MARIANA FOREARC BASIN EVOLUTION FROM 14 N TO 18 N; A SEISMIC STRATIGRAPlllC ANALYSIS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "MARIANA FOREARC BASIN EVOLUTION FROM 14 N TO 18 N; A SEISMIC STRATIGRAPlllC ANALYSIS"

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII UBRARY MARIANA FOREARC BASIN EVOLUTION FROM 14 N TO 18 N; A SEISMIC STRATIGRAPlllC ANALYSIS A THESIS SUBMII'IED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAW AI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS DECEMBER 26 By Emily Chapp Thesis Cmmittee: Brian Taylr, Chairpersn Gregry Mre Marg Edwards

2 We certify that we have read this thesis and that, in ur pinin, it is satisfactry in scpe and quality as a thesis fr the degree f Master f Science in Gelgy and Gephysics. THESIS COMMII lee.. II

3 ACKNO~GEMrnNTS I wuld like t thank my friends and family fr their supprt and encuragement given t me thrughut my time in Hawai'i. I am als grateful t the many prfessrs that I wrked with wh cntributed greatly t my academic experience. I am especially thankful fr the time and energy that my advisr Brian Taylr gave t me thrughut the duratin f my research prject. I am als grateful fr my cmmittee members Gregry Mre and Marg Edwards whse guidance and supprt allwed me t better bth my research and myself. iii

4 ABSTRACT New seismic data cllected in the Mariana segment f the Izu-Bnin-Mariana island-arc system image six seismic stratigraphic sequences that can be mapped thrughut the inner frearc. Stratigraphic units I, 2 and 3 are syn-rift vlcaniclastic depsits. Unit 4 depsits accumulated during a perid f mild structural inversin, which resulted in several islated anticlines and flded structures within the sedimentary basin. A late perid f extensinal defrmatin began near the end f Unit 5 depsitin and cntinued thrughut Unit 6 sedimentatin which was accmmdated by faulting alng the same NE-, NW - and NNE- trends. Seismic lines shw that the basement f the frearc is cmpsed f large rtated fault blcks and half grabens with NE-, NW- and NNE-trends. Fault ffset calculatins shw that basement faults with dips between 45 and 5, accunt fr 3.6 ±D. I % f extensin in the frearc. The frntal arc high suth f N was uplifted n a system f nrmal grwth faults initiated during this extensin, which als resulted in a deep frearc basin between 14 N and N. We hypthesize that extensin during depsitin f Units 1 thrugh 3 crrespnds t rifting f the E-Oligcene Arc, between -35 Ma and 29 Ma. Lcalized cmpressin during Unit 4 accumulatin ccurred sme time between 27 Ma and 2 Ma. Late-stage defrmatin near the end f depsitin f Unit 5 and thrughut Unit 6 accumulatin culd be assciated with the rifting f the Mi-Plicene Arc and pening f the Mariana Trugh backarc basin frm - 8 Ma t the present. This extensin is mre active in the inner frearc near 16.5 N and thrughut the uter frearc between 14 N and 18 N. iv

5 Recent extensin is at least partially accmmdated by reactivated f lder basement faults. Stratigraphic relatinships reveal that the frearc near lsn is currently subsiding. This relative subsidence and trenchward-tilting may be the result f a change in subducting slab gemetry under the frearc ver the last 8 Ma near lsn. v

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknwledgements... iii Abstract...iv List f Tables... viii List f Figures...ix Chapter 1: Intrductin... 1 Chapter 2: Gelgic setting and previus Wrk... 4 Chapter 3: Seismic interpretatins N regin N regin N regin Frearc faulting Chapter 4: Discussin Seismic stratigraphic units Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Dating seismic stratigraphic units vi

7 4.3 Structural Inversin Frearc Extensin Frearc Subsidence Chapter 5: COnclusiDS Appendix A: Table Appendix B: Figures Appendix C: Seismic Lines... 6 References vii

8 LIST OF TABLES 1. Percent Extensin viii

9 UST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map f survey regin Line Line Line Ispach maps Line Line Line Line Line Fault Map Lines 55 and ix

10 CHAMrnRl: ThITRODUCTION Studies f arc-trench systems have identified the Mariana subductin system as ne end-member f the cnvergent margins n Earth [Frsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Uyeda, 1982; Fridevaux, et ai., 1988]. It is characterized by subductin f ld (early Cretaceus), thinly sedimented (less than 5 meters), cld Pacific plate lithsphere [LaTraille and Hussng, 198; Hussng and Fryer, 1981; Nakanishi, et ai., 1992], which appraches a near-vertical slab dip beneath the central vlcanic arc [Katsumata and Sykes, 1969; [sacks and Barazangi, 1977; Chiu, et al., 1991; Engdahl, et ai., 1998; Stem, et ai., 23]. System cmpnents include a backarc basin that pened by seaflr spreading [Karig, 1971a; Hussng and Fryer, 1983; Hussng and Sintn, 1983; Fridevaux, et al., 1988; Martinez, et ai., 1995; Martinez. et ai., 2] and active serpentinite seamunts prtruding thrugh the uter frearc [Fryer, 1992a; Fryer, 1992b; Fryer, et al., 1999]. This margin lacks great earthquakes cmmn in ther subductin znes [Frsyth and Uyeda, 1975; Fridevaux, et ai., 1988; Huang and Olwl, 1998; Hyndmn and Peacck, 23], and the uter frearc des nt have a substantial sedimentary cver r accretinary prism [Hussng and Uyeda, 1981; Mrzwski, et ai., 1981; Blmer, 1983]. Samples frm seaflr drill hles, dredges and island utcrps reveal three perids f arc vlcanism and grwth in the E-Oligcene, Mia-Plicene and Quaternary [Taylr, 1992]. This vlcanic cnstructin was verlapped by three perids f arc rifting and backarc spreading (Ecene, Olig-Micene, Pli-Quaternary) since Mariana subductin began - 5 Ma [Taylr, 1992; Csca, et al., 1998]. I

11 Surprisingly, the evlutin f the frearc basin within this textbk example f an intra-ceanic arc-trench system has received cmparatively little attentin. Withut a large accretinary prism behind which t dam vlcaniclastic sediments, the folmatin f the Mariana frearc basin is nt weii understd [Karig, 1971a]. Prpsed mechanisms include trenchward damming by accreted slices f ceanic crust r rifting and subsidence f the frearc basement [Karig and Ranken, 1983]. Seaflr sampling has fund n evidence f the frmer in the Mariana subductin zne, whereas seismic reflectin and drilling studies f the lzu-bnin system alng strike t the nrth have cnfirmed the latter [Taylr, 1992]. The questin remains whether the Mariana frearc basin has a similar rifting and subsidence rigin. Understanding the evlutin f frearc sediments and basement structure is imprtant because it can prvide infrmatin n past defrmatin and vlcanism f the arc-trench system [Dickinsn and Seely, 1979]. The islatin f the Mariana intraceanic island-arc system frm any terrigenus input results in an undiluted stratigraphic recrd f vlcanic activity, and its mdest sediment cver ffers a chance t image basement structure that might therwise be bscured [Stem and Smt, 1998]. Multichannel seismic reflectin (MCS) data acrss the Mariana frearc ciiected in 22 abard the R/V Maurice Ewing image fr the first time the cmplete sedimentary sectin and basement structure f the frearc basin frm 14 N t 18 N. This dataset allws us t recnstruct the evlutin f the frearc basin by mapping the seismic stratigraphy, quantifying fault gemetries in the inner frearc and identifying changes in basin structure frm nrth t suth. I crrelate the six majr seismic stratigraphic sequences with likely vlcan-tectnic perids and use the sequence bundaries t date 2

12 the frmatin f the frearc basin (Ecene t early Oligcene) and subsequent tectnic events. Seismic lines reveal an rthgnal NE- and NW -trending fault set as well as a NNE-trending fault system that ffset the seaflr and create large structural blcks thrughut the frearc. These were initiated during the late Ecene/early Oligcene rifting event and subsequently reactivated. The seismic data als prvides the first evidence fr structural inversin and thrusting in the Mariana frearc. 3

13 CHAPTER 2: GEOLOGIC SETTING AND PREVIOUS WORKS Subductin beneath the Philippine Sea Plate frmed the intra-ceanic Izu-Bnin Mariana island-arc system. In the Mariana segment, this subductin system includes an pening backarc basin, active vlcanic arc, frntal arc high, frearc basin and uter-arc high (Figure 1) [Karig, 1971b; Hussng and Uyed., 1981; Mrzwski. et al., 1981; Fryer, 1992b]. The Mariana arc is islated in the western Pacific Ocean frm cntinental influence and lacks an accretinary prism cmmn t many subductin znes [Hussng and Uyed., 1981; Mrzwski. et al., 1981; Blmer, 1983]. A frearc basin with a width f 5-8 kin lies within the inner frearc, bund t the west by the frntal arc high and t the east by the uter arc high. Seismic lines cllected prir t and as part f the DSDP Leg 6 drilling prject imaged thick sedimentary fill at 18 N (up t 2 secnds tw-way travel time) frm E t 147 E. Faulted basement blcks cvered by a relatively thin sediment layer, nly a few tens t hundreds f meters thick, make up the uter frearc [Mrzwski and Hayes, 198; Mrzwski, et al. 1981]. A discntinuus line f serpentinite seamunts is lcated n the uter arc high apprximately 5-12 kin frm the trench axis [Fryer, 1992a; Oakley. et al., 26]. DSDP Leg 6 drill sites 458 and 459 are lcated in the uter frearc regin just east f the frearc sedimentary basin in an area f thinly-sedimented basement blcks [Mrzwski and Hayes, 198]. Drill cre results shw the sediment cver cnsists f vlcaniclastics frm Pleistcene t Ecene in age (.9 Ma t 45 Ma) [Csca. et at., 1998]. Several sedimentary hiatuses are recrded at the drill sites, but tw are bserved 4

14 n bth drill sites frm -3-7 Ma and Ma, pssibly representing depsitinal hiatuses acrss the basin. Cres recvered at bth drill sites sample frearc basement cmpsed f fractured and altered arc thleiites and bninites in the frm f pillw lavas and massive lava flws. Bth drill cres als shw nrmal faulting f sediment and basaltic basement [Shipbard Scientific Party, 1978c; d]. The ldest basement rck recvered was 49 Ma middle Ecene basalt, supprting the hypthesis that the Mariana frearc basement was created during the initiatin f subductin in the Ecene [Shipbard Scientific Party, 1978c; d; Hussng, 1981; Hussng and Uyeda, 1981; Taylr, 1992; Blmer, et ai., 1995; Csca, et al., 1998]. Seismic lines cllected prir t DSDP Leg 6 drilling f the 18 N transect imaged numerus high angle nrmal faults that ffset bth the sediment and basement f the frearc basin [Mrzwski and Hayes, 198]. Mrzwski and Hayes [198] suggested that the cmplex faulting has been cntinuus since the frearc was frmed. Wessel et al. [1994) shwed frearc extensin ccurring at 22 N. accmmdated by rthrhmbic nrmal fault sets with a principal NE azimuthal directin f 44. They prpsed that the fault patterns were a result f radial extensin f the frearc due t increased arc curvature assciated with back-arc spreading. A less understd rthgnal NE- and NW-trending fault system in the regin f 18 N is bserved in the frearc [Hussng and Uyeda, 1981; Stem and Smt, 1998]. The similar NE and NW strikes at 18 N and 22 N suggest that radial extensin alne cannt explain these fault trends. The structure f the frearc and surrunding island-arc system is the result f a cmplex tectnic histry that began with subductin initiatin -5 Ma [Taylr, 1992]. The rtatin and pening f the West Philippine Basin was cntempraneus with 5

15 subductin initiatin and early vlcanism [Sdrlias, et al., 24; Taylr and Gdliffe, 24]. Cunter-clckwise rtatin f the West Philippine Basin spreading directin t a nrth-suth rientatin resulted in massive alng-strike stretching f the early Mariana subductin zne. Initial "frearc" vlcanism (-49 Ma) tk the frm f extensive seaflr eruptins f bninites and thleiites creating the igneus basement f the frearc [Csca, et al., 1998]. A vlcanic island arc frmed in the Ecene at the lcatin f the present day frntal arc high. The Ecene arc rifted in the late Ecene t early Oligcene prir t seaflr spreading in the Parece Vela backarc basin, which separated the frntal arc high (Guam t Saipan) frm the Palau-Kyushu Ridge remnant arc. DSDP drill cres shw Oligcene vlcanism n the frntal arc high cntinued during rifting until Ma [Shipbard Scientific Party, 1978b; a; Sctt, et al., 198]. This rifting and subsequent spreading, frm 29 Ma t15 Ma, prpagated nrth and suth creating the characteristic bw-shape f the Mariana subductin zne [Mrzwski and Hayes, 1979; Taylr, 1992; Olan, et at., 1998]. Vlcanism may have slwed r ceased until-2 Ma when the Mia-Plicene vlcanic arc built up slightly west f the rifted E-Oligcene arc. DSDP drilling in the Mariana frearc shws an increase in vlcanism until 9 Ma [Shipbard Scientific Party, 1978c; d]. The Mia-Plicene arc was then rifted, and seaflr spreading in the Mariana Trugh backarc basin, since -8 Ma, separated the West Mariana Ridge remnant arc [Seama and Fujiwara, 1993]. This rifting prpagated nrth, further increasing the curvature f the Mariana island arc system. GPS studies shw the Mariana Trugh is cntinuing t pen tday, the frearc is being defrmed [Kat, et at., 23; Kitada, et al. 6

