Study Guide CPES Chapter 8

Transcription

1 Study Guide CPES Chapter 8 Earth Systems Reading: pages 31, 39-42, , , List Earth s three main layers and give an important fact or two about each. pg Answer question #1 on page Answer question #2 on page Answer question 3 on page Answer question #4 on page Define mineral. pg a.about how many minerals are referred to as rock forming minerals? b.how much of the earth s crust consists of the rock forming minerals? pg What impressed you most when you made a scale drawing of the earth s interior? pg If the size of the earth isn t changing, and if some continents are moving farther apart, what must be happening at other locations on Earth? pg 145

2 10. When experiencing an earthquake, one may first feel a sharp thud and a few seconds later a swaying motion. Why? pg What is the ranking of a major earthquake on the Energy Magnitude scale? pg If experiencing an earthquake, what should a person do? pg Why is a knowledge of plate tectonics important? 14. Identify six ways minerals can become concentrated. pg When plates collide, one of three conditions can occur. List them. pg When a continental plate meets an oceanic plate, what happens? pg List some of the tools modern geologists use to locate hard to find mineral deposits. pg What is milling? pg What is gangue? pg What is the tailing? pg 165

3 21. What is reclamation? pg Can mined land be reclaimed? Defend your answer. 23. What is soil? pg What is humus? pg Sketch a soil profile. pg 262 Completion Complete each statement. 26. Rocks are made of. pg Igneous rock is formed by. pg Extrusive igneous rock is formed by the. pg Intrusive igneous rock is formed by the. pg Large, coarse-grained crystals are formed when a rock cools. pg 135

4 31. Metamorphic rock is formed by. pg Sedimentary rock is formed by. pg links the nonliving to the living. pg soil is sticky, holds water too tightly for plants, and is not loose. pg soil is gritty, doesn t hold water, and is very loose. pg soil is smooth, holds the right amount of water, and is best for plants. pg Topsoil is the horizon. It supports agricultural crops. pg is the best soil for growing crops. pg soil has about equal amounts of sand and silt, but very little clay. pg 264

5 Study Guide CPES Chapter 8 Answer Section SHORT ANSWER 1. ANS: core: 15% of Earth s volume; inside layer made of iron and nickel, mantle: 84% of Earth s volume; made of two layers; upper layer is hot, crust: Only 1% of Earth s volume; low density; all known life exists on this thin zone 2. ANS: Identify changes such as a greater number of layers, the solid nature of the materials, and the water inside Earth. The 1974 model is much more similar to current models; the inner layers are the more dense materials. 3. ANS: increased sophistication of the data collected from earthquakes 4. ANS: The most obvious difference is the addition of transition zones. the idea of distinct layers fell out of favor as scientists discovered evidence that the layers of Earth were not distinctly separate, but rather had zones comprised of the minerals from the layer above and layer below. 5. ANS: Newton proposed and calculated that Earth s interior was dense. Earthquake waves indicate a three-layer interior. 6. ANS: A naturally occurring crystalline inorganic (nonliving) material with a definite set of properties. 7. ANS: a. 20 b. 95% 8. ANS: Most students are amazed at how thin the crust is. Plotting the deepest hole ever drilled shows we don t have direct access to very much of the earth s interior. 9. ANS: Crustal plates must be colliding and either material must be piling up, and/or subduction must be occurring.

6 10. ANS: The thud is the arrival of the compression or P wave. The sway results when the S waves arrive. 11. ANS: ANS: If outside, stay outside. Stay away from powerlines. If inside, stay against supporting archways and inside walls or under heavy furniture. Put on a helmet if one is available. 13. ANS: It helps us understand various life-threatening geologic events such as earthquakes and volcanoes., It provides information that helps us locate many of the valuable minerals modern societies are built on. 14. ANS: Replacement, Immiscible liquids, Selective crystallization, Evaporation of lake or seawater, Secondary enrichment caused by ground water, Residual enrichment 15. ANS: Oceanic crust meets oceanic crust., Oceanic crust meets continental crust., Continental crust meets continental crust. 16. ANS: The more dense oceanic plate is subducted under the continental plate. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur near the plate boundary. 17. ANS: Geophysical tools, Geochemical tools, Remote sensing tools, Mapping, collecting, and drilling. 18. ANS: It is a way of concentrating minerals so they can be used. 19. ANS: It is the unwanted non-valuable material that comes with a mineral when it is mined. 20. ANS: It is the non-valuable material that remains after an ore has been milled.

7 21. ANS: The process of restoring to cultivation, useful purpose, or original state. 22. ANS: Answers will vary, but will most likely be based on information in Reading 15.7 and Activity 15.3 of the textbook. 23. ANS: Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. 24. ANS: Humus in the highly decomposed plant and animal residue that is part of the soil. the mixture of organic and inorganic nutrients makes this layer valuable because it supports agricultural crops. 25. ANS: sketch COMPLETION 26. ANS: minerals 27. ANS: the solidification of hot magma 28. ANS: cooling of lava 29. ANS: cooling of magma below Earth s surface 30. ANS: slowly 31. ANS: change of pre-existing rock 32. ANS: the erosion of rock material 33. ANS: Soil

8 34. ANS: Clay 35. ANS: Sandy 36. ANS: Loam 37. ANS: A 38. ANS: Loam 39. ANS: Loam