Ponce de Leon 7thGrade Winter Science Package '13-'14

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1 Name: Teacher: Period: Date: Ponce de Leon 7thGrade Winter Science Package '13-'14 Multiple Choice: Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A fossil formed when minerals replace all or part of an organism is called a a. mold. b. petrified fossil. c. cast. d. trace fossil. 2. The fossil record shows that life on Earth has changed over time. For example, paleontologists have found that older rocks contain fossils of a. organisms that are more complex than those alive today. b. both simple and complex organisms. c. only organisms that are alive today. d. simpler organisms. 3. A type of organism that no longer exists on Earth is said to be a. fossilized. b. sedimentary. c. extinct. d. petrified. 4. Earth s earliest atmosphere lacked which gas that is necessary for life as we know it to exist today? a. nitrogen b. carbon dioxide c. argon d. oxygen 5. What principle states that the geologic processes that change Earth today also changed Earth in the past? a. uniformitarianism b. evolution c. superposition d. erosion 6. Of the following methods, which led scientists to infer that Earth is about 4.6 billion years old? a. studying fault lines b. studying index fossils. c. using radioactive dating on moon rocks d. applying the law of superposition 7. The long span of time that covers about 88% of Earth s history and ended 542 million years ago is called a. Precambrian Time. b. Paleozoic Era. c. Mesozoic Era. d. Cenozoic Era. 8. What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth s layers? a. crust, outer core, inner core, mantle b. mantle, outer core, inner core, crust c. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core d. outer core, inner core, crust, mantle 9. The transfer of energy through empty space is called d. subduction. 10. Which form of heat transfer takes place when you touch a hot stone? a. convection b. subduction c. conduction d. radiation

2 11. To describe a rock s texture, geologists determine a. the color and density of the rock. b. how the rock formed. c. the size, shape, and pattern of the rock s grains. d. the mineral composition of the rock. 12. When all the grains in a rock are large and easy to see, the rock is described as a. extrusive. b. fine grained. c. coarse grained. d. nonbanded. 13. Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth s surface can change any rock into a. chemical rock. b. gemstones. c. metamorphic rock. d. sedimentary rock. 14. A series of processes on Earth s surface and in the crust and mantle that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another is called a. erosion. b. crystallization. c. the rock cycle. d. evaporation. 15. The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid is called a. subduction. b. conduction. d. convection. 16. Convection currents within Earth s core and mantle transfer large amounts of heat when a. hotter, less dense rock rises and cooler, more dense rock sinks. b. cooler, less dense rock sinks and hotter, more dense rock rises. c. hotter, less dense rock sinks and cooler, more dense rock rises. d. cooler, less dense rock rises and hotter, more dense rock sinks. 17. Stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions is called a. shearing. b. tension. c. compression. d. deformation. 18. In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little a. noise. b. shaking. c. up-or-down motion. d. movement. 19. Suppose two normal faults cause valleys to drop down on either side of a block of rock. As the hanging wall of each normal fault slips downward, the block in between forms a a. folded mountain. b. rift valley. c. fault-block mountain. d. lava plateau. 20. The point beneath Earth s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called the a. syncline. b. footwall. c. epicenter. d. focus.

3 21. The type of seismic waves that arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and expanding the ground like an accordion are called a. S waves. b. P waves. c. Surface waves. d. Mercalli waves. 22. Compared to P waves and S waves, surface waves move a. faster. b. slower. c. at the same rate. d. farther from the epicenter. 23. The rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake is called the a. Richter scale. b. moment magnitude scale. c. mechanical seismograph scale. d. Mercalli scale. 24. Which of the following can cause damage days or months after a large earthquake? a. the arrival of surface waves b. convection c. a tsunami d. an aftershock 25. Maps based on past seismographic data shows that earthquakes often occur where? a. in the center of tectonic plates b. at plateaus c. in eastern Canada d. along tectonic plate boundaries 26. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles in an object is called a. thermal energy. b. conduction. c. convection. d. temperature. 27. The total energy of all the particles in a substance is called a. temperature. b. thermal energy. c. degrees. d. mass. 28. Heat transfer occurs a. in many directions. b. both from warm objects to colder ones and from cold objects to warmer ones. c. only from warm objects to colder ones. d. only from cold objects to warmer ones. 29. Heat is transferred from one particle of matter to another within an object or between two objects in a process called d. insulation. 30. The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called d. conservation.