16 26] and explsive vlcanism is ccurring thrughut the Mariana Arc [Hiltn, et al., 25]. The thrughly studied Izu-Bnin arc-trench system t the nrth f the Mariana subductin zne was subject t sme f same tectnic events making it an bvius analgue t the Mariana subductin system. ODP Legs 125 and 126 included several drill hles in the Izu-Bnin frearc regin (Sites 782 t 787, 792 and 793) sited n a multichannel seismic survey acrss the frearc basin. The results shw a middle Eceneage basement in the uter frearc cmpsed f thleiites and bninites frm early vlcanism (47-45 Ma) [Taylr, 1992; Csca, et al., 1998]. The frearc basin frmed as a result f an arc rifting event in the early Oligcene which created an irregularly faulted basement f rtated blcks and ridges and preceded back-arc spreading in the Shikku Basin [Dbsn and O'Neil, 1987; Taylr, et ai., 199; Taylr, 1992]. The sedimentary fill in the basin is cmpsed f thick vlcaniclastic sediments that range in age frm Oligcene (-31 Ma) t present and is cut by many submarine canyns. Numerus high angle nrmal faults ffset early sediments and basement, similar t what is bserved in the Mariana frearc; hwever, yunger sediments in the Izu-Bnin segment d nt appear t be faulted like thse f the Mariana frearc basin. Sediment accumulatin rates in the Oligcene were high, greater than 25 mlm.y., slwed t -7 mlm.y. in the Micene, and cntinued t decline int the Pleistcene with an average rate f 4 mlm.y. [Shipbard Scientific Party, 199a; b; c]. With similarities in early frearc structure between the Izu Bnin and Mariana systems, the questin arises as t whether the Mariana frearc basin has a similar arc-rifting rigin. 7

17 CHAPI'ER 3: SEISMIC INTERPRETATION The seismic lines cllected ver the Mariana frearc basin extend frm N - 18 N. This area f the frearc can be divided latitudinally int fur regins based n bathymetric features. The regin frm 14 N t 15 N has a narrw inner frearc with a thick sedimentary basin fill, a thinly-sedimented mid frearc cntaining rtated blcks making up a series f NNE-, NE- and NW -trending ridges and a deep uter frearc with a terrace f presumed serpentinite. This lwer slpe terrace is nt present further nrth in the Mariana segment, but has direct analgs in the Izu-Bnin segment f the mm system. The frntal arc high bunding the frearc t the west is mst prnunced in this regin and includes the islands f Rta, Tinian and Saipan. Frm 15 N t 16 N, the frearc basin widens and deepens, and serpentinite seamunts prtrude thrugh the uter frearc high. The seismic lines fr this survey d nt fully crss the basin between 15.2 N and 16.2 N, therefre I am nt able t discuss frearc basin structure and stratigraphy fr this regin. The regin between 16 N-l7 N is dminated by a large bathymetric ridge that trends NW acrss the inner and uter frearc. The seaflr f the inner frearc is ffset by numerus faults and the uter frearc cntains Celestial Seamunt, an active serpentinite mud vlcan. The regin between l7 N and 18 N has the mst irregular seaflr, with numerus fault ffsets f bth the inner and uter frearc. Several bathymetric highs trend NE and NW acrss this sectin f the frearc with Big Blue serpentinite seamunt lcated just nrth f the regin. The frntal arc high appears diminished r absent in the nrthernmst survey area. Seismic interpretatins fr the 8

18 frearc will be discussed frm suth t nrth, in terms f six seismic stratigraphic sequences that can be identified acrss these regins "N Regin The seismic survey f the frearc basin near 15 N includes three trenchperpendicular lines and ne NNE tie line. Line (Figure 2) shws a cmplete recrd f the six seismic stratigraphic sequences mapped acrss the frearc and illustrates the basic gemetry f the basin in the suthern prtin f the survey regin. The seismic data shw that the suthern frearc cntains a sedimentary basin, bund n either side by structural highs. On the arcward edge f the basin, a series f nrmal faults ffset the flank f the bunding frntal arc high, separating the main sedimentary basin frm a smaller, shallwer perched sequence f sediments. The eastern edge f the basin is bund by several rtated basement blcks, resulting frm large ffset, trenchward-dipping nrmal faults dipping...4(). The irregular igneus basement acrss the suthern frearc between 14 N and 15 N cmprises faulted basement blcks, with faults dip between 4 and 45. The ldest stratigraphic sequence in the frearc basin is Unit 1 (blue), which is interrupted near the center f the basin by a basement high near sht pint 275 (SP27S). On the eastern side f the basin, this unit cnsists f a lwer sediment wedge thickening twards the arc that is bedded sub-parallel t and nlaps the tp f the rtated bunding blck frm SP291 t SP3S (Figure 2). The wedge shape and basement 9

19 nlap lead me t interpret Unit 1 as syn-rift sediment depsited during the rifting, which ffset and tilted the basement blcks. Unit 1 appears t be thrust int a flded gemetry near SP29 indicating a cmpressinal event ccurred in the suthern frearc after depsitin f this unit. On the western side f the basin, Unit 1 makes up a sequence f layered sediment. This depsit is ffset n the edge f the basin by nrmal faults that islate the perched sediments abve the main basin near SP23. I interpret these perched sediments as Units I, 2 and 3 based n similarities in seismic character t thse f the main basin. Unit 2 (pink) sediment laps nt Unit 1 n bth sides f the main basin. Its lwer sectin is wedge shaped, thins eastward and is flded by the basement inversin. Unit 3 (range) is sub-parallel t the upper part f Unit 2, but laps nt Unit 2 in several places. These sediments are thickest twards the arc and make up mst f the sediment in the perched basin. Unit 4 (green) and Unit 5 (purple) are subparallel t n~ anther and thicken twards the trench. Unit 6 is the yungest sediment depsited in the basin. Seismic data shw that in the suth f the survey regin, the majrity f sediment frm Unit 6 bypasses the slpe and pls at the base f the rtated blck in a wedge-shape which thins and nlaps Unit 5 arcward near SP315. A large submarine landslide in the suthern regin, -15.3"N, 146.2"E, is imaged n Lines and (Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively). The thickest sectin f the slide includes Units 3, 4 and 5 with the slip surface at the base f Unit 3 and the initiatin f the slide near the end f depsitin f Unit 5 sediments. Line images a crss-sectin f the slide and shws a thick depsit f slide debris with a distinguishable 1

20 chatic seismic character in frnt f and n tp f the slide. The te f the slide cnsists f a thrust package f Units 3. 4 and 5. that prtrudes thrugh the seaflr near SP365. The headwall breakaway is imaged as a steep scarp near SP4. Line images bth the te f the slide and sediment in frnt f the slide creating a cmpsite ut-fplane image f bth depsitinal envirnments. The te is imaged in tw places frm SPI5 t SPll9 and SP128 t SP135, and the sediment in frnt f the slide is best imaged in between frm SPl19 t SP128. The chatic sediment fans ff either side f the slide creating a debris aprn arund the te f the slide. This sediment is significantly thicker t the suth than t the nrth. The extent f the slide can be seen by fllwing the te f the thrust in the seaflr bathymetry, which is indicated by the purple line n Figure 1. Line (Figure 4) images changes in unit thickness alng the suthern survey regin, which are als illustrated in ispach maps f each unit (Figure 5). Unit 1 thicknesses are highly variable acrss the suthern study area. This Unit mst cmmnly cnsists f sediment wedges with bedding nlapping the tps f faulted basement blcks and is interpreted as syn-rift sediment. Unit 2 gradually thickens t the nrth, with a maximum thickness within the suthern regin f -.3 secnds. Unit 3 thickens bth nrth f the slide near SP21 and suth f SP35 (Figure 4), as illustrated in the ispach map fr Unit 3 (Figure 5c). Unit 4 als thickens near SP21 and cntinues t increase in thickness t the nrth. In cntrast, discunting the area f the slide, Units 5 and 6 thicken tward the middle f Line near SP2. 11

21 "N Regin Seismic lines cllected nrth f -16 N are mre clsely spaced than thse further suth thereby allwing better definitin f fault and basement trends. Line 3 runs alng the central and nrthern regins f the seismic survey and images the sedimentary units acrss the 16.5 N bathymetric high (Figure 6). A series f nrmal faults (dipping -4) between SP75 and SP8 with NE trends mark a transitin frm the deep suthern basin t the thinner sediments n the basement high. The edge f this high is illustrated by the NE-trending red cnturs which frm a ridge that extends frm 16 N t 16.5 N and E t E in the ispach map fr Unit 1 (Figure 5a). This map shws the abrupt transitin between the thick Unit 1 depsits t the suth and the absence f this unit n tp f the basement fault blck highs. Line 85, which crsses the frearc at this transitin, (Figure 7) shws three NE-trending faults ffsetting Unit 1 (SPl9, SPI6, and SP13), which crrespnd t the nrmal faults f Line 3 (SP77-SP8). West f these faults lies an undisturbed sequence f Unit 1 sediments, which was depsited n the flank f the frntal arc high. T the east, Unit 1 is much thicker (Figure 5a). Trenchward f these faults, faulting and tilting after Unit I depsitin created a ridge nt which Units 2, 3 and 4 nlap. The arcward thickening wedge f Unit 2 sediments indicates that the large ffset nrmal fault near SP3 frmed during Unit 2 depsitin. Units 5 and 6 drape ver the lder sequences acrss the basin and are cntinuus ver the faulted ridge f Unit I sediment. 12

22 Althugh Line 85 is mre than 12 km nrth f Line in the suth, sme f the same nlap relatinships exist. Units 2, 3 and 4 lap sharply nt the rtated and faulted Unit 1 sediments n the eastern side f the basin. Units 3, 4 and 5 are rughly parallel t ne anther cmparable t Line 87-88; hwever, Unit 5 thickens t the west n Line 85, but Unit 4 thickens t the east n bth lines. Line 85 des nt cntinue t the furthest trenchward extent f the central frearc basin hwever, and therefre des nt image its cmplete gemetry. Line crsses the frearc basin and the nrth flank f Celestial Seamunt (Figure 1) and is representative f the gemetry bserved n the seismic lines in the 16.5 N study regin (Figure 8). Line images a heavily faulted frntal arc high slpe, with west-tilted fault blcks resulting frm trenchward dipping nrmal faults. The fault blcks cntinue dwn slpe and beneath the sedimentary basin where bth E- and W -dipping nrmal faults are prevalent. The thickest frearc basin sediment depsits ccur east f SP385. The ldest units are interrupted by a basement high between SP49 and SP51, but east fthis high there is a thick sedimentary sectin cntaining Units 2 t 6 that cntinue under the te f Celestial Serpentinite Seamunt near SP535. The bunding nrmal faults that created the perched basin n Line t the suth are nt imaged here. The frearc basin sediments in the 16.5 N regin are mre heavily faulted, and the slpe f the basin is less steep than thse further suth. The high angle faults that ffset seaflr and sediment dip between 65 and 75. The igneus basement f the basin is als cmpsed f smaller ffset, mre numerus fault blcks than thse t the 13

23 suth with average fault dips between 45 and 55. This trend cntinues acrss the central basin and is evident in the irregular basement imaged n Line 3 acrss the bathymetric high (Figure 6). These basement irregularities cntinue nrth f Line tward the thickest sectin f sediment in this regin between S375 and SP55 n Line 3. Units I, 2 and 5 becme very thick in this area and Units 1 and 2 cntinue until they nlap a large basement high at SP375 just nrth f 17 N 'N Regin The nrthern regin f the study area has the densest distributin f seismic data that reveals the mst cmplicated basement structure in the frearc surveyed. Large seaflr ffsets and basement highs are evident frm bathymetric data (Figure I). Als bvius frm bathymetry is the diminished frntal arc high that appears absent nrth f 17.5 N. Line 1-13 and Line image the cmplete frearc structure f the 18 N regin and are representative f frearc gemetry in this area (Figures 9 and 1 respectively). While these lines are less than 4 km apart, they shw distinctly different features f the nrthern-mst survey area. Line 1-13 images a crss-sectin f the frearc with a vlcanic high in line with the inferred Ecene arc, while Line images a brad bathymetric high with internally ffset reflectins verlain by a thick sequence f chatic sediments. The frntal arc high in the 18 N regin appears absent in the bathymetry; hwever, Line 1-13 shws a buried vlcanic edifice nlapped by Unit 1 sediments 14

24 centered near SP195. A thick frearc basin cntains sediment bund n the western edge by the vlcanic high and the eastern edge by a brad basement ridge. This ridge trends NE acrss several seismic lines and is indicated by the green shaded area in Figure II. An irregular basement cmpsed f numerus rtated nrmal-faulted blcks makes up the flr f the frearc basin west f the basement high near SP75. Several arcwarddipping nrmal faults ffset the main sedimentary basin frm thinner depsits n tp f the basement high. East f the high, a thin sedimentary sequence lses distinguishable stratigraphic units and cvers the basement f the uter frearc, which is cmpsed f numerus rtated blcks. The DSDP drill ~ites 458 and 459 are lcated just suth f Line 1-13 alng Lines 3-31 and respectively (tie lcatins shwn in red, Figure 9). These sites were drilled in the thinly sedimented uter frearc similar t that imaged n the eastern-mst sectin f Line Drill results fr Site 458 shw -1 meters f early Oligcene sediments, -15 meters f early Oligcene t middle Micene sediments, -65 meters f middle Micene t late Plicene sediments and -28 meters f late Plicene t Pleistcene sediments [Shipbard Scientific Party, 1978cl. Site 459 was drilled in a thicker sediment depsit similar t the eastern-mst blcks n Line Over 55 meters f sediment ranging in age frm late Ecene t late Pleistcene were drilled at this site, with nly 2 m f sediment dated lder than 3 Ma. The ldest seismic stratigraphic sequences (Units 1,2 and 3) may be present acrss the uter frearc beynd the basement ridge n Line 1-13 (-SP8); hwever, these depsits are t thin t be seismically distinguishable. 15

