How is Earth structured? NEW crust mantle lithosphere asthenosphere core magnetosphere. REVIEW observation

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1 Name Earth s Structure How is Earth structured? Date Before You Read Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about the structure of Earth Record your thoughts in the first column Pair with a partner and discuss his or her thoughts Write those thoughts in the second column Then record what you both would like to share with the class in the third column Think Pair Share Chapter Vocabulary Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 NEW sphere geosphere gravity density NEW crust mantle lithosphere asthenosphere core magnetosphere REVIEW observation NEW landform plain plateau mountain ACADEMIC feature A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files Earth s Structure 11

2 Lesson 1 Spherical Earth Scan Lesson 1 Read the lesson titles and bold words Look at the pictures Identify three facts that you discovered about Earth s systems or formation Write these facts in your Science Journal Describing Earth 41 Draw Earth as seen from space Drawings should indicate that Earth has a spherical shape, with a slight bulge around the equat or 42 Have students break the large words of this section into smaller words Explain that hydro means water, geo means Earth, atmos means air, and bio means life Sphere is a round solid object Compare Earth systems Then explain how these systems work together Atmosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Biosphere Description: Description: Description: the solid part the layer of all water of Earth gases on Earth surrounding Earth E arth s four systems exchange matter provides oxygen, the The hydrosphere energy Description: all living organisms on Earth atmosphere and provides the water, and the geosphere provides the organisms in the biosphere a place to live and elements needed for their survival Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 12 Earth s Structure

3 Lesson 1 Spherical Earth (continued) How did Earth form? 43 Model the strength of gravitational force between two objects Draw arrows of different thicknesses to indicate the strength of the gravitational force exerted by the objects in each pair A B O bject A has a greater mass than Object B C D Objects C and D have the same mass Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 44 Students might also respond that gravity formed all the planets from the remaining bits of material, not just Earth Sequence the early events in the formation of the solar system A cloud of gas, ice, and dust called a nebula formed The disk began to rotate and the materials in the middle became denser, Gravity pulled the materials closer together A star our Sun, formed, The nebula shrank and flattened into a disk Gravity pulled the remaining bits of material together, forming Earth Earth s Structure 13

4 Lesson 1 Spherical Earth (continued) 44 Sequence the events that formed early Earth The newly formed Earth grew massive enough to generate heat in its The rocks became soft enough to flow Gravity pulled in the irregular bumps, and Earth developed the even surface of a sphere interior The Formation of Earth s Layers 45 Draw and label the geosphere Use these terms: least dense middle layer most dense Drawings should include three layers, labeled least dense to most dense from top to bottom 45 Organize information about how the layers of the geosphere formed The densest material sank and formed the innermost layer The least dense material stayed at the surface The materials with intermediate densities layers in between formed the Apply what you have learned about the formation of Earth to describe how gravity influenced the formation of the planet Mars Earth formed as gravity pulled together particles from the solar nebula As particles collided, they stuck together and formed a larger object, a planet Gravity caused Mars to form in the same way Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 14 Earth s Structure

5 Lesson 2 Earth s Interior Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 2 after reading the headings Write your predictions in your Science Journal Clues to Earth s Interior Detail two met hods that scientists use to study Earth s interior 1 deep mines 2 wells Identify the changes in temperature and pressure that occur as depth increases in the geosph ere Temperature Pressure increases decreases increases decreases 50 Summarize how scientists use earthquake wave data to learn about Earth s interior Earthquake waves travel differently through different kinds of materials Some waves cannot travel through certain materials Other waves change direction when they reach certain materials Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Earth s Layers 51 By studying how waves move, scientists are able to infer the density composition and of materials inside Earth Relate three facts about the outermost layer of Earth Name of this layer: crust Density relative to other layers: Earthquake waves travel the layer below Describe the 2 types of crust Continental found under land; thicker than oceanic crust faster least dense in this layer than in Oceanic found under oceans; thinner and denser than continental crust Earth s Structure 15

