Marlow Common Clay Pits
|
|
- Lilian Fox
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Marlow Common Clay Pits Marlow Common is one of 200 commons in the Chilterns which have been shaped by centuries of local history. As you walk in this lovely part of Buckinghamshire today it is difficult to imagine a time when it was not grass and woodland. However, the rocks beneath your feet tell an amazing story of Marlow Common over the past 80 million years. It is a story that takes us from flooding by a shallow chalky sea to a tropical landscape with waterlogged clay soils, and finally to the frozen wastes of the Ice Age. It was these extremes in climate that laid down the geological layers, but it was local people who finally shaped it into what we see today. The geological story 1. Marlow under a tropical climate Chalk The Chalk is pure limestone made from tiny skeletons of algae. They settled out in a tropical sea during a massive global warming. Climate started to warm dramatically at around 95 million years ago. This event was to continue for the next 30 million years, finally ending 65 million years ago. During this time the world became much hotter resulting in a global average temperature of about 30 degrees (compared to 15 degrees today). As climate warmed, ice melted, and sea level rose. As the world warmed further the water in the oceans expanded and the result was a very large proportion of all land on Earth being flooded by shallow seas. This of course included the whole of what is now England, including Marlow Common. These seas were teeming with life and some of these animals are preserved as fossils within the chalk and inside flint nodules both have been found nearby and on the common. A sea urchin preserved in flint A sponge preserved in Chalk, one of the most common fossils 1
2 Clay-with-flint After 30 million years of global warming, the Earth gradually returned to more normal temperatures from 65 million years ago. This resulted in sea level falling which exposed the whole of England as land again, including Buckinghamshire, which was exposed as a flat ancient sea bed. Rain dissolved huge quantities of chalk resulting in a residual layer on top composed of clay and flints as neither of these dissolve in rainwater. Clay-with-flints the result of 20 million years of dissolved Chalk. Reading Formation clays From 60 to 50 million years ago the Chalk seas had retreated and Bucks was a hot, tropical landscape. The flat landscape produced waterlogged soils resulting in the quality clays later used for the local brick and pottery industry. The Reading Formation clays are not shown in the geological section as they are no longer present in sufficient quantity to map. They were excavated during the 19 th to earliest 20 th century. However, the first geological map to be produced was later in the 20 th century and so they were never seen on Marlow Common by geologists. Nonetheless, hints of where they were, how they were excavated and how much clay was there, can be seen in clues remaining in the landscape today. We know very little about the geological history in Marlow after 50 million years ago, as erosion has removed much of the evidence. However, we know from elsewhere that Buckinghamshire remained very flat during most of this time, until the start of the Ice Age 2.6 million years ago. It was during the Ice Age that the Chiltern Hills were formed and the mighty Thames was born and cut down into the valley we know today. 2
3 The rock sequence at Marlow Common. Oldest rocks at the bottom, youngest on the top. A section through the rock layers from the Hambleden Valley to the Thames in Marlow, showing the landscape and the different layers under each area. The Ice Age deposits are like icing on the main rock cake. 3
4 The geological story 2. Marlow as tundra on the edge of the ice Sands and gravels of the River Thames Gravels are obvious in some parts of the Common their presence indicated by acid-loving plants such as heather, gorse and oak. The rounded pebbles found in the footpaths show they are from a river. The pebbles are mostly flint, but whitish quartz pebbles may be found along with duller, very round, pale brown sandstone. These pebbles are part of the Gerrards Cross Gravels and record a time when the ancient River Thames flowed here before cutting down to its present level in Marlow. The Thames cut down and left a gravel terrace during each big freeze when ice advanced towards and sometimes over England. This down-cutting is preserved in ten stages for the whole Thames valley and three of these events are visible from Marlow Common and down the hill towards Marlow. The geological section shows Winter Hill and then Taplow, and finally Shepperton Gravels each successively at lower levels - and each successively younger. The youngest sediment of all is the modern-day alluvium in the river. Rivers cut down incrementally this way as a result of sea level falling when water is locked up in ice sheets. Sea level is the base level to which all rivers flow, and if it lowers, so the river entry point is lowered. This has a knock-on effect upstream. The result is the old level left high in the slope or cliff face as a terrace with the old sands and gravels high and dry. Thames gravels showing the direction of water flow as inclined lines. Dry valleys While major dry valleys were being cut to the west (as the Hambleden Valley) and to the east (the Wye valley) Marlow Common was within a smaller catchment area draining down to the newly forming Thames river. The steeper slopes of Lords Wood were cut by melting snow and ice flowing over frozen ground (tundra). Dry valleys only form during cold phases when the ground is frozen in other words, in a tundra environment. Each time the Chilterns became tundra the pores of the Chalk were blocked with ice and so when the ice and snow started to melt, the result is water forced to flow over the frozen ground. This cuts a V shaped river valley which is so distinctive of water flow, but the dry valleys today look flatter as much sediment and debris has collected at the bottom. 4
