,M.J. & Tauxe, L Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and remanence: developments in the characterization of tectonic, sedimentary, and igneous fabric. Reviews of Geophysics, 29, Rochette, P., Jackson, M. J. & Aubourg, C Rock magnetism and the interpretation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Reviews of Geophysics, 30,
3 Magnetic anisotropy of rocks Agenda 1. Definition and application in geology 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
4 1. Definition and application in geology Agenda 1. Definition and application in geology 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
5 1. Definition and application in geology Definition Magnetic anisotropy is a directional variability of a certain magnetic property, usually Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) Tool to study rock texture (Petrofabric) Compared to the other methods of fabric analysis (U-stage, X-ray texture goniometry, neutron texture goniometry, EBSD), AMS is fast, cheap, high-resolution, non-destructive. It can be applied to many samples covering whole outcrops, drill cores, or geological units. Application in structural geology and tectonics, volcanology, sedimentology, and paleomagnetism.
6 1. Definition and application in geology Magnetic susceptibility is the ability to acquire induced magnetization, i.e. ability to get magnetized k = M / H M H k = Mi / H M = Mi + Mr Induced magnetization Remanent magnetization Mi = k H Magnetic susceptibility
7 1. Definition and application in geology Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism (s.l.) M M M k < 0 k > 0 k >> 0 Induced magnetization antiparallel to the external field Magnetic susceptibility relatively low and negative Induced magnetization parallel to the external field Magnetic susceptibility relatively low and positive Complex relationship between external field and induced magnetization: hysteresis curve Magnetic susceptibiliy relatively high No remanence No remanence Remanent magnetization quartz calcite aragonite pyroxene hornblende olivine micas iron magnetite hematite pyrrhotite
8 1. Definition and application in geology Magnetic susceptibility is the ability to acquire induced magnetization, i.e. ability to get magnetized M = k H Contribution of selected minerals to whole rock susceptibility k = M / H
9 1. Definition and application in geology Anisotropy magnetic susceptibility (AMS) Magnetically isotropic material M 1 = k H 1 M 2 = k H 2 M 3 = k H 3 Magnetization of anisotropic materials M 1 = k 11 H 1 + k 12 H 2 + k 13 H 3 M 2 = k 21 H 1 + k 22 H 2 + k 23 H 3 M 3 = k 31 H 1 + k 32 H 2 + k 33 H 3 Matrix notation Vector of field intensity M 1 = k 11 k 12 k 13 H 1 M 2 = k 21 k 22 k 23 H 2 M 3 = k 31 k 32 k 33 H 3 Vector of magnetization Susceptibility tensor
10 1. Definition and application in geology Anisotropic magnetizing ellipsoidal grain If one magnetizes an ellipsoidal grain of magnetite and the magnetizing field is parallel to ellipsoid axes, the magnetization is parallel to the field. Otherwise, the magnetization deflects from the field. The relationship between field and magnetization is described by the susceptibility tensor. M = k H
11 1. Definition and application in geology Ellipsoid as geometrical visualization of tensor M 1 = k 11 k 12 k 13 H 1 M 2 = k 21 k 22 k 23 H 2 M 3 = k 31 k 32 k 33 H 3
12 1. Definition and application in geology Magnetic fabric Rock fabric defined from magnetic anisotropy X Y Principal susceptibilities k 1 k 2 k 3 Mean susceptibility k m = (k 1 + k 2 + k 3 ) / 3 Degree of anisotropy P = k 1 / k 3 Shape parameter T = ( ) / ( - ) where = ln k 1, = ln k 2, = ln k 3 +1 > T > 0 oblate (planar) fabric -1 < T < 0 prolate (linear) fabric
13 1. Definition and application in geology Shapes of anisotropy ellipsoids Rotational prolate Triaxial prolate Neutral Triaxial oblate Rotational oblate
14 1. Definition and application in geology Quantitative parametrs of anisotropy k 1 k 2 k 3 k m = (k 1 + k 2 + k 3 ) / 3 P = k 1 / k 3 L = k 1 / k 2 F = k 2 / k 3 principal susceptibilities mean susceptibility degree of anisotropy degree of magnetic lineation degree of magnetic foliation T = ( ) / ( 1-3) where 1 = ln k 1, 2 = ln k 2, 3 = ln k 3 +1 > T > 0-1 < T < 0 Pj = P a a = (1+T 2 / 3) shape parameter oblate (planar) ellipsoid prolate (linear) ellipsoid corrected degree of anisotropy
15 1. Definition and application in geology Flinn diagram (L-F plot)
16 1. Definition and application in geology Jelinek diagram (Pj-T plot)
17 1. Definition and application in geology P T Lambert projection, Lower hemisphere Degree of anisotropy vs. Mean susceptibility 270 Geographic coordinate system N Equal-area projection N= Km [E-03 SI] P-T plot (Jelinek plot) Max Int Min 180 D P
18 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals Agenda 1. Definition and application in geology 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
19 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals Shape anisotropy Magnetite Magnetocrystalline anisotropy All other minerals Biotite Biotite
20 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals Magnetocrystalline anisotropy Hematite k 1 = k 2 >> k 3 P > 100 Pyrrhotite k 1 = k 2 >> k 3 P > 300
21 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals Magnetocrystalline anisotropy
22 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals Magnetocrystalline anisotropy Biotite k 1 = k 2 > k 3 P = Muscovite k 1 = k 2 > k 3 P = Chlorite k 1 = k 2 > k 3 P =
23 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals Magnetic properties of selected minerals Mineral Susceptibility [10-6 ] Degree of anisotropy Shape of anisotropy Anisotropy type Magnetite to 3.0 Variable Shape Hematite 1300 to 7000 >100 ~1.00 Magnetocrystalline Pyrrhotite 100 to ~1.00 Magnetocrystalline Actinolite to to 0.40 Magnetocrystalline Hornblende 746 to Magnetocrystalline Glaucophane Magnetocrystalline Chlorite 70 to to 1.7 ~1.00 Magnetocrystalline Biotite 998 to to 1.6 ~1.00 Magnetocrystalline Phlogopite Magnetocrystalline Muscovite 122 to Magnetocrystalline Quartz to Magnetocrystalline Calcite Magnetocrystalline Aragonite Magnetocrystalline