4 31. Heat is transferred from one particle of matter to another without the movement of matter itself in a process called d. insulation. 32. Heat is the transfer of a. electromagnetic energy. b. mechanical energy. c. thermal energy. d. nuclear energy. 33. In a hydroelectric plant the mechanical energy in moving water is transformed into a. nuclear energy. b. electrical energy. c. electromagnetic energy. d. chemical energy. 34. Which of the following statements is true? a. The particles in an object at 40 C are moving slower than particles at 35ºC. b. The particles in an object at 40 C are moving slower than particles at -40ºC. c. The particles in an object at 40 C are moving faster than particles at 0ºC. d. The particles in an object at 40 C are moving faster than particles at 100ºC. 35. Clara placed an empty mug on the table and poured hot tea into the mug. When she went to pick up the mug it was too hot to hold. Which type of heat transfer occurred between the tea and the mug? a. conduction b. convection c. radiation d. freezing 36. The law of conservation of energy states that when one form of energy is transformed to another, a. energy is destroyed in the process. b. no energy is destroyed in the process. c. energy is created in the process. d. some amount of energy cannot be accounted for. 37. You are investigating a certain plant's ability to grow. All of the following data will be helpful except the a. amount of sun the plant gets. b. amount of water the plant gets. c. amount of fertilizer the plant gets. d. scientific name of the plant. 38. You are investigating the numbers and types of birds in your neighborhood. If you watch a bird feeder to see which birds appear, you are a. inferring. b. observing. c. recording. d. hypothesizing. 39. Which of the following is a characteristic of the scientific method? a. Most scientific experiments cannot be duplicated. b. Science is based on objective analysis of experimental data. c. Scientific conclusions are subject to personal opinions. d. Data that do not fit established theories are always rejected. 40. Most scientists base their climate predictions on a. weather reports. b. analysis of acid rain. c. observations of clouds.

5 d. computer models. 41. All substances are composed of particles called atoms. This statement is an example of a (n) a. scientific law. b. scientific theory. c. model. d. observation. 42. Which of the following statements best describes a scientific law? a. It is the same as a scientific theory. b. It describes an observed pattern in nature without attempting to explain it. c. It is a statement that has been approved by the National Academy of Sciences. d. It is a widely accepted set of scientific hypotheses. 43. Which of the following is an example of thinking scientifically about a topic? a. finding out how bicycles work b. reading a consumer report about bicycles c. evaluating the costs of bicycles d. investigating the invention of bicycles 44. Why is it important for people to understand scientific principles and to think scientifically? a. It allows people to make informed decisions. b. It helps people estimate costs of products. c. It helps people choose where to live. d. It allows people to explain sports like an expert. 45. Malaria is a disease that is spread by mosquitos in tropical climates. Many people in poorer countries are affected by malaria. Doctors in these areas often distribute mosquito nets for people to sleep under. Doctors trying to stop the spread of malaria are addressing a (n) a. political concerns. b. social concerns. c. economic concerns. d. artistic concerns. 46. Which waves have some electrical properties and some magnetic properties? a. longitudinal waves b. transverse waves c. mechanical waves d. electromagnetic waves 47. Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy without a (n) a. medium. b. electric field. c. magnetic field. d. change in either a magnetic or an electric field. 48. Which model of light helps explain the photoelectric effect? a. the wave model b. the polarizing model c. the particle model d. the electromagnetic model 49. An electromagnetic wave from the sun travels through space a. at the speed of light. b. at the speed of sound. c. at twice the speed of sound. d. at half the speed of light. 50. A packet of light energy is called a a. particle. b. photon. c. wave.

6 d. electron. 51. In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same a. wavelength. b. frequency. c. speed. d. amplitude. 52. FM signals travel as changes in a. the speed of the wave. b. the amplitude of the wave. c. the frequency of the wave. d. the loudness of the wave. 53. Visible light has a higher frequency than a. X-rays. b. ultraviolet rays. c. infrared rays. d. gamma rays. 54. What occurs when parallel rays of light hit a rough or bumpy surface? a. regular reflection b. diffuse reflection c. refraction d. diffraction 55. What happens when parallel rays of light hit a smooth surface? a. diffuse reflection b. diffraction c. refraction d. regular reflection 56. What type of image does a plane mirror produce? a. real and inverted b. virtual and inverted c. real and upright d. virtual and upright 57. When the surface of a mirror curves inward, like the inside of a bowl, it is called a a. plane mirror. b. convex mirror. c. concave mirror. d. diffuse mirror. 58. The bending of light rays as they enter a new medium is called a. diffuse reflection. b. regular reflection. c. refraction. d. diffraction. 59. A curved piece of glass or other transparent material that is used to refract light is called a (n) a. mirror. b. lens. c. reflector. d. optical fiber. 60. In which medium does sound travel the fastest? a. steel b. air c. water d. The speed is the same in all three mediums.

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