5 Brick and tile industry on Marlow Common Evidence for this past industry comes in the form of numerous pits and sinuous depressions as well as house names such as Kiln Cottage and the Old Kiln House. The clay used was from the Reading Formation, and the products were mostly bricks and tiles. There was also a quality terracotta ware produced, which may be seen at Monks Corner as a long frieze panel. This was called Medmenham Ware and was produced by the sculptor Conrad Dressler between 1898 to Dressler was born in London in 1856 and became the design manager of the works. The pottery and kiln was owned by Robert Hudson, who made his fortune as a soap magnate. He bought Medmenham Abbey, arranged for its restoration and then went on to design and build a number of estate houses such as Westfield Cottages, Medmenham. The pottery was built in order to support and encourage rural crafts as Hudson was an admirer of the Arts and Crafts ideas of William Morris. The company advertised the fact that they were proud to use local materials and employ village work people. The products were high quality, handmade or moulded forms and bespoke to order. Their advertising lists the types and the top quality raised tile was priced at an average of 30 shillings per yard. Architects soon made use of this quality product for prestigious buildings such as the Sunlight Chambers in Dublin and the Law Society Hall in London. Tiles are on display in the V&A Museum in London. Local examples may be found for instance as a frieze panel at Jerome Cottage (Monks Corner). The name of the house is notable as the home of Jerome K. Jerome, author of Three men in a boat c to Medmenham Ware frieze panel at Monks Corner. The 1898 map of the common shows the old clay pits along with the two brick kilns in operation at that time. The common would have been an unpleasant place to live at that time. The area would be taken up with extraction pits and piles of clay exposed for weathering. There would be puddling areas for processing the clay, vast drying areas for moulded bricks, and during the firing days, the air would be thick with smoke. 5
6 In addition to the main extraction pits there were a number of smaller pits. These were never mapped as they were short-lived and very small. A walk around the common today will reveal many undulations, rounded depressions and sinuous trenches where small pockets were chased by small work teams for this valuable clay. A deep sinuous excavation removing pockets of brick-making clay. Looking at the total area of pits from map and modern evidence it can be calculated that Marlow Common s production from its own clay source must have been around 150,000 bricks or terracotta products. The bricks (some called the Marlow blues ) may be seen locally on and near the common and in Marlow town centre. However, the brickyard undoubtedly received clay from neighbouring extraction areas, and so its total production would have been much larger. The following pages show extracts from the historic maps showing how Marlow Common has changed since
7 Marlow Common on the 1876 map. The first brickworks was already built and operational on the common. Brick suppliers in the area of this date (listed in Kelly s directory) would imply the brickyard was run by Allum s, Corby s or Hickman s all brick and tile merchants with offices in the High Street, Marlow. (The grid scale is 100 m intervals). The 1898 map of Marlow Common showing the location of the largest pits and the two brickworks at that time. Clay extracted during this time was supplying the Medmenham Pottery works from 1898 to (The grid scale is at 100 m intervals) 7
8 The 1921 Map shows the brickyards have gone and the pit to the north is the Old Clay Pit whilst the Monks Corner pit has been landscaped into the garden feature of today. The old kiln was standing in the 1930s as the photograph below shows. The buildings attached to it are the moulding area and drying shed. Kiln Cottage is near the spot today. The old kiln on Marlow Common during the 1930s, a small but vital source of local income. Photograph courtesy of Janet Smith. 8
9 A walk around the common today will reveal a little of this history the clues are beneath your feet. The Chalk, river gravels and Clay-with-flint are seen in the paths and soils. The soils themselves are made from the geology lying beneath sandy over the river deposits and clayey over the Clay-with-flints. In turn the soils are intimately related to the plants that grow on them. This link of rocks into soils into nature is all around you on any stroll through the common. Nature moved in when people moved industry out. Those people that once worked in the brick industries have long gone, but their mark is left in the form of empty pits and the quality bricks of local houses. Text provided by Dr Jill Eyers ( for the Chiltern Society and Marlow Common North with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The interpretive work formed part of the Chiltern Conservation Board s Chilterns Commons Project. 9
Name: Period: Date: ID: A. Circle the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question and write the letter on the blank.
