Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS Developments in Soil Taxonomy
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1 Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS Developments in Soil Taxonomy rice ANTHROPOCENE? Ca
2 Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS Developments in Soil Taxonomy rice ANTHROPOCENE? Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Ca
3 Soil Taxonomy Historical Perspective
4 Whitney (1909) Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Stressed soil textures within physiographic regions.
5 V.V. Dokuchaev Nikolai Sibirtsev Konstantin Glinka Curtis Marbut
6 Marbut (1935) Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Stressed profile types within bioclimatic zones.
7 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Podzolic soil From Buol, Hole, McCracken 1973
8 Guy Smith and Soil Survey Staff (1960) Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Stresses quantitative definitions based on soil properties.
9 Zonal origins are still apparent in Soil Taxonomy. Ultisols
10 Soil Taxonomy A Language for Describing Soils
11 Taxonomic Divisions fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluvent
12 Taxonomic Divisions fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluvent order
13 Taxonomic Divisions fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluvent order suborder
14 Taxonomic Divisions fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluvent order suborder great group
15 Taxonomic Divisions fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluvent order subgroup suborder great group
16 Taxonomic Divisions fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Torrifluvent order family subgroup suborder great group
17
18 Soil Taxonomy Applied Internationally
19 Soil Taxonomy applied internationally
20
21 Soil Taxonomy Moving Across Scales
22 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. SPATIAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SCALE THIN SECTION SCALE SOIL PROFILE SCALE LAND- SCAPE SCALE GLOBAL SCALE small µm large mm meters km km x 1000s
23 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. SPATIAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SCALE THIN SECTION SCALE SOIL PEDON SCALE LAND- SCAPE SCALE GLOBAL SCALE small µm large mm meters km km x 1000s
24 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. SOIL PEDON SCALE Leland Gile Guy Smith Desert Project Tour (c. 1960)
25 SOIL PEDON SCALE Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. C 2Ab 2Bkb 3Byymb 3Byy1b 3Byy2b
26 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. SPATIAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SCALE THIN SECTION SCALE SOIL PEDON SCALE POLY- PEDON SCALE GLOBAL SCALE small µm large mm meters km km x 1000s
27 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Pedon Polypedon (Soil Individual) Profile
28 POLYPEDONS WHAT WE MAP gypsic lake bed gypsum inactive parabolic dunes siliceous red sand with coppice dunes
29 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. gypsic lake bed B polypedon B B A A B B polypedon A
30 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. SPATIAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SCALE THIN SECTION SCALE SOIL PEDON SCALE POLY- PEDON SCALE GLOBAL SCALE small µm large mm meters km km x 1000s
31 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Mollisols
32 Aridisols NRCS World Soil Resources
33 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. SPATIAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SCALE THIN SECTION SCALE SOIL PEDON SCALE POLY- PEDON SCALE GLOBAL SCALE small µm large mm meters km km x 1000s
34 5/19/04 Plane-polarized light Calciargid A pore BA Btk1 Btk2 Btk3 Btk4 2Btk5
35 5/19/04 Plane-polarized light Calciargid A pore BA Btk1 Btk2 Crossed-polarized Btk3 light Btk4 2Btk5
36 5/19/04 Plane-polarized light Calciargid A pore BA Btk1 Clay films Btk2 Crossed-polarized Btk3 light Btk4 2Btk5
37 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. SPATIAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SCALE THIN SECTION SCALE SOIL PEDON SCALE POLY- PEDON SCALE GLOBAL SCALE small µm large mm meters km km x 1000s
38 gypsum crystals in soil From Buck et al. 2006
39 calcite gyp calcite calcite calcite quartz X-ray diffraction is used to identify minerals calcite Sentry Btkyz3 gyp gyp gyp gyp gyp gyp gyp
40 long duration millions of years PLATE TECTONICS TEMPORAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy millennia centuries decades months hours minutes PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL SALT EFFLORESCENCE SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TEMPERATURE short duration Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
41 long duration millions of years PLATE TECTONICS TEMPORAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy millennia centuries decades months hours minutes PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL SALT EFFLORESCENCE SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TEMPERATURE short duration Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
42 Temperature Change at 1 cm White Sands, NM