24 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals Contribution of selected minerals to whole rock susceptibility
25 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks Agenda 1. Definition and application in geology 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
26 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks Rock anisotropy degree as a function of preferred orientation of its minerals
27 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
28 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks Magnetic fabrics of higher order oblate fabric prolate fabric
29 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks Comparison of magnetic fabric and neutron texture goniometry
30 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks Comparison of magnetic fabric and neutron texture goniometry Isolines of chlorite c-axes N AMS principal directions Eigenvectors of Orientation tensor Neutron texture goniometer TEX2 GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Germany Shale, Rhenohercynian Belt, Czech Republic
31 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks
32 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks Comparison of magnetic fabric and neutron texture goniometry Neogene basin, Southern Italy (courtesy F. Cifelli)
33 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Agenda 1. Definition and application in geology 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
34 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Magnetic susceptibility usually carried by paramagnetic minerals
35 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Relatively low magnetic susceptibility Anisotropy degree < 5% Oblate fabric Sedimentary rocks K < P < 1.05 Anchimetamorphosed sediments K < P < 1.30
36 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks calm sedimentation slow current fast (turbulent) current (after Tauxe 2013)
37 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Examples of various sedimentary fabrics No current Current Turbidites
38 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Deformation of sediments T P x y z sedimentary fabric incipient deformation pencil structure weak cleavage strong cleavage deformational fabric x y
39 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Pencil structure (southern Pyrenees, Spain)
40 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
41 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Accretionary wedge
42 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Tertiary accretionary wedge, southern Pyrenees
43 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Tertiary accretionary wedge, southern Pyrenees (Parés & van der Pluijm 1999)
44 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Tertiary accretionary wedge, southern Pyrenees (Parés & van der Pluijm 1999)
45 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Paleozoic accretionary wedge Rhenohercynian Belt, Czech Republic
46 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Paleozoic accretionary wedge Rhenohercynian Belt, Czech Republic (Chadima et al. 2006)
47 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Anisotropy degree (P) Shape parameter (T)
48 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks Extentional tectonic setting Extentional setting Neogene basin, southern Italy (courtesy F. Cifelli)
49 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks
50 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks loess paleosol loess paleosol silty paleosol loess
51 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks N K1 K2 K3 180 N=85
52 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks (Hajná et al. 2010)
53 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks (Hajná et al. 2010)
54 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks (Hajná et al. 2010)
55 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Agenda 1. Definition and application in geology 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
56 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks 1. Volcanic rocks 2. Dikes 3. Plutonic rocks
57 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Magnetic susceptibility dominantly carried by magnetite
58 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Igneous rocks Very high magnetic susceptibility Relatively low anisotropy degree K < P < 1.03
59 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
60 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Volcanic rocks
61 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Lava flows A a Pahoehoe
62 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Lipari Island, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy
63 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Lipari Island, Tyrrhenian Sea
64 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Chaîne des Puys, Massif Central, France
65 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Section across lava flow (Loock et al. 2008)
66 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Pyroclastic flow, Pompeii, Italy (Gurioli et al. 2005)
67 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
68 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
69 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Pyroclastic flow, Pompeii, Italy (Gurioli et al. 2005)
70 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Dikes
71 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Estimate of flow direction
72 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Dikes
73 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks magnetic lineation is not always parallel to flow direction preferably use imbrication of magnetic foliation
74 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Wilson, J. T A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands. Canadian Journal of Physics, 41,
75 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
76 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Island of Oahu
77 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Geology of Oahu