25 The vlcanic high imaged n Line 1-13 des nt appear n Line In place f this high is a thick depsit f Unit 5 sediments cvering a faulted sequence f Units I thrugh 4 (Figure 1). This line shws an irregular frearc basement cmpsed f rtated fault blcks with thick depsits f Unit 1 sediment between blcks similar t that imaged n Line A basement ridge centered near SPI6 t SPI7 interrupts depsitin f Units I thrugh 3, while yunger sediments depsit ver this high. Clser t the trench n the eastern side f this high is a cmplete sequence f Units I thrugh 6, shwing late stage faulting and rtatin frm the end f depsitin f Unit 5 sediment t the present. The seismic line shws that the seaflr is mre heavily ffset in the uter frearc than the innerfrearc; a trend that is als repeated n Line 1-13 and Line In additin t this recent defnnatin, seismic data image tw cmpressinal features n Line near SP9I and SP93. Basement faulting leading t the flding f Units I, 2 and 3 ccurred in the inner frearc between depsitin f Units 3 and 4 as evidenced by the nlap f Unit 4 sediments nt Unit 3. The sedimentary units in the ISDN regin have similar nlap relatinships t thse further suth. I interpret Unit I sediment as the wedge-shaped t subparallel syn-rift depsits between basement blcks. This unit nlaps the flanks f the vlcanic high n the western side f the basin n Line 1-13 and is faulted and buried under thick Unit 5 depsits n Line Units 2 and 3 are als depsited during cntinued nnnal faulting and nlap Unit 1 in several paces acrss the frearc basin. Units 4 and 5 nlap Unit 1 alng the western edge f the basin n Line The frearc basin has the lwest surface slpe in the nrthern survey area. 16

26 3.4 Frearc Faulting I am able t crrelate many f the faults that ffset the seaflr in the seismic data with high-reslutin bathymetry data and thereby create a surface fault map fr the area between 14 D N and 18 D N (Figure II). There are tw dminant fault sets in this segment f the Mariana frearc; NNE-trending basement faults and a set f rthgnal NE- and NW -trendirig nrmal faults acrss the inner frearc. The tw thick lines n Figure II shw large-ffset basement faults in the frearc basin. The system in the suthern prtin f the survey regin cmprises the western-bunding faults f the sedimentary basin. The system t the nrth bunds basement highs within the frearc basin. In the 18 D N regin, NE-trending faults dminant the bathymetry. This is als the trend f the basement high imaged n Line 1-13 as well as the transitinal basement high imaged n Lines 3 and 85. A similar fault strike between basement structure and seaflr ffset might indicate grwth faulting cntinuus since initial frearc basement faulting r reactivatin f basement faults. In additin t these extensinal features, the seismic lines als image a large cmpressinal feature acrss the nrthern study area n Lines 55 and 65 (Figure 12). Line 55 images the mst severe cmpressin; a large anticline structure f flded Units I thrugh 4 sediment centered near SP54 (Figure lza). This anticline was created frm cmpressin f sediments depsited between tw basement highs. By flattening the bundary between Units 3 and 4, I am able t lk at the unflded sediments f Units 1,2 and 3 (Figure 12b). This image shws tw half grabens filled with Units 1,2 and 3 which are ffset by a steep nrmal grwth fault. I interpret the anticline t have frmed 17

27 by reverse mvement n this nrmal fault after depsitin f Unit 3 sediment. Once the fault reversed, Units I, 2 and 3 n the trenchward side f the fault were thrust upwards while Unit 4 depsitin and flding ccurred cntempraneusly. Unit 4 sediments frming the crest f the anticline were erded, leaving an angular uncnfrmity between Units 4 and 5 frm -SP54 t SP6. Unit 6 and 7 sediments were depsited n tp f the erded anticline after thrusting had ceased. A similar structure is als imaged n Line 65 between SP275 and SP31 (Figure 12c). Here a flded sequence f Units 1 thrugh 4 is imaged, similar t Line 55. While there is a basement high n the trenchward side f the structure like that f Line 55, t the west three is a thick sectin f faulted sediment beneath a brad bathymetric high similar t what is imaged n Line Since the fld structure n this line is similar t that f Line 65 but less severe. I interpret the tw lines t shw a single NE-trending anticline. The extent f this structure is illustrated in the ispach map fr Unit 4 (Figure 5d). Seismic data image anther smaller thrust just west f the large anticline n Line 65 near SP35 (Figure 12c), which is similar t thse imaged n Line Flded sediments frm Units 1 thrugh 3 are thrust upwards n the western side f an arcward-dipping fault. Unit 4 sediments d nt appear as flded as lder units, and Units 5 and 6 are unaffected by the inferred reverse faulting f the basement. 18

28 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION 4.1 Seismic Stratigraphic Units Six seismic stratigraphic units are mapped acrss the inner Mariana frearc frm 14 N t 18 N. The amunt f faulting and rtatin and the thicknesses f these units vary acrss the survey regin. These differences can be used t distinguish the magnitude and extent f bth sediment depsitin and stress accmmdatin that ccurred in the frearc. I will discuss the seismic stratigraphic units frm ldest t yungest Unit 1 Unit 1 sediments are characteristically syn-rift with wedge-shaped depsits with bedding subparallel t and nlapping rtated basement blcks. The presence f these sediments thrughut the frearc indicates that the rifting that ccurred during depsitin f Unit 1 affected the entire survey regin. hereafter referred t as Unit 1 rifting. The thickest depsits f Unit 1 sediment are lcated in the frearc basin t the suth frm 14.SN t 16.2sN and in islated half grabens frm 17 N t I8 N (Figure S). Unit I sediments are absent n the crests f basement blcks. rtated in the ftwall f largeffset nrmal faults and are reginally thinnest n the NW -trending basement high near 16.SN as illustrated by the red cnturs n Figure Sa. In the suth n Line Unit I sediments are subparallel t the tp f the western-mst rtated basement blck indicating that Unit 1 rifting was respnsible fr the basement faulting and rtatin f these large blcks (Figure 2). I interpret Unit I 19

29 sediment t ccur in bth the main sedimentary basin and the perched basin f Line This interpretatin implies that mtin n the large ffset nrmal faults separating the tw depsits initiated during Unit 1 rifting and cntinued t mve thrugh time. The seismic stratigraphy f Line requires large fault ffset by the time f Unit 3 depsitin. Unit 1 sediments may have been depsited in the smaller sedimentary basins east f the large rtated bunding blcks n the trenchward side f the basin, but I cannt identify individual seismic stratigraphic units in this sectin f the frearc. Nrth f 16 N, there is a transitin between the deep frearc basin in the suth and the NE-trending basement high t the nrth imaged n Line 3 (Figure 6) and Line 85 (Figure 7). Unit 1 sediments are depsited as a thick wedge that nlaps the basement high. The thickening f this sequence tward the high suggests that the nrmal faults ffsetting the basement high frm the deep suthern basin were active during Unit 1 rifting. Unit 1 sediments lap nt strng reflectins beneath the sequence between SP8 and SP9 imaged n Line 3 (Figure 6). These basement reflectins may result frm lder inter-layered lava flws and vlcaniclastics depsited prir t Unit 1 sediments. In the 16.5 N regin, Unit 1 depsits are much thinner and mre intermittent than in the frearc basin t the suth, which is illustrated in the ispach map (Figure 5a). Only a thin depsit f Unit 1 sediments is interpreted n Line in this part f the frearc. This suggests that the basement in the 16.5 N survey regin remained relatively high when thick Unit 1 sediments were depsited in adjacent subsiding basins. This is true f all f the NE- and NW -trending basement highs in the ftwalls f nrmal faults that cut 2

30 acrss the frearc regin. Rifting culd have begun prir t the depsitin f Unit I sediments. but there is n stratigraphic recrd t cnfirm this. Unit I sediments becme thick again near Line 45 with similar wedge depsits and rtated bedding like that f the suthern frearc. Line 1-13 and Line shw Unit 1 sediment infilling the irregular frearc basement made f large rtated blcks. Unit 1 sediments als lap nt the vlcanic high f Line 1-13 indicating the vlcanic center is lder than Unit I depsits. The lcatin f this vlcanic high is rughly in line with the frntal arc high in the suth, which supprts the thery that this is a vlcanic edifice f the E-Oligcene arc in this regin f the Mariana segment. DSDP drilling results indicate that Unit 1 sediment depsitin ccurred acrss the uter frearc in the 18 N regin; hwever, the sediments are s thin as t be irreslvable in the seismic data Unit2 Seismic data shw that rifting ccurred in the frearc during depsitin f Unit 2 sediments, hereafter referred t as Unit 2 rifting. The sediments, as interpreted frm the stratigraphy, depsit ver the syn-rift layers f Unit 1, and in many cases lap nt the mst-heavily rtated depsits f Unit 1 sediment. The extent f Unit 2 depsits hwever, appears mre limited than that f Unit 1, indicating that many f the earliest frmed rift basins did nol cntinue as depcenters after Unit I accumulatin. Unit 2 rifting was less dramatic than that f Unit 1 in the Mariana frearc and invlved mtin n sme f the same large fault systems that were active during Unit I rifting. Line shws a thickening f Unit 2 sediments n the trenchward side f the 21

31 western-bunding nrmal faults, indicating mtin n these faults during Unit 2 rifting (Figure 2). Seismic interpretatins n Line 3 als shw mtin n the three bunding nrmal faults during Unit 2 rifting near SP8, with nrthward-thickened depsits lapping nt the basement high. Line shws Unit 2 sediments depsited trenchward f a system f N-trending faults bunding the western side f the basin near SP38, indicating mvement n these faults during Unit 2 rifting (Figure 8). This fault system is illustrated by the N-trending red cnturs n Figure 5b. Faulting and blck rtatin in the 18 N regin were als ccurring during Unit 2 rifting which is illustrated by the tilted depsits f Unit 2 sediment n Line 1-13 (Figure 9). Seismic data shw that in additin t mtin n these lder fault systems, Unit 2 rifting als invlved initiatin f several new faults, like thse in the 16.5 N regin. The eastern end f Line shws several basement-ffset faults created during Unit 2 rifting, as well as faulting that ccurred later in the Mariana frearc (Figure 8). The interpretatin n Line 85 shws mvement n several faults during depsitin f Unit 2 (Figure 7). The faulted Unit I ridge n the eastern end f the seismic line indicates that the faulting f this sequence ccurred after Unit 1 rifting and during Unit 2 (and later) extensin. In additin t the extensin discussed abve during Unit 2 depsitin, lcal cmpressin als ccurred in the 15 N regin f the frearc during the accumulatin f Unit 2 sediments. Line shws a cmpressinal structure f flded sediments f Units I and 2 near SP28 (Figure 2). While cmpressin is seen in the nrthern survey regin during Unit 4 depsitin, Line images the earliest example f cmpressin 22

32 in the Mariana frearc basin. This flding abve an inferred reverse basement fault is a lcal event since it is nt imaged n Line r Line which are less than 2 kin and 5 kin t the suth and nrth respectively Unit3 Rifting was ccurring in the Mariana frearc in many places during depsitin f Unit 3. Unit 3 rifting is nt as extensive as the extensin ccurring during depsitin f Units I and 2; hwever, the rifting is still significant and can be seen acrss the frearc n islated faults. Unit 3 sediments nlap thse f Units I and 2 in many places acrss the frearc. Thickness changes indicate areas where faulting and Unit 3 depsitin were ccurring simultaneusly. One area that experienced Unit 3 rifting is the frearc basin in the 15 N regin n Line (Figure 2). The increase in sediment thickness n the western side f the main sedimentary basin is a reverse trend t that f Units I and 2, which increase in thickness t the east. Althugh this depsitinal pattern culd be caused by a change in sediment surce, I suggest that it is a result f cntinued mtin f the fault system separating the main and perched basins during depsitin f Unit 3 frming a thick depsit f sediments in the western main basin and creating a significant fault scarp by the start f Unit 4 depsitin (which bypassed the perched basin). Line shws nrthward thickening Unit 3 sediments twards the basement high near the intersectin f Line 85 (Figure 6), indicating that the nrmal faults ffsetting the deep suthern basin frm the basement high cntinued t be active during Unit 3 rifting. 23