Name: Period: _ Date: _ ID: A Unit 7 Practice Circle the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question and write the letter on the blank. 1. What term describes the movement of rock
More informationWeathering and Erosion
Have you ever looked at the land around you and wondered how it was shaped? The geologic features that help define the world are still being shaped by the natural processes of weathering, erosion, and
More informationWeathering, Erosion and Deposition
Weathering, Erosion and Deposition Shaping the Earth s Surface Weathering the process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments Erosion the transport of rock fragments from one location to another
More informationSedimentary Rocks, our most Valuable Rocks. Or, what you will probably find when you are outdoors exploring.
Sedimentary Rocks, our most Valuable Rocks Or, what you will probably find when you are outdoors exploring. Sedimentary rocks give us evidence to earth s earlier history. We look at processes happening
More informationName. 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different soil horizons, A, B, C, and D, are shown.
Name 1. In the cross section of the hill shown below, which rock units are probably most resistant to weathering? 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different
More informationErosional Features. What processes shaped this landscape?
Have you ever looked at the land around you and wondered what processes shaped what you see? Perhaps you see mountains, valleys, rivers, or canyons. Do you know how long these geologic features have been
More informationBuilding Stones of the Chilterns
Building Stones of the Chilterns A general impression is that the Chilterns only have chalk and flint to offer in the way of the rocky resource required for the many purposes used by people over the centuries,
More informationTopic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p ) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 WEATHERING
Topic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p. 95-125) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 THE BIG PICTURE: Weathering, erosion and deposition are processes that cause changes to rock material
More informationGeology of Havering-atte-Bower
Geology of Havering-atte-Bower The geology of Havering village consists of deposits of clays, gravels and sands variously classed as bedrock and superficial deposits. Clays and sands seem rather dull but
More informationEROSIONAL FEATURES. reflect
reflect Have you ever looked at the land around you and wondered what processes shaped what you see? Perhaps you see mountains, valleys, rivers, or canyons. Do you know how long these geologic features
More informationIllustrations of Selected Ordovician fossils
Illustrations of Selected Ordovician fossils Appendix 1 Brachiopods Cephalopods Brachiopods (brack'-i-oh-pods) are a group of marine animals with two shells. They all have an upper and lower shell. The
More informationINVESTIGATING AND UNDERSTANDING THE GROUND WHY BOTHER?
INVESTIGATING AND UNDERSTANDING THE GROUND WHY BOTHER? Dr Jacqueline Skipper Geotechnical Consulting Group WHAT IS UNDERSTANDING THE GROUND? Site Good enough ground model for successful project construction
More informationGEOLOGY OF TODMORDEN MOOR 2 BACKGROUND
GEOLOGY OF TODMORDEN MOOR 2 BACKGROUND 1) THE CARBONIFEROUS SERIES OF ROCKS The rocks of the Todmorden district are of the Carboniferous Series and were first laid down in an ancient sea, which covered
More informationEarth s Changing Surface Chapter 4
Name Hour Due Date Earth s Changing Surface Chapter (You do not need your book) Page 1 Fossils Summary Page 2 Traces of Tracks Page 3 Finding the Relative Age of Rocks Summary. Page - Finding the Relative
More informationQuestion #1: What are some ways that you think the climate may have changed in the area where you live over the past million years?