43 long duration millions of years PLATE TECTONICS TEMPORAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy millennia centuries decades months hours/ weeks minutes PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL SALT EFFLORESCENCE SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TEMPERATURE short duration Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
44 long duration millions of years PLATE TECTONICS TEMPORAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy millennia centuries decades months hours/ weeks minutes PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL SALT EFFLORESCENCE SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TEMPERATURE short duration Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
45 For Example: Saline playa efflorescence at White Sands
46 Saline playa efflorescence at White Sands
47 December 2011
48 February 2012
49 May 2012
50 long duration millions of years PLATE TECTONICS TEMPORAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy millennia centuries decades months hours/ weeks minutes PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL SALT EFFLORESCENCE SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TEMPERATURE short duration Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
51 long duration millions of years PLATE TECTONICS TEMPORAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy millennia centuries decades months hours/ weeks minutes PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL SALT EFFLORESCENCE SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TEMPERATURE short duration Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
52 long duration millions of years PLATE TECTONICS TEMPORAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy millennia centuries decades months hours/ weeks minutes PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL SALT EFFLORESCENCE SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TEMPERATURE short duration Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
53 long duration millions of years PLATE TECTONICS TEMPORAL SCALES in Soil Taxonomy millennia centuries decades months hours/ weeks minutes PETROCALCIC HORIZON DEVELOPMENT CLAY ACCUMULATION IN SUBSOIL ORGANIC MATTER ACCUMULATION IN TOPSOIL SALT EFFLORESCENCE SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TEMPERATURE short duration Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
54 Present Ron Blakey Northern Arizona Univ.
55 Miocene
56 Tertiary-Cretaceous
57 Late Jurassic
58 long duration millions of years millennia centuries decades months SCALE MOST CRITICAL FOR SUSTAINABILITY hours/ weeks minutes small short duration µm large mm meters km km x 1000s Soil sustainability differs across the landscape.
59 Soil Taxonomy Delivering Information
60
61
62
63 Soil Climate Data
64 Soil Taxonomy Soil Systems and Environmental Issues
65 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Soil systems approach
66 Mountains & Hills Mountains & Hills Basin Floor Jornada Exp. Range Headquarters Piedmont Slope (Bajada) Paleozoic sedimentary rocks Mountains & Hills Precambrian rocks Rio Grande Valley Tertiary plutonic rocks Basin Floors New Mexico State Univ. alluvial fill Tertiary volcanic rocks Gile et al. 1981
67 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Gulf Dead Zone NOAA Image of Sources of N and P linked to Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone Soil systems approach
68 Soil Taxonomy Do we need a Subaqueous Order?
69 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape both above and below water.
70 Soil sustainability differs across the landscape both above and below water.
71
72 Anguilla Series Marine sediments over sandy/gravelly outwash Ase --0 to 10 cm; black (N 2.5/) mucky sand; single grain; very fluid; 1 percent macroalgal fragments, 0 percent rubbed; sulfurous odor; strongly saline; neutral (ph 7.0); ultra acid (ph 3.4) after 8 weeks; clear boundary. ACse--10 to 40 cm; very dark greenish gray (10Y 3/1) mucky sand; single grain; very fluid; 1 percent macroalgal fragments, 0 percent rubbed; sulfurous odor; strongly saline; neutral (ph 7.1); ultra acid (ph 3.2) after 8 weeks; abrupt boundary. (Combined thickness of A and AC horizons is 30 to 70 cm.) 2Bwb--40 to 90 cm; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loamy sand; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; single grain; nonfluid; 20 percent herbaceous fibers, 5 percent rubbed; 5 percent gravel; moderately saline; neutral (ph 7.0); very strongly acid (ph 4.9) after 8 weeks; abrupt boundary. (0 to 100 cm thick.) 3C--90 to 150 cm; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) very gravelly coarse sand; single grain; nonfluid; 50 percent gravel; slightly saline; neutral (ph 7.0); strongly acid (ph 5.5) after 8 weeks.
73 Cross Section of Lagoon Pond
74 Depth (feet NAVD88) Washover Fan Flat Nagunt Series Washover Fan Slope Shallow Lagoon Bottom Fort Neck Series Mainland Submerged Beach Anguilla Series Lagoon Bottom Pishagqua Series
75 Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS Developments in Soil Taxonomy rice ANTHROPOCENE? Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Ca
76 Curtis Monger USDA-NRCS Developments in Soil Taxonomy THANK YOU rice ANTHROPOCENE? Soil sustainability differs across the landscape. Ca
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