33 This extensin als ccurred in the 16.5 N and 18 N regins. Line 3 shws a large seaflr ffset fault near SP275 with a change in Unit 3 thickness acrss the fault (Figure 6). As interpreted, this is a fault that initiated during Unit 3 rifting and experienced cntinued ffset since cmmencing. A basement-ffset fault n Line 3 near SPI9 als resulted frm Unit 3 rifting. This extensin is als imaged n Lines 55 and 65, which shw nrmal faulted basement blcks ffset during Unit 3 rifting (Figure 12). Line 65 shws a thickened depsit f Unit 3 sediments n the arcward side f a basement high near SP28 indicating ffset during depsitin Unit4 Unit 4 sediments have a fairly unifrm thickness (.4 sec tw-way travel time) within the frearc sedimentary basin except fr lcal areas f thicker depsits between 17 N and 18 N. Seismic data shw this thickening is a result f cmpressinal structures created in the frearc predminantly during Unit 4 depsitin. In many cases, this cmpressin can be shwn t result frm inversin f nrmal faults active during Unit 3 rifting (Figure 12). The lcatins f these cmpressinal features are indicated by the blue cnturs n Figure 5d. The ispach map als shws the reginally unifrm depsit f Unit 4 sediments arund these structures, marking the extent f the frearc sedimentary basin during this time. This unifrmity is ntable because it shws that the earlier rift graben depcenters n lnger cntrlled depsitin by Unit 4 accumulatin. Instead, sediments depsited within a large frearc basin bunded by the frntal and uter arc highs. 24

34 While I see n evidence fr rifting during depsitin f Unit 4 sediments, relative subsidence f the suthern basin began during Unit 4 depsitin, as evidenced by the trenchward-thickened depsits n Line (Figure 2), Line (Figure 3) and Line 85 (Figure 7). I see n evidence in the seismic data fr basin subsidence frm 16.5 N t 18 N. The interpreted stratigraphy fr Line des nt include Unit 4 sediment in the perched basin n the western edge f the frearc. This interpretatin suggests that ffset between the tw basins was significant by Unit 4 depsitin, causing sediment t bypass the perched basin and depsited slely in the main sedimentary basin. Differential cmpactin f Units 1 thrugh 3 ccurred by Unit 4 sediment depsitin. Line 1-13 images the thickest sectins f Unit 4 sediments, which are thse depsited ver the deep sedimentary fill between basement blcks (Figure 9). The difference in sediment fill ver the blcks and between the blcks resulted in differential cmpactin f thicker depsits, which created additinal accmmdatin space fr Unit 4 sediments Unit 5 Unit 5 depsits have variable thickness thrughut the Mariana frearc and lap nt Unit 4 sediments in many places acrss the basin. Relative suthern frearc subsidence cntinued during depsitin f Unit 5. This subsidence is bvius n Lines and 83-84, which shw trenchward-thickening depsits f Unit 5 sediment (Figures 2 and 3). This thickening is imaged n all three trench-perpendicular lines cllected in the 15 N regin f the frearc. Unlike the thickened depsits f Unit 4 sediment imaged n Line 85, there is n evidence fr subsidence in the frearc n r 25

35 nrth f Line 85 during Unit 5 depsitin (Figure 7). Instead, the seismic lines nrth f Line 85 shw Unit 5 sediment thinning steadily eastwards acrss the uter freac. Stratigraphy indicates that subsidence in the 15 D N regin cntinued thrugh the end f Unit 5 depsitin. This is als the time f the submarine landslide imaged n Line and Line (Figures 3 and 4). The slump includes sediments frm Units 3, 4 and 5. Based n the time f slump initiatin (late Unit 5) and the gemetry f the slide, I infer that this landslide was generated frm slpe instability triggered by differential subsidence f the suthern frearc and/r uplift f the frntal arc high. The detachment scarp is lcated parallel t the western basin bunding faults n Line that separate the perched and main sedimentary basins. I infer that the pre-slump gemetry f Line was similar t that imaged n Line 87-88, and that the slide detached frm the western bunding faults. The lcatin f this fault system is illustrated n Figure 11. The ispach map fr Unit 5 sediments shws very thick depsits clse t the mdern arc near l7 D N and 18 D N (Figure 5e). Lines 65 (Figure 12) and (Figure 1) shw typical seismic crss-sectins f the thick Unit 5 depsit. A brad, lw relief accumulatin f sediment is imaged in bth seismic lines with faulted sediments f Units 1 thrugh 4 beneath the sequence. It is pssible that the surce f the Unit 5 sediment is very prximal t these seismic lines, which wuld explain the dramatic thickness increase. These depsits may be the tes f the vlcanic structures that surced Unit 5 sediments. Fault patterns and stratal ffsets in the frearc indicate that renewed extensin f the frearc began near the end f Unit 5 depsitin and is currently active. The mst 26

36 heavily faulted areas f the frearc frm Unit 5 defrmatin are frm 15.5 N t 16 N and 16.5 N t 17 N. This is illustrated n the tw N-trending Lines and 3 (Figures 4 and 6). Thick depsits f Unit 5 sediment are in these heavily faulted areas, which illustrate that extensin and subsidence f the frearc were ccurring simultaneusly by the end f Unit 5 depsitin. The extent f Unit 5 defrmatin in the 15 N and 18 N regins f the survey appear similar frm seismic data and less dminant than the regins discussed abve. Line 1-13 (Figure 9). Line (Figure 1) and Line (Figure 3) shw high angie nrmal faults ffsetting sedimentary units 1 thrugh 5, and in many cases, Unit 6. These faults dip between 65 and 75 and appear mre prevalent in the uter frearc, suggesting that the defrmatin affected the uter frearc mre than the inner frearc. This pattern is cnsistent acrss the entire survey regin: late stage faulting increases twards the uter frearc Unit6 Unit 6 depsits cmprise a thin blanket f sediments with variable thickness acrss the frearc. The thickest. depsits f Unit 6 are nly -.1 secnds f tw-way travel time cmpared t an average thickness f -.5 sec fr the ther seismic stratigraphic units. Since Unit 6 is the yungest sedimentary unit and vlcanism is ccurring n the Mariana Arc tday, I believe that Unit 6 includes sediment currently depsiting in the frearc. Extensinal defrmatin was ccurring in the frearc during depsitin f these sediments, with seaflr-ffset faults visible thrughut the frearc. 27

37 This faulting appears t be a cntinuatin f Unit 5 defrmatin as many f the faults initiated during Unit 5 sediment accumulatin shw cntinued mvement during Unit 6 depsitin. The mst heavily faulted areas are thse described abve fr Unit 5, including increased faulting f the uter frearc. Sitnilar t what is described fr Unit 5 depsits, the thickest depsits f Unit 6 sediment are in these heavily faulted areas implying defrmatin and depsitin were and are ccurring simultaneusly. Cnsiderable subsidence f the suthern frearc basin near 15 N is ccurring during Unit 6 depsitin. This is evident frm the depsits imaged n line which cmprise a thin layer f sediment mantling the basin slpe and a thicker depsit f nearly hrizntal sediments pnded at the base f the rtated bunding blck n the eastern side f the basin (Figures 2 and 3). Subsidence and trenchward-tilting f the suthern frearc increased during Unit 6 depsitin resulting in sediment bypass ver much f the suthern frearc and pling f sediments n the eastern-mst subsided crner f the basin. This same depsitinal pattern is imaged n the tw ther trench-perpendicular lines in the 15 N regin. 4.2 Dating Seismic Stratigraphic Units Althugh n drill sites can be tied t the stratigraphy mapped acrss the frearc basin fr this study, reginal cnstraints n the gelgic evlutin allw us t cnsider sme reasnable age assignments fr the seistnic stratigraphic units. Subductin initiatin began in the Izu-Bnin-Mariana arc-trench system -5 Ma [Taylr, 1992; 28

38 Csca, et ai., 1998]. The initiatin f this cnvergent margin instigated the rerganizatin f several large tectnic regimes in the Pacific including a change in Pacific Plate mtin evident frm the Hawaiian-Emperr bend and ther ht spt traces [Sharp and Clague, 26]. Anther majr tectnic restructuring was the rtatin f the West Philippine Basin t a nrth-suth spreading directin. It is hypthesized that this spreading west f the initial Mariana vlcanism resulted in massive alng-strike stretching f the frearc regin [Sdrlias. et ai., 24; Taylr and Gdliffe, 24]. The emplacement f the bninite-thleiite basement and its middle t late Ecene stretching is the first majr vlcan-tectnic event in the histry f the Mariana frearc. This extensin was ceval with unstructured "philitic" vlcanism creating a stretched frearc basement verprinted by seaflr eruptins and intermittent vlcanic highs. It is uncertain whether early vlcanism included subarea! eruptins that wuld create vlcaniclastic depsits in the frearc. If these depsits d exist hwever, they wuld be interlayered with lava flws and pillw basalts. The middle Ecene sediments at Sites 458 and 459 are very thin (-1 meters at bth sites). While it is prbable that sediment frm the early and middle Ecene exists acrss the frearc, these depsits may be thin and indistinguishable in the seismic data. The amunt f extensin bserved n the seismic data frm basement faults was calculated by measuring the hrizntal ffset acrss these faults. Ttal extensin values averaged 3.6% ±.1% extensin accmmdated by basement faults (Table 1). This amunt f stretching is insignificant relative t the massive -1 km extensin prpsed t have ccurred during the early cnstructin f the frearc regin. Because f this, I 29

39 cnclude that Units 1 thrugh 3 were nt depsited during this initial middle Ecene rifting event and must have been depsited sme time after the frmatin f the frearc basement. Cntinued plate cnvergence and slab subductin eventually lead t the frmatin and lcalizatin f an rganized late Ecene and early Oligcene vlcanic arc [Taylr, 1992]. This is the first island arc-building phase in the histry f the Mariana subductin zne and likely the first majr sediment surce t the frearc basin. The rifting f this arc in the late Ecene t early Oligcene ultimately led t seaflr spreading in the Parece Vela Backarc Basin and separatin f the Palau-Kyushu Ridge remnant arc t the west frm the frearc. SubareaI vlcanism cntinued during Oligcene arc rifting [Sctt and Krenke, 1983], which transitined t backarc spreading in the Parece Vela Basin and subdued arc vlcanism -29 Ma.. I prpse that Units 1,2 and 3 were depsited during the late Ecene t early Oligcene Mariana arc vlcanism and rifting (-35 Ma t 29 Ma). This hypthesized age is supprted by drilling and. seismic survey results frm the Izu-Bnin cnvergent margin. The Izu-Bnin arc-trench system alng strike t the nrth has a similar subductin initiatin histry and is an bvius analgue t the Mariana subductin system. Seismic surveys and drilling results in the Izu-Bnin frearc cnfirm that the first significant frearc sedimentary basin accumulatin ccurred during E Oligcene rifting -31 Ma [Shipbard Scientific Party, 199a; b; c; Taylr, 1992]. With similarities in early histries, ne might expect the Mariana system t have an equivalent sedimentary recrd t the Izu-Bnin margin with maximum sediment accumulatin rates cmmencing during the late Ecene t early Oligcene rifting. Given the prir nset f 3

40 backarc spreading in the Mariana versus Izu-Bnin segments, earlier rifting nset may be expected in the Marianas as well, supprting the prpsed age f sediment accumulatin initiatin between 35 Ma t 29 Ma in the Mariana frearc. Units 2 and 3 als accumulated during a perid f rifting; hwever, seismic data shw that the amunt f frearc extensin decreased during depsitin f Units 2 and 3, likely becming fcused in the arclbackarc. I prpse that these units depsited during the later stages f the E-Oligcene rifting. This rifting was evidently punctuated by perids fless active faulting, creating the three syn-rift depsits f Units 1, 2 and 3. The islated cmpressinal feature n Line als initiated during depsitin f Unit 2 sediments. Sme time after Unit 3 depsitin and subsequently the end f Mariana E- Oligcene rifting (-29 Ma), mild cmpressin began, as evidenced by lcal structural inversin. By the time Unit 4 sediment was being depsited, high angle reverse faulting f sme previus nrmal faults was ccurring in several places acrss the frearc. This phenmena has been bserved t ccur n rifted cntinental margins during subsequent seaflr spreading [Letuzey, 199]. Early subsidence f the suthern frearc als staned during Unit 4 depsitin. With the exceptin f the thickened Unit 4 depsits frm inversin, sediment accumulatin was fairly cnsistent in the frearc basin between the frntal and uter arc highs. During depsitin f Unit 5 sediments in the frearc basin, suthern subsidence was cntinuing, and near the end f accumulatin, extensinal defrmatin in the frm f high angle nrmal faulting (65 t 7 ) had begun. These mre recent syn-<iefrmatin 31

41 depsits are different than the syn-rift depsits f Units 1 thrugh 3. Unit 5 sediments are disrupted by numerus small-ffset faults as ppsed t the rtated and wedge-shaped depsits f the lder syn-rift sediments. Thick depsits f Unit 5 sediments are imaged clse t the current arc in the nrthern regin, which may indicate that they were depsited near their sediment surce. The lcatin f these thick sediments cupled with the cmmencement f a new phase f defrmatin near the end f depsitin supprt the idea that Unit 5 sediments may have been surced frm the Micene arc (-2 Ma t 8 Ma), with arc rifting and frearc defrmatin cmmencing at the end f Unit 5 depsitin. Late Mi-Plicene arc rifting eventually led t the pening f the Mariana Trugh, which is currently underging seaflr spreading [Martinez. et al., 1995; Martinez. et al., 2]. Current GPS data shw that the entire Mariana arc-trench system. including the frearc. is experiencing nn-rigid defrmatinal strain assciated with the pening f the Mariana Trugh [Kat. et at., 23]. Studies f the Mariana Trugh suggest that trench rllback and varying slab psitin are respnsible fr the current backarc spreading [Martinez, et ai., 2]. Extensin resulting frm trench rllback wuld affect the frearc regin inducing the recent extensinal defrmatin bserved in the frearc. The defrmatin imaged in the seismic data near the end f Unit 5 accumulatin and thrughut Unit 6 culd result frm this nn-rigid defrmatin instigated by late Mi-Plicene arc rifting and subsequent seaflr spreading f the Mariana Trugh backarc basin pssibly assciated with trench rllback. The faulted western edge f the thick Unit 5 depsits in the nrthern survey regin (Figures 1 and 12) might indicate the trenchward extent f late Mi-Plicene arc rifting limiting the western extent f these structures, which is illustrated n Figure 11. If 32