Reading 5.2 Environmental Change Think about the area where you live. You may see changes in the landscape in that area over a year. Some of those changes are weather related. Others are due to how the
More informationWonder as you Wander up the Carding Mill Valley
Wonder as you Wander up the Carding Mill Valley Spot clues to the 600 million year old history of the Long Mynd. Consider how the Earth has evolved since the rock you are walking over first formed. Welcome
More informationObjectives: Define Relative Age, Absolute Age
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth s surface is formed. c. Classify rocks by their process of formation. g. Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface
More informationYour web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore
Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore BEDRO CK For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources,
More informationThe Norwood Science Center. Geology (Minerals) Grade 4
The Norwood Science Center Geology (Minerals) Grade 4 Background Information: Where do rocks come from? At first you might think the answer to this question is simple. Igneous rock comes from either magma
More informationBowen s Chemical Stability Series
Lab 5 - Identification of Sedimentary Rocks Page - Introduction Sedimentary rocks are the second great rock group. Although they make up only a small percentage of the rocks in the earth s crust (~5%)
More informationUnit 10 Lesson 2 What Was Ancient Earth Like? Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
How Rocks and Fossils Tell a Story Sedimentary rock forms in layers. Many sedimentary rocks contain fossils. The oldest rock layers are at the bottom, and the youngest rock layers are at the top. The relative
More informationWeathering, Erosion, and Deposition Guided Notes
1. Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition 2. Outline Section 1: Weathering Section 2: Erosion Section 3: Deposition Section 4: Case Study Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Guided Notes 3. Section 1: Weathering
More informationLecture 10 Glaciers and glaciation
Lecture 10 Glaciers and glaciation Outline Importance of ice to people! Basics of glaciers formation, classification, mechanisms of movement Glacial landscapes erosion and deposition by glaciers and the
More informationThe Geology of Sebago Lake State Park
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities September, 2002 43 55 17.46 N, 70 34 13.07 W Text by Robert Johnston, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Map by Robert Johnston Introduction Sebago
More informationTips for Success on a Test
Number of Incorrect: Final Grade: Parent Signature: Top Tips for Success on a Test 1. Read the following statements at least two times. 2. Circle the key words in each question/ or statement. (*Remember
More informationW he natural resources of Adams
Above: Houghton Rock, Town of Adams. Following Page: "The Hole in the Rock" on Rattlesnake Mound--both remnants of rock formed by ancient seas hundreds of millions of year5 ago. (Courtesy, H.H. Bennett
More informationFlorida s Changing Shape
Florida s Changing Shape Background: For much of its history, Florida was underwater. At first, Florida consisted solely of the Florida Platform, a limestone base formed from the calcium carbonate remains
More informationState the principle of uniformitarianism. Explain how the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of rocks.
Objectives State the principle of uniformitarianism. Explain how the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of rocks. Compare three types of unconformities. Apply the law of crosscutting
More informationCh 10 Deposition Practice Questions
1. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below. Six identical cylinders, A through F, were filled with equal volumes of sorted spherical particles. The data table shows the particle
More informationThe Niagara Escarpment extends from western New York, through the GTA all the way up to Manitoulin Island and into Michigan and Wisconsin.