78 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Koolau (Knight & Walker 1988) W Keneohe Bay 1 2 Kawainui Swamp 3 Waimanalo Bay SE
79 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Plutonic rocks
80 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Plutonic rocks bimodal distribution of magnetic susceptibility (granitoids of former USSR) weakly magnetic (paramagnetic) granitoides S type ( Sedimentary ) carrier of magnetization mainly biotite (hornblende) strongly magnetic (ferromagnetic) granitoides I type (Igneous) carrier of magnetization mainly magnetite
81 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
82 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Brno Massif
83 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
84 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Foliations and lineations in plutons originate by magma flow Magnetic foliation = magma flow plane Magnetic lineation = magma flow line Regional-scale investigation of magnetic fabric helps to decipher magma flow within whole pluton VELOCITY GRADIENT FLOW DIRECTION FLOW LINES RIGID WALL FLOW PLANES
85 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
86 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks Magnetic anisotropy in pluton scale Magnetic foliation Magnetic lineation Monte Capanne granodiorite pluton (Elba Island, northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (Bouillin et al. 1993)
87 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks
88 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Agenda 1. Definition and application in geology 2. Magnetic anisotropy of minerals 3. Magnetic fabric vs. texture of rocks 4. Magnetic fabric of sedimentary, deformed, and metamorphosed rocks 5. Magnetic fabric of igneous rocks 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
89 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Oriented samples V = ccm V = 8 ccm
90 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Field Drilling Oriented Cores Petrol powered portable drilling machine
91 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing (Tauxe. 2005)
92 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Block specimens
93 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Sample to geographical coordinate system transformation R = T r, K = T k T', r, R vectors in sample or geographical coordinate systems k, K tensors in sample or geographical coordinate systems T transformation matrix (T transposed matrix of T)
94 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
95 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Kappabridge (and PC) evolution KLY-2 KLY-1 (1967) KLY-3 & 4 MFK1
96 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing MFK1-FA Three operating frequencies and respective field ranges (peak values): F1 (976 Hz): A/m F2 (3904 Hz): A/m F3 (15616 Hz): A/m Accuracy within one range: 0.1 % Accuracy of absolute calibration: 3.0 %
97 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing 15 position design 15 directional measurements Duration: ca. 9 min X
98 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Three plane rotation 64 readings during each rotation Multiple rotations Duration: ca. 3-4 min
99 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing 3D Rotator 320 readings during full rotation Repeated two times 640 directional measurements Duration: ca. 1.5 min X
100 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Safyr - Data acquisition software
101 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
102 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing
103 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Anisoft - Data processing software
104 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Anisoft - Data processing software File.ran File1.ran File2.ran File3.ran Open Open multiple Geological data (*.ged) Anisoft 4.2. Viewing & Editing Selection of data Spec to Geo Geo to Spec Mean tensor (Jelínek statistics) Append Mean.ran Mean.txt Print Export Save as Save selected records as File.wmf File.ran File.txt File.ss2
105 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Mean tensor (Jelinek 1978, Hext 1963) Geographic coordinate system N Equal-area projection N=35 mean directions confidence ellipses K1 K2 K3 180 D
106 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Bootstrap (Constable & Tauxe 1990)
107 6. Sampling, measurement and data processing Data presentation in regional scale projection of mean susceptibilities magnetic lineation of mean tensor isolines of shape parameter (T)
108 Magnetic anisotropy of rocks Literature Tarling, D.H. & Hrouda, F The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rock. Chapman & Hall, 217 pp. Lanza, R. & Meloni, A The Earth s Magnetism: An Introduction for Geologist. Springer, 278 pp. (Chapter 5). Hrouda, F Magnetic Susceptibility, Anisotropy. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism. Springer Sagnotti, L Magnetic anisotropy. Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Springer Tauxe, L Lectures in paleomagnetism. Hrouda, F., Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics. Geophysical Surveys, 5, Borradaile, G. J. & Henry, B Tectonic applications of magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy. Earth Science Reviews, 42, Jackson,M.J. & Tauxe, L Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and remanence: developments in the characterization of tectonic, sedimentary, and igneous fabric. Reviews of Geophysics, 29, Rochette, P., Jackson, M. J. & Aubourg, C Rock magnetism and the interpretation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Reviews of Geophysics, 30,
109 Magnetic anisotropy of rocks Thanks for your endurance! Martin Chadima AGICO Inc., Brno, Czech Republic Institute of Geology, ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
110 Contact information AGICO Advanced Geoscience Instruments Company Telephone FAX Postal Address Ječná 29a, CZ Brno, Czech Republic Electronic Mail ICO VAT No. (DIC) CZ
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