42 this is true, Unit 4 was depsited after E-Oligcene rifting and befre the establishment f the Mi-Plicene arc between -29 Ma and 2 Ma. DSDP drill sites verify that 29 Ma t 2 Ma was a vlcanically "quiet" time in the Mariana frearc, which is cnsistent with a unifrm thickness f Unit 4 depsits acrss the basin during this time. The thickness f sediments predicted hwever, wuld be much less than thse represented by Unit 4. Therefre, I prpse that Units 4 and 5 mainly represent depsitin during the Micene, but I am uncertain hw t mre tightly cnstrain r subdivide them. Evidence f current extensinal defrmatin in the frearc is seen n many f the seismic lines discussed abve that image seaflr-ffset faults. Subsidence in the Mariana frearc near 15 N is currently taking place. Seismic data suggest that the 16.5 N regin is currently experiencing an increased amunt f extensin relative t the frearc nrth and suth f this regin. The mdem vlcanic arc is currently active and supplying vlcaniclastic depsits t the frearc. Accrding t ur hypthesized sedimentary ages, I prpse that Unit 6 sediments cmprise all sedimentary depsits between -8 Ma and the present, surced frm bth the Mi-Plicene arc during rifting and the mdem vlcanic arc. 4.3 Structural Inversin The phenmenn f structural inversin is identified in rifted regins thrughut the wrld. Sme f the mst cmmnly studied areas include the Alpine and Nrth African cntinental regins that underwent Late Meszic and Cenzic inversin 33

43 [Tricart and Lemine, 1986; Ziegler, 1987; Van Rm, 1987; Letuzey, 199]. In many cases f inversin, a large rifting event is fllwed by a "quiet" perid f relatively inactive tectnics preceding reversal f extensinal structures, accmmdating cmpressin and shrtening. It is als cmmn fr inversin t ccur after a rifting event initiates and seaflr spreading begins. In sme instances, including an example f inversin n the eastern Sunda shelf f Indnesia, the hypthesized cause f fault reversal and rerganizatin f intra-plate stresses is changes n the bundary cnditins f the plates [Letuzey, et al., 199]. In this case, the inversin structures d nt reflect the rientatin f stresses during the time f cmpressin, but instead accmmdate the stress in previus znes f weakness. There are several seismic lines in the inner frearc that shw structural inversin ccurring during depsitin f Unit 4 sediments. Assuming the interpreted ages fr frearc sediments discussed abve are crrect, inversin may have begun during a tectnically quiet perid during early Parece Vela Basin spreading and befre the establishment f the Mia-Plicene Arc, sme time between 29 Ma and 2 Ma. The majr inversin structures n Lines 55, 65 and invlve reverse mvement f basementffset faults. with cmpressin achieved thrugh large-scale reverse faulting f the frearc basement and flding f its sedimentary cver. The mst dramatic cmpressinal structure is imaged n Line 55 (Figure 12). Figure 12b shws a sectin f the seismic data with the bundary between Units 3 and 4 flattened (Figure 12). This exercise illustrates the pre-thrust gemetry, which includes a nrmal grwth fault ffsetting Units 1 thrugh 3 that reversed mtin near the end f Unit 3 rifting. This example f inversin created a large anticline that is als imaged n Line 65 (Figure 12c). The NE- 34

44 trending anticline shws' ffset f ver ne secnd f tw-way travel time acrss the reverse fault. Assuming a velcity f 2.2 krnisec fr the anticline sediments yields ver a kilmeter f ffset n the reverse fault. A similar flattening exercise verifies that the reverse fault directly west f the anticline and thse imaged n Line als resulted frm inversin f nrmal grwth faults initiated during Unit 1 rifting. Several smaller, less dramatic examples f nrmal fault reversal are seen thrughut the seismic lines acrss the frearc basin affecting the same sedimentary units. The cause f the islated example f structural inversin n Line during Unit 2 depsitin is nt apparent. It is pssible that back-arc spreading in the Parece-Vela Basin caused the structural inversin imaged n seismic lines. Dating by magnetic anmalies suggests that seaflr spreading in the backarc basin started 29 Ma with an E-W spreading directin [Mrzwski and Hayes, 1979; Okin, et al., 1998]. This changed t a NE-SW spreading rientatin with a dramatic decrease in spreading rate - 2 Ma [Sdrlias, et al., 24]. I prpse that inversin ccurred in the Mariana frearc smetime between -29 Ma and 2 Ma which is in the time frame f seaflr spreading in the Parece-Vela Basin. 4.4 Frearc Extensin Earliest faulting in the Mariana frearc resulted frm nrth-suth stretching f the entire arc-trench system in the Ecene, which I d nt see evidence fr in the seismic data. A secnd rift phase in the late Ecene t early Oligcene verprinted whatever 3S

45 extensinal structures were created during philitic vlcanism that fnned in the Mariana frearc. I suggest that the primary fault structures f the frearc basin fanned during the late Ecene t early Oligcene rifting. Large bunding fault blcks n either side f the basin near 15 N are interpreted t fnn during this extensinal perid. Faulting n the trenchward side f the E-Oligcene arc ccurred acrss the survey regin leaving a subsided frearc flr fr sediment accumulatin. The numerus rtated blcks and half grabens making up the frearc basement acrss the survey regin are the structural remnants f this basin-wide extensin. This prpsed mechanism fr frearc basin fnnatin in the Mariana arc-trench system is the same as that believed t have ccurred in the Izu-Bnin margin t the nrth. There are tw different fault sets frm this perid f extensin; a trench-parallel NNE set f faults and an rthgnal set f NE- and NW - trending faults. The large rtated fault blcks bunding the eastern side f the basin in the 15 N regin highlight bth f these trends (Figure 11). The NNE-trending thick red lines in Figure 11 shw the interpreted trend f the bunding nrmal faults n the western side f the suthern basin imaged n Line (Figure 2) as well as a system f basement faults that crss the frearc t the nrth imaged n Line 65 (Figure 12). As interpreted, the suthern NNEtrending fault system bends t a NE-trend nrth f Line 85, with fault ffsets decreasing steadily t the nrth. The faults are imaged n Line 3 as the high-angle nnnal faults separating the deeper basin t the suth frm the basement high t the nrth (Figure 6). The nrthern N-trending fault system als bends t a NE-trend near 17.8 N tward Big Blue Seamunt. 36

46 It is a lng utstanding questin why the frntal arc high is s prnunced in the Mariana Frearc suth f 17 N and why it appears absent nrth f ISN. Since the remnants f the E-Oligcene arc make up this feature, it is unclear if the extent f the frntal arc high is related t the riginal structure f the E-Oligcene vlcanic frnt r is cntrlled by ther factrs. The data presented in this paper shw that suth f 16.5 N, the ftwall f the NNE-trending fault system and subsequently the frntal arc high f the Mariana frearc is uplifted while the hanging wall subsides creating the deep frearc basin suth f 16.5 N. T the nrth, unfaulted, islated vlcanic edifices are imaged in line with the frntal arc high (cyan lines in Figure 11). A system f NNE-trending faults des exist nrth f 17 N, but withut cmparable ffset prximal t the frntal arc high, which is illustrated n Figure 11. Line 65 shws the amunt f ffset n these faults cmpared t that f the suth and illustrate that slip n the faults appears t cease by Unit 3 depsitin (Figure 12). Frm this data, I prpse a mechanism t explain the variatin in frntal arc high bathymetry. These data suggest that the dramatic frntal arc high in the suthern Mariana frearc is a result f uplift frm a series f NNE-trending faults initiated during E-Oligcene rifting with cntinued ffset thrugh time. A crrespnding large ffset fault system t the nrth des nt exist resulting in the diminished frntal arc high near ISDN. 37

47 After the late Ecene t early Oligcene rifting initiated the cnfiguratin f the frearc basin. sediments accumulated, ften burying the basement structure. A late phase f extensinal defrmatin ccurred in the frearc frm the late Micene t recent pssibly frm rifting f the Mia-Plicene arc beginning -8 Ma. I suggest that the effects f this defrmatin are imaged as late-stage faulting thrughut the frearc that began near the end f Unit 5 depsitin. There is a higher density f nrmal faulting ccurring in the regin arund 16.5 N. The seismic data als shw that this extensin affects the uter frearc basement and sediment mre heavily than the inner frearc. Lines (Figure 8) and (Figure 1) bth shw late-stage faulting east f the main frearc basin. The seismic data shw n stratigraphic evidence fr late stage faulting in the suthern uter frearc regin because I am nt able t fllw seismic stratigraphic units beynd the rtated fault blcks; hwever. the fact that the suthern frearc is still subsiding may indicate fault mtin is als ccurring in the uter frearc suth f the 16.5 N regin. Evidence fr cntinued subsidence cmes frm the thick sectin f flatlying Unit 6 sediments near SP31 n Line (Figure 2). The slpe f the frearc basin has steepened enugh that the yungest sediment is bypassing slpe depsitin t pl at the base f the rtated basement blck. The mst recent defrmatin uses the same tw dminant fault sets as the late Ecene/early Oligcene rifting event. Figure 11 highlights seaflr-ffset faults imaged n seismic lines that can be traced in bathymetric data. The dminant strike fr this latestage faulting is NE and NW. Trench-parallel NNE-trending faults are clustered suth f Big Blue Serpentinite Seamunt at 18 N and 147 E. West f this regin. hwever. NE- 38

48 trending faults dminate the bathymetry. The basement high imaged n Line 1-13 als strikes NE in this regin which is highlighted in green (Figure II). Similar fault trends frm bth the E-Oligcene rifting and the Plicene extensinal defrmatin might indicate that fault reactivatin is ccurring in the frearc. A GPS study shws that the frearc is currently under tensin and that the Mariana arc-trench system is defrming nn-rigidly [KatQ, et al., 23]. A study f fault patterns near 22 N, shwedne- and NW- trending faults in the frearc [Wessel, et al., 1994]. The authrs cncluded that these trends resulted frm radial fracturing f the frearc due t increased arc curvature frm Mariana Trugh pening. A similar fault trend at bth 22 N, 18 N and 15 N argues that radial faulting may nt be the cause f these mdern fault patterns. Anther pssibility is that the fault trends bserved tday in the frearc are highlighting the E-Oligcene fault trends by reactivatin. Seismic data supprt this idea with sme f the largest seaflr ffsets ccurring abve previusly faulted basement blcks. Lines 3, 1-13 and illustrate this trend (Figures 6, 9 and 1). This des nt explain the increase in faulting in either the 16.5 N regin r the uter frearc. 4.5 Frearc Subsidtmce Subsidence in the 15 N regin f the Mariana frearc began during Unit 4 depsitin and is currently ccurring tday. Mdern sediments cmprising Unit 6 depsits shw the mst dramatic evidence fr frearc subsidence as imaged n Lines 87-39

49 88 and (Figures 2 and 3). This subsidence is limited t the 15 N regin f the frearc indicating an alng strike variatin in tectnic frcing. A prbable cause fr this change in tectnic envirnment is variatin in the subducting slab gemetry beneath the frearc. It has been bserved in many cnvergent margins that the angle f the dwnging slab can vary alng a subductin zne [Chiu, et al., 1991; Heuret and Lallemand, 25]. In the Izu-Bnin-Mariana system, a slab tear between the Izu-Bnin and the Mariana segments f the cnvergent margin is well dcumented as the slab bends nearly vertically beneath the Mariana arc [Miller, et at., 24; Miller, et at., 25]. A smail change in slab dip smewhere between the 18 N and the 15 N regins f this study culd explain the subsidence imaged n the seismic data in the suthern survey area. This shift in slab gemetry began during Unit 4 sedimentatin but was mst significant during depsitin f Unit 6 sediments. Mdels f subducting lithsphere in the Mariana margin frm earthquake lcatins shw a steeply dipping slab beneath the frearc frm -15 N t 2N alng the central prtin f the arcuate margin [Chiu, et at., 1991). Nrth and suth f this area, the margin curves westward giving way t the characteristic bw-shaped trench f the Mariana subductin zne. The 15 N regin is a transitinal bundary where deep earthquake activity ceases belw 15 km. This is inferred t represent a change in slab dip beneath the frearc [Chiu, el ai., 1991]. The subsidence f the frearc imaged n the seismic data as well as a change in slab dip near 15 N argue that the subducting lithsphere recently defrmed beneath the frearc mst ntably during Unit 6 depsitin, likely since 8 Ma and the pening f the Mariana Trugh. 4