is southern Ontario s most prominent topographic feature, extending more than 500 kilometres from western New York, through Niagara Falls and the western part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and north
More informationSTUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY. Surface Water Movement
Surface Water SECTION 9.1 Surface Water Movement In your textbook, read about surface water and the way in which it moves sediment. Complete each statement. 1. An excessive amount of water flowing downslope
More informationSedimentary Rocks - are one of the three main rock types
Today s Objective: What Makes Sedimentary Rocks Special? Sedimentary Rocks - are one of the three main rock types A sedimentary rock can form one of three ways: 1. by the deposition of the weathered remains
More informationUnit E: Planet Earth. Topic 2: The Rock Cycle and Characteristics of Rocks
Unit E: Planet Earth Topic 2: The Rock Cycle and Characteristics of Rocks 1 2.1 Three Classes of Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic A. How Rocks Are Formed B. Types of Rock 1. All rocks can be
More informationEarth processes are dynamic actions that occur both on
29 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition R EA D I N G Earth processes are dynamic actions that occur both on the earth s surface and inside the earth. Any process that breaks down earth material, such as
More informationSection I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer to each question. Mark your final answer on the answer sheet. (1 pt each)
Sedimentary Rocks & Surface Processes Quest Name: Earth Science 2013 Block: Date: Section I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer to each question. Mark your final answer on the answer sheet. (1 pt each)
More informationClimate Change. Unit 3
Climate Change Unit 3 Aims Is global warming a recent short term phenomenon or should it be seen as part of long term climate change? What evidence is there of long-, medium-, and short- term climate change?
More informationWhich map shows the stream drainage pattern that most likely formed on the surface of this volcano? A) B)
1. When snow cover on the land melts, the water will most likely become surface runoff if the land surface is A) frozen B) porous C) grass covered D) unconsolidated gravel Base your answers to questions
More informationCattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16
Cattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16 Raymond C. Vaughan, Ph.D. What happens if you drop a
More information2 Rates of Weathering
Name CHAPTER 10 Class Date Weathering and Soil Formation SECTION 2 Rates of Weathering National Science Education Standards BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these
More informationDetermining the age of fossils
Sea shells seem to be everywhere. Most of the time you will find them on beaches, but every now and then, you may find them far from the sea. For example, you may have found a shell stuck in a rock high
More informationBucks Earth Heritage Group
Bucks Earth Heritage Group Circular walk: West Wycombe to Bradenham Park: Park at the West Wycombe Garden Centre, in Chorley Road, just off the A40 in West Wycombe, SP 825 948. Refreshments: Garden Centre,
More informationSedimentary Rocks. All sedimentary rocks begin to form when existing rocks are broken down into sediments Sediments are mainly weathered debris
Rocks! Objectives Describe the major processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rock Distinguish between clastic sedimentary rocks and chemical sedimentary rocks Identify the features that are
More informationGeography Knowledge Organiser: What is a Geographer?
Geography Knowledge Organiser: What is a Geographer? KPI 7.1.1 Locate and name the continents and oceans of the world, identify characteristics of the four countries and capital cities of the United Kingdom
More informationEarth Science S5E1b (EarthScienceS5E1b)
Name: Date: 1. The flattest part of the ocean floor is the A. trench. B. abyssal plain. C. continental shelf. D. mid-ocean rift valley. 2. Which causes some parts of the ocean to be saltier than other
More information4 th Grade PSI. Slide 1 / 107 Slide 2 / 107. Slide 3 / 107. Slide 4 / 107. Slide 5 / 107. Slide 6 / 107. The History of Planet Earth
Slide 1 / 107 Slide 2 / 107 4 th Grade PSI The History of Planet Earth 2015-11-10 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 107 Slide 4 / 107 The History of Planet Earth The Structure of Earth Rock Layers Fossils and Relative
More informationFigure 1 The map shows the top view of a meandering stream as it enters a lake. At which points along the stream are erosion and deposition dominant?
