Quiz Two (9:30-9:35 AM)
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1 Quiz Two (9:30-9:35 AM)
2 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 112: Earth History Lecture 5: Clever Thinking 2: Plate Tectonics Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
3 Last time The first geologists and their ideas Pliny, Ussher, Steno, Strachy, Hutton, Smith, Lyell, Darwin, Wegener etc. Geological principles necessary for stratigraphic correlation Unconformities (non-conformity, disconformity, angular unconformity) (Web Lecture 4)
4 Geological Thinking First geologists date back to the days of early hominids
5 Clever thinkers: ) The principle of superposition that states in any sedimentary succession that has not been overturned, the oldest strata occur on the bottom. 2) The principle of original horizontality that states sedimentary layers are originally deposited as horizontal sheets 3) The principle of original lateral continuity that states that sedimentary layers are originally deposited as laterally continuous sheets that naturally terminate against basin margins or barriers or which grade into other sedimentary layers.
6 Clever thinkers: Principle of cross-cutting relationships in a succession penetrated by other rock units (e.g., an igneous dike cutting across sedimentary strata) the cross-cutting body is younger than the stuff it is cutting.
7 Clever thinkers: Principle of Inclusions: A rock containing fragments of country rock (e.g. a pluton might rip off some of the surrounding rock that it is pushing through and incorporate it into the magma before cooling), must be younger than the country rock it contains.
8 Clever thinkers: ) Angular Unconformity 2) Disconformity (sedimentary rock on top of sedimentary rock) 3) Non-conformity (sedimentary rocks on top of basement )
9 Clever thinkers: unconformity One of Hutton s water colour cross-sections James Hutton: The Father of Geology and the originator of Uniformitarianism
10 Clever thinkers: Affectionately called The Map William Strata Smith: the Father of Stratigraphy (and English Geology)
11 Clever thinkers: Charles Lyell: Wrote Principles of Geology. Formulated the Principles of Cross-cutting Relationships and Inclusions
12 Clever thinkers: Lord Kelvin: determined the age of the Earth based upon how long it would take to cool an entirely molten Earth ( million years)
13 Clever thinkers: Alfred Wegener: first scientific proposal for continental drift (1912) and the concept of Pangaea
14 Today s Agenda 1. Alfred Wegener and Drifting Continents 2. The Plate Tectonic Revolution 3. Plate Tectonics Mechanisms
15 Clever thinkers: Alfred Wegener: first scientific proposal for continental drift (1912) and the concept of Pangaea
16 The Earth Even back in the 1700 s, mariners commented on the apparent jigsaw puzzle fit of South American and Africa.
17 Wegener s hypothesis: Wegener argued that 300 million years ago, the continents were all grouped together into a supercontinent he called Pangaea
18 His supporting evidence? Matching rock types and fossils* * types and ages
19 And the reaction?
20 And the reaction? Widespread Rejection
21 Redemption would eventually occur for Wegener
22 Redemption would eventually occur for Wegener after World War II
23 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Technological developments during the war increased our understanding of the world s oceans.
24 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Radar, sonar, and depth sounding revealed that the ocean bottoms were not flat planes
25 The Plate Tectonics Revolution And the single most important piece of evidence for plate tectonics was also discovered around the end of WWII
26 The Plate Tectonics Revolution And the single most important piece of evidence for plate tectonics was also discovered around the end of WWII. Paleomagnetism
27 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Earth has a magnetic field (and it isn t constant)
28 The Plate Tectonics Revolution 1669 lava flow magnetic field Mt Etna eruption of 1669 Source: (same as today +/- declination shifts)
29 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Older lava flows (1 million years) magnetic field Mt Etna eruption of 1669 Source: Reversed compared to today
30 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Paleomagnetism shows that the ocean floor youngest near the ridges and oldest near the continents
31 Paleomagnetism
32 The Plate Tectonics Revolution The outer part of the Earth is broken up into several large tectonic plates
33 The Plate Tectonics Revolution And where they rub against one another, you get Earthquakes
34 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Volcanoes (active, dormant and extinct)
35 The Plate Tectonics Revolution belts and deep trenches (along convergent plate boundaries)
36 The Plate Tectonics Revolution J. Tuzo Wilson was the first to describe global tectonics in terms of rigid surface "plates, and recognized ocean evolution ( Wilson Cycle ). He characterized three basic plates boundaries
37 The Plate Tectonics Revolution J. Tuzo Wilson was the first to describe global tectonics in terms of rigid surface "plates, and recognized ocean evolution ( Wilson Cycle ). He characterized three basic plates boundaries
38 So how does it all work?
39 Internal guts of the Earth
40 Internal guts of the Earth Four Major Geophysical Layers 1) The Crust (5-35 km thick; rigid rock)
41 Internal guts of the Earth Four Major Geophysical Layers 1) The Crust 2) The Mantle (2865 km; rigid to ductile rock)
42 Internal guts of the Earth Four Major Geophysical Layers 1) The Crust 2) The Mantle 3) The Outer Core (2200 km; liquid metal)
43 Internal guts of the Earth Four Major Geophysical Layers 1) The Crust 2) The Mantle 3) The Outer Core 4) The Inner Core (1270 km; solid metal)
44 Heat exchange gives rise to Convection Currents
45 More History of the Theory of Plate Tectonics Arthur Holmes proposed that convection currents in the mantle driving plate motion Cooler Asthenosphere Hotter
46 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism Rising convection currents stress the rigid outer layer of the Earth. This layer consists of the crust and the outer most mantle Geophysical layers Crust Mantle
47 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism Collectively, the rigid outer most part of the Earth (about 100 km thick) is called the Lithosphere Tectonic layers Lithosphere: Geophysical layers Crust Athenosphere: Mantle
48 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism It is postulated that the convection currents can eventually break up the lithosphere into separate plates Tension Cooler Hotter
49 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism Hence the term plate tectonics Asthenosphere
50 Divergent Plate Boundaries
51 Convergent Plate Boundaries
52 San Andreas Fault Transform Fault Plate Boundaries
53 Hot Spots
54 Hot Spots
55 Today s Homework 1. Download and read web notes 5 2. Study Next Time 1. Stratigraphy (web lecture 6)
56 GY 112: Earth History Lecture 5: Clever thinking part 2 Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick dhaywick@southalabama.edu This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.
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