50 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS New seismic data cllected ver the Mariana frearc image six seismic stratigraphic sequences that crrelate acrss the frearc frm 14 D N t ISDN. Basement ridges and large-ffset faults frm early rifting have NE-, NW-, and NNE-trends, and basement ffset calculatins shw that this faulting accmmdated -3.6 ±D. I % extensin, assuming dminant fault trends f N45E r N45W. A large nrmal grwth fault system that initiated during early rifting is respnsible fr uplifting the frntal arc high in the suthern frearc and creating a deep sedimentary basin between 14.5 D N and D N. Sedimentary units I, 2 and 3 accumulated during frearc rifting creating the frearc basement, likely frm the late Ecene t early Oligcene rifting. Unit 4 depsits crrespnd t a perid f mild structural inversin in the Mariana frearc. Inversin may have been caused by Mia-Plicene Arc cnstructin r seaflr spreading in the Parece Vela Basin resulting in changes in frearc stresses. This is the first evidence fr cmpressin in the Mariana frearc. Units 5 and 6 accumulated during a later phase f extensinal defrmatin that is nging tday. I suggest that this extensin resulted frm Mi-Plicene arc rifting and Mariana Trugh backarc spreading that initiated -S Ma, is at least partly accmmdated by reactivatin f lder basement faults and is manifested in structures with the same NE- NW- and NNE-trends. This late stage faulting is mst active in the inner frearc near 16.5 D N and the uter frearc between 14.5 D N and ISDN. Alng strike variatin in frearc subsidence may indicate the lcatin f a slab tear near 15 D N initiated during Unit 4 depsitin and augmented by Mariana Trugh pening ver the last SMa. 41

51 APPENDIX A: TABLES Line Ttal Ttal Fault Percent Number Length (km) Offset (km) Extensin % % % % % % % % % % Mean=3.6% Table 1. Percent extensin accmmdated by basement faults calculated by measuring hrizntal ffset acrss faults. 42

52 APPENDIX B: FIGURES Figure Captins Figure 1. Shaded bathymetric map f the central Mariana island-arc and trench. Black lines indicate the lcatin f all seismic lines and red lines indicate data shwn fr this manuscript. Red circles shw lcatins fr labeled DSDP drill sites. Line numbers are anntated in blue and sht numbers are anntated in black. Purple line lcates the te f the submarine landslide. The inset shws a reginal map with the survey area dented by the black bx. Labels are as fllws: WPB, West Philippine Basin; PKR, Palau-Kyushu Ridge; PVB, Parece-Vela Basin; WMR, West Mariana Ridge; MT, Mariana Trugh; mm, Izu-Bnin-Mariana segments. Figure 2. A time-migrated seismic prfile f Line shws the gemetry f the frearc in the 15 N regin. Sedimentary units are numbered, and black arrws indicate nlap. The inset shws a blw-up f the stratal relatins fr the eastern side f the basin, at less vertical exaggeratin. Lcal inversin f basement nrmal faults ccurred midway thrugh depsitin f Unit 2. Faults are indicated by white lines and seismic data belw the seaflr multiple has been cut ut. Tie lines are labeled in red n the sht number axis. 43

53 Figure 3. line images the crss-sectin f a submarine landslide in the frearc basin. The thrust te f the slide, the headwall scarp and the rewrked slide debris arund the slide (dark range sediment) are labeled. Imaging f the rtated basement blcks n the eastern side f the basin shw sme internal layering, which culd reflect layered lava flws. Figure 4. line images the thickness N-S changes f the six seismic stratigraphic units and the te f the submarine landslide in the suthern regin f the frearc basin. This line crsses ver the te f the slide in tw places (indicated by blue lines) and the sediment in frnt f the slide. The rewrked debris fans ff either side f the slide te can be traced by their chatic seismic character. Igneus basement is cmpsed f highly irregular faulted blcks alng the suthern prtin f the line Nte that the sediments becme mre heavily faulted nrth f the submarine landslide. Figure 5. Ispach maps fr each f the seismic stratigraphic units calculated in millisecnds f tw-way travel time. Sediment thicknesses are clr cntured with a scale bar in millisecnds n each map. Cnturs were calculated based n an interplated 1 km by lkm grid f sediment thickness with a search radius f 2 km. Overlain n each map are the lcatins f the seismic lines. 44

54 Figure 6. Line 3 images the six sedimentary units frm 15.6 N t 18 N, and shws the bunding nrmal faults that ffset the deep suthern basin frm the central basement high. The sediment becmes heavily faulted in the 16.5 N regin with numerus high angle nrmal faults. Large fault-bunded blcks make up the basement ver mst f the survey regin. Figure 7. Line 85 shws a crss-sectin f the frearc basin at the transitin between the 15 N and 16.5 N regins. Unit 1 sediment becmes heavily faulted east f the tie with Line 3. Units 2 thrugh 6 nlap the faulted Unit 1 sediment nted by black arrws. Figure 8. Line shws the gemetry f the 16.5 N frearc regin. The thickest sectin f the basin is bund n either side by the faulted frntal arc high t the west and a steep basement high t the east (-SP49). Sediments are depsited east f this high but cherent reflectins are lst beneath the te f Celestial Seamunt, a serpentinite mud vlcan. The blwup f the eastern side f the basin shws late-stage faulting east f the main sedimentary basin. Figure 9. Line 1-13 shws the gemetry f the 18 N frearc regin with a large vlcanic edifice n the western side f the basin. The basement f the sedimentary basin is cmpsed f large, rtated fault blcks. The western side f the basin is bund by a 45

55 vlcanic structure, and the eastern side is bund by a shallw basement high. Seismic interpretatins end near SP4 because individual units cannt be traced further east. This line verlaps with Line dented in red. Figure 1. Line shws the gemetry f the 18 N frearc regin with a thick Unit 5 depsit n the western side f the basin. The basement and sedimentary basin are cmpsed f large, rtated blcks. Tw thrust structures highlighted by the left-mst blwup are imaged n this line. The blwup f the eastern side f the frearc shws latestage tilting f sediments in the uter frearc. Figure 11. A fault map created by crrelating seaflr-ffset faults in the seismic data with fault scarps visible in high-reslutin bathymetric data. Nte the unusual rthgnal NE- and NW-trending faults in survey area. The inner frearc f the 18 N regin is dminated by NE-trending faults and a large basement ridge shaded in dark green. The pssible trenchward extent f Plicene rifting is shwn in purple and the E-Oligcene rifting in Pink. The lcatin f the thick Unit 5 depsits imaged n Lines 65 and are shaded in yellw. The lcatins f individual vlcanic edifices like that imaged n Line 1-13 are shaded in cyan. A large nnnal grwth fault system uplifting the frntal arc high is shwn by a thick red fault line suth f 16.5 N. Anther reginal system f N and NE-trending nrmal faults is dented by the thick red line nrth f 16.5 N. Black lines indicate the lcatins f the seismic lines. 46

56 Figure 12. (a) Line 55 shws an anticline cmpsed fflded sediment frm Units 1 thrugh 4. (b) Line 55 with hrizn flattening f the bundary between Units 3 and 4 shws a nnnal fault ffsetting the ldest units. The nrmal fault in the flattened seismic line indicates that the anticline was created by reverse mtin n this nrmal grwth fault. (c) Line 65 shws a less severely thrust sectin f the anticline. Units 1 thrugh 4 are defrmed in a similar structure t thse f Line 55. Anther smaller inversin structure is imaged n Line 65 just west f the anticline. 47

57 14S Mariana Frearc Outer 18' 17" 16' ls' Figure 1 14' 48

58 :n (TO IV SHOTS w x 21 x~n-s " E 2 3 "" Perched ~] ~'" \a 'C?\~~~ Rnltnrlinn 2 3.j:> "" U., -~ 1= ~ I- 4 5 ~..A '\t ~~... - I n I ~~~~I!I~""?,. ~~:;:~?J'~ 4. <. <..' n'..,. / Line km 1 V.E

59 ~ ~ ~ V.l 2 SHOTS 4 ' Line x '13'9> EOO ' x km 1 V.E Slide Te V.E VI V Q) ~ >="5 ~ >- ~'~ I'F "> ~ Rt a ted 8 1CkS~

60 '" N c '" 8 '" N ~ "C. u '" '" ~ I :2 Vi ~~ '" "'\ ~ L -'!'<t n Figure , <Xl N '" N '" N N N N 8 <Xl '" '<t z ~ m i: n '" <Xl :;: I "' :>

61 Figure 5 52

62 z "" " I~ ~ Vl C O<w :::; I :> Vl Vl Vl '" (las)uml Figure 6 53

63 w '" '" E, -"w > '" <Xl '" c: :: N M... pas) llml Figure 7 54

64 ::!1 O<l 2 - SHOTS x~.7-68 x3 2 late Stage Faulting 3 3 tj> tj>,,4 -"l '" ~ >

65 M Pf W ~ ii ~ I!" ~ w * ~ - :> '" ~ ~.", ~ N N " '" c ::l """" 8 ~. ~ Figure 9 56

66 Figure 1 57

67 18" 17" 16" Ecene Rifting - Micene Rifting - Large Fault Systems Surface Faults -- Basemem Ridge Thick Unit 5 Depsits Vlcanic Highs 15 " Figure 11 58

68 SHOTS 5 6 km 1 V.E SHOTS 5 W Line 55 with hrizn flattening 6 I OA"-k~m~l E V.E ' L SHOTS "'" W.21 line 65 2 x E km 1 V.E Figure 12 59

69 APPENDIX C: SEISMIC LINES " 148" "

70 l() l() '" '" 61 f'- f'- (J) ~w Ol E I ~ I a r- a '" '2 E3 (J)

71 a mr27q l W 35 E 62

72 mr5gcl W -: > 11"'J'" 111 E 63

73 mr5gc l W 9697 E 64

74 8 N 8 g n '" 8 '",, ",~, 8 N 65

75 '" 8 '" N N "l "l " " 66 <fl <fl <D <D r-- ~W r--

76 mr271 N 4844m 8 S 8 67

77 " < " II) II) 68 '" '" " " IX) ~ z ~ N :; ~ IX) EVl

78 69 a :5 ~

79 mr271 S < 'I 5699m 6 N 8 7

80 ", N N r<) r<).,. v 7 1 l[) l[) '" '" r--- e O N '2 r--- Ei!=

81 g g '" '" '" 72 < < I'- g I'- 16 ~ N h CO EZ

82 mar271 W 25 E 8 73

83 ' LO <D I"- CO CDW ~ ttl E I :;;, " r-- N L E~ ' LO <D I"- c 74

84 ..q- t ill f' CO t"- z N < N t"- O N ~ E Vl..q- t ill f' CO 75

85 mar271 W 1758m 2829 E 8 76

86 v l{) (() r--. ;;;z,.., u en.,., ~ E(f) v l{) (() r--. 77

87 REFERENCES Blmer, S., B. Taylr, and C. J. Macled (1995), Early arc vlcanism and the philite prblem: A perspective frm drilling the western Pacific, in Active Margins and Marginal Basins f the Western Pacific, edited by B. Taylr and J. Natland, pp. 1-3, American Gephysical Unin. Washingtn. D.C. Blmer, S. H. (1983), Distributin and rigin f igneus rcks frm the landward slpes f the Mariana Trench: Implicatins fr its structure and evlutin, Jurnal f Gephysical Research, 88, Chiu, J.-M., B. L. Isacks, and R. K. Cardwell (1991), 3-D cnfiguratin f subducted lithsphere in the western Pacific, Gephysical Jurnal Internatinal, 16, Csca, M. A., R. J. Arculus, J. A. Pearce, and J. G. Mirchell (1998), 4OAr/39Ar and K-Ar age cnstraints fr the inceptin and early evlutin f the Izu-Bnin-Mariana arc system, The Island Arc, 7, Dickinsn, W., and D. R. Seely (1979). Structure and Stratigraphy f Frearc Regins. The American Assciatin f Petrleum Gelgists Bulletin, 63, Dbsn, P. F., and J. R. O'Neil (1987), Stable istpe cmpsitin and water cntents f bninite series vlcanic rcks frm Chichi-jima, Bnin Islands, Japan, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 82, Engdahl, E. R., R. D. van der Hilst, and R. P. Buland (1998), Glbal teleseismic earthquake relcatin with imprved travel times and prcedures fr depth determinatin, Bulletin f the Seismlgical Sciety f America, Frsyth, D. W., and S. Uyeda (1975), On the relative imprtance f the driving frces f plate mtin, Gephysical Jurnal, 43, Fridevaux, C., S. Uyeda, and M. Uyeshima (1988), Island arc tectnics, Tectnphysics, 148, 1-9. Fryer, P. (1992a), Mud vlcanes f the Marianas, Scientific American, 266, Fryer, P. (1992b), A Synthesis f Leg 125 drilling f serpentine seamunts n the Mariana and Izu-Bnin Frearcs, Prceedings f the Ocean Drilling Prgram, Scientific Results, 125, Fryer. P., C. G. Wheat, and M. J. Mttl (1999), Mariana blueschist mud vlcanism: Implicatins fr cnditins within the subductin zne, Gelgy, 27,