1. In which type of climate does chemical weathering usually occur most rapidly? 1. hot and dry 3. cold and dry 2. hot and wet 4. cold and wet 2. Figure 1 The map shows the top view of a meandering stream
More informationName a sedimentary rock and explain how was it formed. Y11 Changing landscapes of the UK
Name a sedimentary rock and explain how was it formed Small particles that have been transported and deposited in layers, such as sandstone; or from the remains of plants and animals e.g. chalk. Pressure
More informationGlacial Deposition and Groundwater in Dutchess County
Glacial Deposition and Groundwater in Dutchess County Name: Period: Thousands of years ago an enormous ice sheet blanketed the Hudson Valley in what was called the Wisconsinan Glaciation. The ice reshaped
More information1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below
1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below freezing B) a wet climate in which temperatures alternate
More informationWeathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development I. Weathering - the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, also called sediments, by natural processes. Weathering is further divided into
More informationabrasion the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering (SRB, IG)
FOSS Soils, Rocks, and Landforms Module Glossary NGSS Edition 2019 abrasion the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering (SRB, IG) acid a substance that geologists use to
More informationSedimentology & Stratigraphy. Thanks to Rob Viens for slides
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy Thanks to Rob Viens for slides Sedimentology The study of the processes that erode, transport and deposit sediments Sedimentary Petrology The study of the characteristics and
More informationTales of the Past. Source: Sci-ber Text with the Utah State Office of Education
Tales of the Past Source: Sci-ber Text with the Utah State Office of Education http://www.uen.org/core/science/sciber/trb4/downloads/literacy4.pdf Do you like mystery and intrigue? Do you like to do detective
More informationLesson 2. Antarctic Oceanography: Component I - Ice/Glaciers Component II - Marine Snow
Lesson 2. Antarctic Oceanography: Component I - Ice/Glaciers Component II - Marine Snow Lesson Objectives: Introduces students to the different kinds of ice found in Antarctica, Students will become familiar
More informationBeach Pebbles Tell a Story
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities September, 2000 Text by Joseph T. Kelley, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Introduction The smooth, sandy beaches of southern Maine are popular with
More informationWaterbury Dam Disturbance Mike Fitzgerald Devin Rowland
Waterbury Dam Disturbance Mike Fitzgerald Devin Rowland Abstract The Waterbury Dam was completed in October 1938 as a method of flood control in the Winooski Valley. The construction began in April1935
More informationThe River Otter: A Field Guide to the. Palaeolithic Landscape Picture of Otter Valley taken by Laura Basell (PRoSWeB)
The River Otter: A Field Guide to the Palaeolithic Landscape Picture of Otter Valley taken by Laura Basell (PRoSWeB) Produced by The Palaeolithic Rivers of South-West Britain Project and the National Ice
More informationA PowerPoint has also been developed for use with this lesson plan
Unit B: Components of Soil Lesson 3: Understanding the Properties of Rocks Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in the students achieving the following objectives: 1. Identify
More informationBiosphere. All living things, plants, animals, (even you!) are part of the zone of the earth called the biosphere.
Unit 1 Study Guide Earth s Spheres Biosphere All living things, plants, animals, (even you!) are part of the zone of the earth called the biosphere. Hydrosphere Water covers ¾ of the earth, made up mostly
More informationName: Mid-Year Review #2 SAR
Name: Mid-Year Review #2 SAR Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on on the diagram below, which shows laboratory materials used for an investigation of the effects of sediment size on permeability,
More informationEarth s Dynamic Surface
Earth s Dynamic Surface Key Concepts What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering? How do water, ice, and wind change Earth s surface? Changing Earth s Surface What do you think? Read
More informationWhat happened Before. reflect
reflect Sea shells seem to be everywhere. Most of the time, you will find them on beaches. But every now and then, you might find them far from the sea. For example, you might find a shell stuck in a rock
More informationUnit 3 Study Guide -- Greenberg science, 6C
Unit 3 Study Guide -- Greenberg science, 6C Name Pd. Date / / 2018 + +5 extra credit points on the test if submitted complete and correct ON THE TEST DATE. + A copy can be found on my website mgreenberg.weebly.com
More informationWeathering/ Erosion/ Deposition in the Texas Ecoregions
Practice Test Study these answers Weathering/ Erosion/ Deposition in the Texas Ecoregions 1. In the Texas Panhandle, physical weathering by abrasion is usually caused by wind, water and gravity 2. Two
More informationPROMISED LAND STATE PARK PIKE COUNTY ANCIENT RIVERS AND AGES OF ICE
PENNSYLVANIA TRAIL OF GEOLOGY PARK GUIDE 18 PROMISED LAND STATE PARK PIKE COUNTY ANCIENT RIVERS AND AGES OF ICE Promised Land State Park is located on a broad upland surface known as the Pocono Plateau.