6 Lesson 2 Earth s Interior (continued) 52 Organize information about the mantle in the table below Mantle Density Layers intermediate Uppermost Mantle: with the crust forms a rigid layer called the lithosphere Asthenosphere: plastic layer that can slowly flow Upper Mantle and Lower Mantle: solid rock; the thickest layer; high pressure keeps this layer from melting 54 Explain how scientists know that the core has both a liquid a nd a solid part Scientists learned that the o uter core is liquid and the inner core is solid by studying earthquake waves Earth s Core and Geomagnetism 55 Identify the source of Earth s magnetic field, and describe how this field protects Earth from cosmic rays and charged particles from the Sun The source of Earth s magnetic field is the flow of molten materials in the outer core The outer part of the magnetic field the magnetosphere traps some charged particles and forms a shield around Earth, protecting Earth from the Sun s cosmic rays Explain why a peach is both a good and a poor model of Earth s layers A peach is a good model because it has a thin skin that models Earth s crust The pit in the center of the peach is like Earth s core The flesh of the peach is like Earth s thick mantle A peach is not a good model because Earth s outer core is liquid The Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc peach s core does not have a liquid par t 16 Earth s Structure

7 Lesson 3 Earth s Surface Skim Lesson 3 in your book Read the headings and look at the photos and illustrations Identify three things you want to learn more about as you read the lesson Write your ideas in your Science Journal Oceans and Continents 59 Classify information about the features of Earth s surfac e What Covers Earth s Surface Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the surface Continents the land you live on Landforms 60 Organize information about Earth s landforms List 6 factors used to describe landforms size slope Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 60 How Landforms Are Described Identify two factors that change landforms over time 1 2 elevation orientation to the surrounding landscape erosion relief uplift of Earth s surface shape Earth s Structure 17

8 Lesson 3 Earth s Surface (continued) Determine whether each example describes elevation, relief, or topography The height of Mt Everest: elevation The difference in elevation between the tops and bottoms of hills in a given area: relief The shape of a river and its valley: topography Compare Earth s landforms in terms of relief and elevation Landform Relief Elevation Plains Plateaus Mountains low low high low high high 63 Accept all reasonable responses Encourage a logical arrangement of information Student responses might include those listed at right Create a concept map about plains, plateaus, and mountains Include at least three facts about each landform Plains: most common features on Earth low relief and low elevation cover most of the land s surface include coastal plains and interior plains can form when water or wind deposit sediments often include rich soil used for growing crops or grazing animals Plateaus: low relief and high elevation less common than plains found on every continent formed from uplift often have steep, rugged sides Mountains: tallest landforms high relief and high elevation can form from buildup of lava on the ocean floor or when forces inside Earth move huge blocks of rock Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 18 Earth s Structure

9 Lesson 3 Earth s Surface (continued) 64 Identify the major landform regions of the United States Label the features listed below Color the plains green, the plateaus orange, and the mountains brown Plateaus Plains Mountains Ozark Plateau Interior Plains Pacific Mountain System Colorado Plateau Gulf Coast Plain Rocky Mountains Columbia Plateau Atlantic Coastal Plain Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Plateau Basin and Range Piedmont Plateau System Columbia Plateau Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Mountain Mou Pacific Basin and Range Rocky Mountains Colorado Plateau Interior Plains Ozark Plateau Gulf Coastal Plain miles kilometers Appalachian Plateau Appalachian Mountains Piedmont Plateau Atlantic Coastal Plain Study the map above What patterns do you see? How would you describe the major landform regions of the United States to a friend? Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: The colors I added to the map help me see where the major landform regions are in the United States Most of the eastern half of the US is covered with plains Only the Appalachian Mountains and the Appalachian and Piedmont plateaus are higher areas in the east The western half of the United States is more mountainous, and also contains many high plateaus Earth s Structure 19

10 Review Chapter Wrap-Up Earth s Structure Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned Use this checklist to help you study Complete your Foldables Chapter Project Study your Science Notebook on this chapter Study the definitions of vocabulary words Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter Review the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts Imagine that you have landed on another planet You decide to make drawings in order to describe Earth s structure to the people you meet there Make three drawings Include a drawing of Earth s shape, its internal structure, and at least one of its landforms Write a caption that describes each of your drawings Drawings should show a spherical Earth, Earth s three layers (crust, mantle, core), and a surface drawing that includes plains, plateaus, and/or mountains Captions should include details about each drawing Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Challenge Suppose that you were asked to design a house for each topographic region What feature or features might be necessary in a house in one region that might not be needed in another? 20 Earth s Structure