88 Heuret, A., and S. Lallemand (25), Plate mtin, slab dynamics and back-arc defrmatin, Physics a/the Earth and Planetary Interirs, 149, Hiltn, D. R., J. S. Pallister, and R. M. Pua (25), Intrductin t the Special Isssue n the 23 Eruptin f Anatahan Vlcan, Cmmnwealth f the Nrthern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Jurnal /Vlcanlgy and Gethermal Research, 146,1-7. Huang, W.-C., and E. Okal (1998), Centrid-mment-tensr slutins fr deep earthquakes predating the digital era: Discussin and inferences, Physics / the Earth and Planetary Interirs, 16, Hussng, D. M. (1981), Underway Gephysics-Leg 6 and related surveys, Init. Repts. DSDP, 6, Hussng, D. M., and P. Fryer (1983), Back-arc seamunts and the SeaMARC II seaflr mapping system. Es. Transactins American Gephysical Unin, 64, Hussng, D. M., and J. B. Sintn (1983), Seismicity assciated with back arc crustal spreading in the central Mariana Trugh, in The Tectnic and Gelgic Evlutin / Sutheast Asian Seas and Islands, Part 2. Gephysical Mngraph Series, v 27, edited by D. E. Hayes, pp , American Gephysical Unin, Washingtn, D. C. Hussng, D. M., and S. Uyeda (1981), Tectnic prcesses and the histry f the Mariana arc: A synthesis f the results f Deep Sea Drilling Prject Leg 6, in Initial Reprts / the Deep Sea Drilling Prject, edited by D. M. Hussng and S. Uyeda, pp , U. S. Gvemment Printing Office, Washingtn D. C. Hussng, M., and P. Fryer (1981), Structure and Tectnics f the Mariana Arc and Frarc: Drill site Selectin Surveys, Initial Reprts / the Deep Sea Drilling Prject, LX. Hyndman, R. D., and S. M. Peacck (23), Serpentinizatin f the frearc mantle, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212, Isacks, B. L., and M. Barazangi (1977), Gemetry f Beniff Znes: Lateral Segmentatin and Dwnwards Bending f the Subducted Lithsphere, in Island Arcs. Deep Sea Trenches. and Back-Arc Basins, edited by M. Talwani and W. C. Pitman, pp , American Gephysical Unin, Washingtn, D.C. Karig, D. E. (1971a), Origin and develpment f marginal basins in the western Pacific, Jurnal /Gephysical Research, 76, Karig, D. E. (1971 b), Structural histry f the Mariana island arc system, Gelgical Sciety / America Bulletin, 82, Karig, D. E., and B. Ranken (1983), Marine gelgy f the frearc regin, suthern Mariana island arc, in The Tectnic and Gelgic Evlutin /the Sutheast Asian Seas 79

89 and Islands: Part 2, edited by D. E. Hayes, pp , American Gephysical Unin, Washingtn, D. C. Kat, T., J. Beavan, T. Matsushima, Y. Ktake, J. Camach, and S. Naka (23), Gedetic Evidence f Back-arc Spreading in the Mariana Trugh, Gephyscial Research Letters, 3, di:1o.129/22gloi6757. Katsumata, M., and L. Sykes (1969), Seismicity and tectnics f the western Pacific: Izu Mariana-Carline and Ryukyu-Taiwan regins, Jurnal f Gephysical Research 74, Kitada, K., N. Seama, T. Yamazaki, Y. Ngi, and K. Suyehir (26), Distinct reginal differences in crustal thickness alng the axis f the Mariana Trugh, inferred frm gravity anmalies, Gechemistry, Gephysics, Gesystems, 7,1.129/25GCOO1119. LaTraille, S. L., and D. M. Hussng (198), Crustal structure acrss the Mariana island arc, in The Tectnic and Gelgic Evlutin f Sutheast Asian Seas and Islands, edited by D. E. Hayes, pp , American Gephysical Unin, Washingtn, D. C. Letuzey, J. (199), Fault reactivatin, inversin and fld-thrust belt, in Petrleum and Tectnics in Mbile Belts, edited by J. Letuzey, pp , Technip, Paris. Letuzey, J., P. Werner, and A. Marty (199), Fault reactivatin and structural inversin. Backarc and intraplate cmpressive defrmatins. Example f the eastern Sunda shelf (Indnesia), Tectnphysics, 183, Martinez, F., P. Fryer, N. A. Baker, and T. Yamazaki (1995), Evlutin fbackarc rifting: Mariana Trugh, 2_24 N, Jurnal f Gephysical Research, 1, Martinez, F., P. Fryer, and N. Becker (2), Gephysical Characteristics f the Suthern Mariana Trugh, 11 5'N-13 4'N, Jurnal f Gephysical Research,15, 16, ,68. Miller, M. S., A. Grbatv, and B. L N. Kennett (25), Hetergeneity within the subducting Pacific slab beneath the Izu-Bnin-Mariana arc: Evidence frm tmgraphy using 3D ray tracing inversin techniques, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 235, Miller, M. S., B. L. N. Kennett, and G. S. Lister (24),lmaging changes in mrphlgy, gemetry, and physical prperties f the subducting Pacific plate alng the lzu-bnin Mariana arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Mrzwski, C. L., and D. E. Hayes (1979), The evlutin f the Parece Vela Basin, eastern Philippine Sea, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 46, Mrzwski. C. L., and D. E. Hayes (198), A seismic reflectin study f faulting in the Mariana fre arc, in The Tectnic and Gelgic Evlutin f Sutheast Asian Seas and 8

90 Islands, Gephysical Mngraph Series 23, edited by D. E. Hayes, pp , AGU, Washingtn D.C. Mrzwski, C. L., D. E. Hayes, and B. Taylr (1981), Multichannel seismic reflectin surveys f Leg 6 sites, Deep Sea Drilling Prject, in Init. Repts. DSDP, 6, edited by D. M. Hussng and S. Uyeda, pp , U.S. Gvt. Printing Office, Washingtn D.C. Nakanishi, M., K. Tamaki, and K. Kbayashi (1992), A new Meszic ischrn chart f the nrthwestern Pacific Ocean: Palemagnetic and tectnic implicatins, Gephysical Research Letters, 19, Oakley, A. J., B. Taylr, E. L. Chapp, and O. Mre (26), Imaging the subducting Pacific plate beneath the Mariana Frearc, Es Trans. AGU, Fall meeting Supp, T53A Okin, K., S. Kasuga, and Y. Ohara (1998), A new scenari f the Parece Vela Basin genesis, Marine Gephysical Researches, 2, Sctt, R., and L. Krenke (1983), Evlutin f back arc spreading and arc vlcanism in the Philippine Sea: Interpretatin f Leg 59 DSDP results, in The Tectnic and Gelgic Evlutin f Sutheast Asian Seas and Islands, edited by D. Hayes, pp , American Gephysical Unin. Washingtn, D.C. Sctt, R. B., L. W. Krenke, G. Zakariadze, and A. Sharaskin (198), Evlutin f the Suth Philippine Sea: Deep Sea Drilling Prject Leg 59 Results, in Initial Reprts f the Deep Sea Drilling Prject, edited by L. W. Krenke, et ai., pp , U. S. Gvernment Printing Office, Washingtn, D. C. Sdrlias, M., W. R. Rest, and R. D. Muller (24), An expressin f Philippine Sea Plate rtatin: the Parece Vela and Shikku Basins, Tectnphysics, 394, Seama, N., and T. Fujiwara (1993), Gemagnetic anmalies in the Mariana Trugh, I8 D N, in Preliminary Reprt f the Hakuh-Maru Cruise KH92-I, edited by J. Segawa, pp. 7-73, Ocean Research Institute, Univ. f Tky, Tky. Sharp, W., and D. Clague (26), 5-Ma Initiatin f Hawaiian-Emperr Bend Recrds Majr Change in Pacific Plate Mtin, Science, 313, Shipbard Scientific Party (1978a), Site 447: East side f the West Philippine Basin, in Prceedings f the Deep Sea Drilling Prject, Initial Reprts, edited by S. Orlfsky, pp , Deep Sea Drilling Prgram, Cllege Statin. Shipbard Scientific Party (1978b), Site 448: Palau-Kyushu Ridge, in Deep Sea Drilling Prject, Initial Reprts, edited by S. Orlfsky, pp , Deep Sea Drilling Prgram, Cllege Statin. 81

91 Shipbard Scientific Party (1978c), Site 458: Mariana Fre-Arc, in Prceedings f the Deep Sea Drilling Prgram, Initial Reprts, Leg 6, edited by M. Hussng and S. Uyeda, pp Deep Sea Drilling Prgram. Cllege Statin. Shipbard Scientific Party (1978d), Site 459: Mariana Fre-Arc, in Prceedings f the Deep Sea Drilling Prject, Initial Reprt, Leg 6, edited by M. Hussng and S. Uyeda, pp , Deep Sea Drilling Prgram, Cllege Statin. Shipbard Scientific Party (199Oa), Site 787, in Prceedings f the Ocean Drilling Prgram, Initial Reprts, Vl. 126, edited by B. Taylr and K. Fujika, pp , Cllege Statin. Shipbard Scientific Party (199b), Site 792, in Prceedings f the Ocean Drilling Prgram, Initial Reprts, Vl. 126, edited by B. Taylr and K. Fujika, pp , Ocean Drilling Prgram, Cllege Statin. Shipbard Scientific Party (199Oc), Site 793, in Prceedings f the Ocean Drilling Prgram, Initial Reprts, Vl. 126, edited by B. Taylr and K. Fujika, pp , Ocean Drilling Prgram, Cllege Statin. Stern, R., M. J. Fuch, and S. L. Klemper (23), An verview f the Izu-Bnin-Mariana Subductin Factry, in Inside the Subductin Factry, Gephysical Mngraph 138, edited by J. Eiler and M. Hirschmann, pp , American Gephysical Unin. Stern, R. J., and N. C. Smt (1998), A bathymetric verview f the Mariana frearc, The IslandArc, 7, Taylr, B. (1992), Rifting and the vlcanic-tectnic evlutin f the Izu-Bnin-Mariana arc, in Prceedings f the Ocean Drilling Prgram, Scientific Results, 126, edited by B. Taylr, et al., pp , Ocean Drilling Prgram, Cllege Statin, TX. Taylr, B., and A. Gdliffe (24), The West Philippine Basin and the initiatin f subductin, revisited, Gephysical Research Letters, 31, di: IO.I29/24GL2136. Taylr, B., G. Mre, A. Klaus, M. Systrm, P. Cper, and M. MacKay (Eds.) (199), Multichannel seismic survey f the central Izu-Bnin Arc, 51-6 pp. Tricart, P., and M. Lemine (1986), Frm faulted blcks t megamullins and megabudins: Tethyan heritage in structures in the Alps, Tectnics, 5, Uyeda, S. (1982), Subductin znes: An intrductin t cmparative subductlgy, Tectnphysics Van Hrn, B. (1987 ), Structural evlutin, timing and tectnic style f the Sle Pit inversin, in Cmpressinal Intra-Plate Defrmatin in the Alpine Freland, edited by P. A. Ziegler, pp

Basin development and deposition of the Bongaya Formation in the Pitas Area, Northern Sabah.

Basin development and deposition of the Bongaya Formation in the Pitas Area, Northern Sabah. Ge. Sc. Malaysia, Bulletin 29, July 1991; pp. 183-193 Basin develpment and depsitin f the Bngaya Frmatin in the Pitas Area, Nrthern Sabah. F. TONGKUL Earth Science Dept., Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

More information

Plate Tectonics and the Fossil Record

Plate Tectonics and the Fossil Record Plate Tectnics and the Fssil Recrd Accrding t the thery f plate tectnics, the earth's surface is dynamic. The current cnfiguratin f its land and cean masses is the result f mtins that have ccurred ver

More information

o Land and water both are heated by solar radiation, but land

o Land and water both are heated by solar radiation, but land Benchmark: SC.D.l.4.1 The student knws hw climatic patterns n Earth result frm an interplay f many factrs (Earth's tpgraphy, its rtatin'tn its axis, slar radiatin, the transfer f heat energy where the

More information

ACCELEROGRAPH RECORDINGS OF THE M USA EARTHQUAKE 16 SEPTEMBER, 1972

ACCELEROGRAPH RECORDINGS OF THE M USA EARTHQUAKE 16 SEPTEMBER, 1972 115 ACCELEROGRAPH RECORDINGS OF THE M USA EARTHQUAKE 16 SEPTEMBER, 1972 B.Gauir SUMMARY On 16 September, 1972 at 04 15 09.8 UT an earthquake f magnitude ML 5.0 ccurred in sutheast Papua within abut 20

More information

MAJOR 40,000m GOLD EXPLORATION DRILLING PROGRAM COMMENCES

MAJOR 40,000m GOLD EXPLORATION DRILLING PROGRAM COMMENCES 2 Nvember 2016 MAJOR 40,000m GOLD EXPLORATION DRILLING PROGRAM COMMENCES Highlights A majr explratin drilling prgram has cmmenced n the Tampia Gld Prject t scpe the extent f the knwn gld resurce thrugh

More information

Introduction to Spacetime Geometry

Introduction to Spacetime Geometry Intrductin t Spacetime Gemetry Let s start with a review f a basic feature f Euclidean gemetry, the Pythagrean therem. In a twdimensinal crdinate system we can relate the length f a line segment t the

More information

GEOL 2920C The Sedimentary Rock Cycle of Mars & Earth Eberswalde fan deposits: deltaic or alluvial? Deltas at Aeolis Dorsa(?

GEOL 2920C The Sedimentary Rock Cycle of Mars & Earth Eberswalde fan deposits: deltaic or alluvial? Deltas at Aeolis Dorsa(? GEOL 2920C The Sedimentary Rck Cycle f Mars & Earth Week 12 Basin Scale Prcesses n Mars I (April 16, 2018) Discussin Pints, Key Equatins, Key Figures (prepared by Jesse Tarnas) Eberswalde fan depsits:

More information

GEOGRAPHY 3340 EXAM 1 NOTES AND STUDY GUIDE

GEOGRAPHY 3340 EXAM 1 NOTES AND STUDY GUIDE GEOGRAPHY 3340 EXAM 1 NOTES AND STUDY GUIDE Sctt Phillips NOTE: This guide is t cver sme f the main tpics we have discussed but des nt cver everything n the exam. T d well, yu need t als read and study

More information

Interference is when two (or more) sets of waves meet and combine to produce a new pattern.