More informationChanges to Land 5.7B. landforms: features on the surface of Earth such as mountains, hills, dunes, oceans and rivers
All the landforms on Earth have changed over time and continue to change. Many of the changes were caused by wind, moving water, and moving ice. Mountains have grown and shrunk. Rivers have cut away land
More informationThe Welsh Borderland. Geologically recent surface deposits. The Welsh Borderland
The Welsh Borderland This account provides a broad perspective of the geology of the Welsh Borderland region which comprises the southeast of Powys, southern Shropshire, northern Gwent, the western half
More information13. Sedimentary Rocks I (p )
13. Sedimentary Rocks I (p. 194-208) Sediment Deposition Weathering results in rock being broken down into smaller fragments, called regolith. This regolith is then broken down to form soil. The regolith
More informationThink about the landforms where you live. How do you think they have changed over time? How do you think they will change in the future?
reflect All the landforms on Earth have changed over time and continue to change. Many of the changes were caused by wind, moving water, and moving ice. Mountains have grown and shrunk. Rivers have cut
More informationBeyond the Book. FOCUS Book
FOCUS Book Suppose your city wants to build a new housing development on a steep slope outside town. Design a model to test whether the land is safe from the types of landslides you read about in this
More informationSpilsbu Engag e Literacy Fo ssil Hunters
Advance Fossil Hunters GRL S Nonfiction Word count: 3,304 Curriculum links: social science/archaeology; biography and autobiography; science and nature/fossils Text type: biography, informational text
More informationWhat is weathering and how does it change Earth s surface? Answer the question using
7 th Grade Lesson What is weathering and how does it change Earth s surface? Answer the question using the sentence frame. You have 4 minutes. Weathering is. This changes the Earth s surface because. 1
More informationPrehistoric routes through the Chilterns our ancestors knew their geology!
Prehistoric routes through the Chilterns our ancestors knew their geology! The oldest routes, without doubt, are the river valleys. River valleys were the most likely pathways during the Palaeolithic period
More informationModule 2, Investigation 4: Log 1 Our coasts
Module 2, Investigation 4: Log 1 Our coasts The coast is where the ocean meets land. Coastlines are always changing their shape. They are being worn away in some places and built up in others. Coasts can
More informationEarth History: Record in the Rocks
Earth History: Record in the Rocks The geologic history of Earth can be read from rocks if you know what to look for. In this presentation, you will see examples of many types of clues, stored in rocks.
More informationFOSS Earth, Cycles, and Change Module The Regents of the University of California Can be duplicated for classroom or workshop use.
Shadow Challenges 1. Work in pairs. Take turns tracing the outline of your partner s shadow, including his or her feet. 2. Label each shadow with the owner s name and time of day it was drawn. 3. Try to
More informationRocks and Landscapes Education Pack
Bedfordshire & Luton RIGS Education Pack 1 Rocks and Landscapes Education Pack Introduction There are a number of RIGS (Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Sites) across Bedfordshire.
More informationChanges in Texas Ecoregions Copy the questions and answers
Changes in Texas Ecoregions Copy the questions and answers 1. What are some kinds of damage that hurricanes cause? Roads and bridges might be washed away. Trees and power lines can be knocked down. Area
More informationRelative Dating. The Rock Cycle. Key Concept Scientists can interpret the sequence of events in Earth s history by studying rock layers.
2 What You Will Learn The rock cycle includes the formation and recycling of rock. Relative dating establishes the order in which rocks formed or events took place. The principle of superposition states
More informationROCK TYPES LEAFLET ACTIVITY INFORMATION
ROCK TYPES LEAFLET ACTIVITY INFORMATION Here is some information about the three rock types you can find on our planet. When you visit the Museum you will find that some of the rock types have been used
More informationRocks and Weathering
Rocks and Weathering The Effects of Weathering The process of mountain building thrusts rock up to Earth s surface. Weathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth s surface.
More informationEarth s History. The principle of states that geologic processes that happened in the past can be explained by current geologic processes.
Earth s History Date: Been There, Done That What is the principle of uniformitarianism? The principle of states that geologic processes that happened in the past can be explained by current geologic processes.
More informationWhich particle of quartz shows evidence of being transported the farthest distance by the stream? A) B) C) D)
1. Base your answer to the following question on the block diagram below, which represents the landscape features associated with a meandering stream. WX is the location of a cross section. Location A
More informationChapter 6, Part Colonizers arriving in North America found extremely landscapes. It looked different to region showing great.
Social Studies 9 Unit 1 Worksheet Chapter 6, Part 1. 1. Colonizers arriving in North America found extremely landscapes. It looked different to region showing great. 2. The Earth is years old and is composed
More informationLesson 3: Understanding the Properties of Rocks
Lesson 3: Understanding the Properties of Rocks 1 Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Magma 2 I. Igneous rocks are called fire rocks and are formed either underground or above ground. A. Underground, they
More informationADVENTURES IN WATER DEVELOPED BY LOUISVILLE WATER COMPANY
ADVENTURES IN WATER DEVELOPED BY LOUISVILLE WATER COMPANY Tunneling for Water explains the science behind a first-of-its-kind project in the world! Louisville Water Company is the first water utility
More informationCity of Fort Collins: Geology Staff Training, June 2012
1 City of Fort Collins: Geology Staff Training, June 2012 Levels of Analysis Descriptive (What do you see, feel, hear, etc..) This rock is made of round grains of quartz. Interpretive-- (The detective
More informationWhat landforms make up Australia?!
What landforms make up Australia? The tectonic forces of folding, faulting and volcanic activity have created many of Australia's major landforms. Other forces that work on the surface of Australia, and
More informationWeathering and Soil Formation. Chapter 10
Weathering and Soil Formation Chapter 10 Old and New Mountains The Appalachian Mountains appear very different from the Sierra Mountains. The Appalachians are smaller, rounded, gently sloping, and covered
More informationPaleontology. 5 th Grade
Paleontology 5 th Grade Introduction 5-10 minutes Geologic Time Scale 15-20 minutes Measuring tape at least 50ft long tabs Trace Fossils Casting materials Molds Water Drying paper Tooth picks cups Strata
More informationFossil Clues Teacher s Notes
Fossils are the remains of living things which have been changed into rock. The father of modern geology, James Hutton, said that we can interpret the nature of creatures from the past and the environment
More informationSoil Formation. Lesson Plan: NRES B2-4
Soil Formation Lesson Plan: NRES B2-4 1 Anticipated Problems 1. What are five different factors that affect soil formation? 2. What are some different types of parent material that affect soils? 3. What
More informationWeathering of Rocks. Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks
Weathering of Rocks Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks Mechanical weathering requires physical forces to break rocks into smaller pieces. Chemical
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 1) Which event is the best example of erosion? dissolving of rock particles on a limestone gravestone by acid rain breaking apart of shale as a result of water freezing in a crack rolling of a pebble
More informationUNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
UNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WHAT ARE SEDIMENTS Sediments are loose Earth materials (unconsolidated materials) such as sand which are transported by the action of water, wind, glacial ice and gravity. These
More informationUnit 4: Landscapes Practice Problems
Name: Date: 1. Soil with the greatest porosity has particles that are A. poorly sorted and densely packed B. poorly sorted and loosely packed C. well sorted and densely packed D. well sorted and loosely
More informationNaphill Common, Buckinghamshire
Naphill Common, Buckinghamshire Geology and soil survey with feature evaluation 1. Summary CONTENTS 2. Introduction and context of the project 3. Background 3.1 Site location 3.2 Geology, topography and
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Rocks made of bits & pieces of other rocks.
Sedimentary Rocks Rocks made of bits & pieces of other rocks. Sedimentary Rocks Igneous rocks are the most common rocks on Earth, but because most of them exist below the surface you might not have seen
More informationEarth s Resources. Earth s Surface
Earth s Resources Earth s Surface Earth s surface is made up of a layer of rock called the crust. The crust covers all of Earth. It is several miles thick. Most of the crust is under water. The upper part
More informationRocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Before You Read. Read to Learn
chapter 3 Rocks section 4 Sedimentary Rocks What You ll Learn how sedimentary rocks form how sedimentary rocks are classified Before You Read Imagine you are stacking slices of bread, one on top of the
More information