Interference is when two (or more) sets of waves meet and combine to produce a new pattern. Interference Interference is when tw (r mre) sets f waves meet and cmbine t prduce a new pattern. This pattern can vary depending n the riginal wave directin, wavelength, amplitude, etc. The tw mst extreme

More information

Mountain Building Web Activity -- Predictions (Multiple-Choice)

Mountain Building Web Activity -- Predictions (Multiple-Choice) Muntain Building Web Activity -- Predictins (Multiple-Chice) Instructins: The fllwing questins are designed t assess students knwledge f muntain building prcesses befre interacting with a muntain building

More information

GAUSS' LAW E. A. surface

GAUSS' LAW E. A. surface Prf. Dr. I. M. A. Nasser GAUSS' LAW 08.11.017 GAUSS' LAW Intrductin: The electric field f a given charge distributin can in principle be calculated using Culmb's law. The examples discussed in electric

More information

52. PETROCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS AND PLUTONIC ROCKS, LEG 37, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT

52. PETROCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS AND PLUTONIC ROCKS, LEG 37, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 52. PETROCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS AND PLUTONIC ROCKS, LEG 37, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT Lenid Dmitriev, Institute f Gechemistry, Academy f Sciences f the USSR, Mscw, USSR INTRODUCTION During Leg 37 ceanic

More information

making triangle (ie same reference angle) ). This is a standard form that will allow us all to have the X= y=

making triangle (ie same reference angle) ). This is a standard form that will allow us all to have the X= y= Intrductin t Vectrs I 21 Intrductin t Vectrs I 22 I. Determine the hrizntal and vertical cmpnents f the resultant vectr by cunting n the grid. X= y= J. Draw a mangle with hrizntal and vertical cmpnents

More information

Chapter 1 Notes Using Geography Skills

Chapter 1 Notes Using Geography Skills Chapter 1 Ntes Using Gegraphy Skills Sectin 1: Thinking Like a Gegrapher Gegraphy is used t interpret the past, understand the present, and plan fr the future. Gegraphy is the study f the Earth. It is

More information

Chapter 31: Galaxies and the Universe

Chapter 31: Galaxies and the Universe Chapter 31: Galaxies and the Universe Sectin 1: The Milky Way Galaxy Objectives 1. Determine the size and shape f the Milky Way, as well as Earth s lcatin within it. 2. Describe hw the Milky Way frmed.

More information

Sections 15.1 to 15.12, 16.1 and 16.2 of the textbook (Robbins-Miller) cover the materials required for this topic.

Sections 15.1 to 15.12, 16.1 and 16.2 of the textbook (Robbins-Miller) cover the materials required for this topic. Tpic : AC Fundamentals, Sinusidal Wavefrm, and Phasrs Sectins 5. t 5., 6. and 6. f the textbk (Rbbins-Miller) cver the materials required fr this tpic.. Wavefrms in electrical systems are current r vltage

More information

ENGI 4430 Parametric Vector Functions Page 2-01

ENGI 4430 Parametric Vector Functions Page 2-01 ENGI 4430 Parametric Vectr Functins Page -01. Parametric Vectr Functins (cntinued) Any nn-zer vectr r can be decmpsed int its magnitude r and its directin: r rrˆ, where r r 0 Tangent Vectr: dx dy dz dr

More information

Elisabeth Nadin Greg Hirth Jason Saleeby

Elisabeth Nadin Greg Hirth Jason Saleeby Origins and Strength f the Prt-Kern Canyn Fault, Sierra Nevada Bathlith, and implicatins fr the strength f cntinental lithsphere alng a lnglived transpressinal fault Elisabeth Nadin Greg Hirth Jasn Saleeby

More information

35. GEOLOGY OF THE ARUBA GAP ABYSSAL PLAIN NEAR DSDP SITE 153. H. R. Hopkins, Esso Production Research Co., Houston, Texas

35. GEOLOGY OF THE ARUBA GAP ABYSSAL PLAIN NEAR DSDP SITE 153. H. R. Hopkins, Esso Production Research Co., Houston, Texas 35. GEOLOGY OF THE ARUBA GAP ABYSSAL PLAIN NEAR DSDP SITE 153 H. R. Hpkins, Ess Prductin Research C., Hustn, Texas SUMMARY The drilling f DSDP Site 153 adjacent t tw prcessed seismic lines prvided an pprtunity

More information

14. Which shows the direction of the centripetal force acting on a mass spun in a vertical circle?

14. Which shows the direction of the centripetal force acting on a mass spun in a vertical circle? Physics 0 Public Exam Questins Unit 1: Circular Mtin NAME: August 009---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Which describes

More information

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 94, NO. B9, PAGES 12,239-12,265, SEPTEMBER 10, 1989

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 94, NO. B9, PAGES 12,239-12,265, SEPTEMBER 10, 1989 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 94, NO. B9, PAGES 12,239-12,265, SEPTEMBER 10, 1989 GEOTHERMAL MEASUREMENTS IN THE NORTHERN RED SEA: IMPLICATIONS FOR LITHOSPHERIC THERMAL STRUCTURE AND MODE OF EXTENSION

More information

How do scientists measure trees? What is DBH?

How do scientists measure trees? What is DBH? Hw d scientists measure trees? What is DBH? Purpse Students develp an understanding f tree size and hw scientists measure trees. Students bserve and measure tree ckies and explre the relatinship between

More information

14. Which shows the direction of the centripetal force acting on a mass spun in a vertical circle?

14. Which shows the direction of the centripetal force acting on a mass spun in a vertical circle? Physics 3204 Public Exam Questins Unit 1: Circular Mtin NAME: August 2009---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. Which

More information

1. Introduction. Lab 4 - Geophysics 424, October 29, One-dimensional Interpretation of Magnetotelluric Data

1. Introduction. Lab 4 - Geophysics 424, October 29, One-dimensional Interpretation of Magnetotelluric Data Lab 4 - Gephysics 424, Octber 29, 2018 One-dimensinal Interpretatin f Magnettelluric Data Lab reprt is due by 5 p.m. Nvember 5, 2018 All late reprts require a valid reasn t be accepted. Include answers

More information

Plate 5. Giovanni Paolo Panini, The Interior of the Pantheon, Oil on canvas. Detroit Museum of Art

Plate 5. Giovanni Paolo Panini, The Interior of the Pantheon, Oil on canvas. Detroit Museum of Art The Rman Panthen One f the mst impressive structures f Rman antiquity is the Panthen (never t be cnfused with the Parthenn in Athens). Its supervising architect was the Rman emperr Hadrian. It was built

More information

3D FE Modeling Simulation of Cold Rotary Forging with Double Symmetry Rolls X. H. Han 1, a, L. Hua 1, b, Y. M. Zhao 1, c

3D FE Modeling Simulation of Cold Rotary Forging with Double Symmetry Rolls X. H. Han 1, a, L. Hua 1, b, Y. M. Zhao 1, c Materials Science Frum Online: 2009-08-31 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vls. 628-629, pp 623-628 di:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.623 2009 Trans Tech Publicatins, Switzerland 3D FE Mdeling Simulatin f Cld

More information

Preparation work for A2 Mathematics [2017]

Preparation work for A2 Mathematics [2017] Preparatin wrk fr A2 Mathematics [2017] The wrk studied in Y12 after the return frm study leave is frm the Cre 3 mdule f the A2 Mathematics curse. This wrk will nly be reviewed during Year 13, it will

More information

Unit C Review Notes. Theory of Deep Time

Unit C Review Notes. Theory of Deep Time Unit C Review Ntes Thery f Deep Time Types f evidence: Anecdtal vs. Instrumental Direct vs. Indirect Relative dating vs. radiactive dating Steps t calculating the age f a mineral using radiactive dating:

More information

Sediment Basin (SB) Description. Appropriate Uses. Design and Installation

Sediment Basin (SB) Description. Appropriate Uses. Design and Installation Descriptin A sediment basin is a temprary pnd built n a cnstructin site t capture erded r disturbed sil transprted in strm runff prir t discharge frm the site. Sediment basins are designed t capture site

More information

Chapter 30: Stars. B. The Solar Interior 1. Core : the combining of lightweight nuclei into heavier nuclei

Chapter 30: Stars. B. The Solar Interior 1. Core : the combining of lightweight nuclei into heavier nuclei Chapter 30: Stars Sectin 1: The Sun Objectives 1. Explre the structure f the Sun. 2. Describe the slar activity cycle and hw the Sun affects Earth. 3. Cmpare the different types f spectra. A. Prperties

More information

UNIT IX: ROCKS NOTES PACKET

UNIT IX: ROCKS NOTES PACKET UNIT IX: Rcks Ntes Packet UNIT IX: ROCKS NOTES PACKET Picture: Lwer Falls n the Genesee River in Rchester, NY. Here the variable weathering rates have expsed a number f unique rck layers all f which are

More information

z = Geometric height (m)

z = Geometric height (m) 13 Z = Geptential height (m) = Lapse rate (6.5 K km -1 ) R = Gas cnstant fr dry air (287 Jkg -1 K) g = Acceleratin f gravity (9.8 ms -2 ) TS = Surface Temperature (K) p = Initial air pressure (Assumptin:

More information

A Polarimetric Survey of Radio Frequency Interference in C- and X-Bands in the Continental United States using WindSat Radiometry

A Polarimetric Survey of Radio Frequency Interference in C- and X-Bands in the Continental United States using WindSat Radiometry A Plarimetric Survey f Radi Frequency Interference in C- and X-Bands in the Cntinental United States using WindSat Radimetry Steven W. Ellingsn Octber, Cntents Intrductin WindSat Methdlgy Analysis f RFI

More information

Nye County Groundwater Evaluation Drilling Program. Levi Kryder Nye County NWRPO May 5, 2011

Nye County Groundwater Evaluation Drilling Program. Levi Kryder Nye County NWRPO May 5, 2011 Nye Cunty Grundwater Evaluatin Drilling Prgram Levi Kryder Nye Cunty NWRPO May 5, 2011 Outline Grundwater Evaluatin prgram Drilling prgram bjectives Brehle lcatins Data cllectin Results by gegraphic lcatin

More information

37 Maxwell s Equations

37 Maxwell s Equations 37 Maxwell s quatins In this chapter, the plan is t summarize much f what we knw abut electricity and magnetism in a manner similar t the way in which James Clerk Maxwell summarized what was knwn abut

More information

February 28, 2013 COMMENTS ON DIFFUSION, DIFFUSIVITY AND DERIVATION OF HYPERBOLIC EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE DIFFUSION PHENOMENA

February 28, 2013 COMMENTS ON DIFFUSION, DIFFUSIVITY AND DERIVATION OF HYPERBOLIC EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE DIFFUSION PHENOMENA February 28, 2013 COMMENTS ON DIFFUSION, DIFFUSIVITY AND DERIVATION OF HYPERBOLIC EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE DIFFUSION PHENOMENA Mental Experiment regarding 1D randm walk Cnsider a cntainer f gas in thermal

More information

The Destabilization of Rossby Normal Modes by Meridional Baroclinic Shear

The Destabilization of Rossby Normal Modes by Meridional Baroclinic Shear The Destabilizatin f Rssby Nrmal Mdes by Meridinal Barclinic Shear by Jseph Pedlsky Wds Hle Oceangraphic Institutin Wds Hle, MA 0543 Abstract The Rssby nrmal mdes f a tw-layer fluid in a meridinal channel

More information

20 Faraday s Law and Maxwell s Extension to Ampere s Law

20 Faraday s Law and Maxwell s Extension to Ampere s Law Chapter 20 Faraday s Law and Maxwell s Extensin t Ampere s Law 20 Faraday s Law and Maxwell s Extensin t Ampere s Law Cnsider the case f a charged particle that is ming in the icinity f a ming bar magnet

More information

Matter Content from State Frameworks and Other State Documents

Matter Content from State Frameworks and Other State Documents Atms and Mlecules Mlecules are made f smaller entities (atms) which are bnded tgether. Therefre mlecules are divisible. Miscnceptin: Element and atm are synnyms. Prper cnceptin: Elements are atms with

More information

Evaluation of the outdoor thermal environment in redevelopment buildings in front of Osaka Station based on observations

Evaluation of the outdoor thermal environment in redevelopment buildings in front of Osaka Station based on observations Academic Article Jurnal f Heat Island Institute Internatinal Vl. 9-2 (2014) Evaluatin f the utdr thermal envirnment in redevelpment buildings in frnt f Osaka Statin based n bservatins Kentar Ayama *1 Sae

More information

Chemistry 20 Lesson 11 Electronegativity, Polarity and Shapes

Chemistry 20 Lesson 11 Electronegativity, Polarity and Shapes Chemistry 20 Lessn 11 Electrnegativity, Plarity and Shapes In ur previus wrk we learned why atms frm cvalent bnds and hw t draw the resulting rganizatin f atms. In this lessn we will learn (a) hw the cmbinatin

More information

Module 4: General Formulation of Electric Circuit Theory

Module 4: General Formulation of Electric Circuit Theory Mdule 4: General Frmulatin f Electric Circuit Thery 4. General Frmulatin f Electric Circuit Thery All electrmagnetic phenmena are described at a fundamental level by Maxwell's equatins and the assciated

More information

Cells though to send feedback signals from the medulla back to the lamina o L: Lamina Monopolar cells

Cells though to send feedback signals from the medulla back to the lamina o L: Lamina Monopolar cells Classificatin Rules (and Exceptins) Name: Cell type fllwed by either a clumn ID (determined by the visual lcatin f the cell) r a numeric identifier t separate ut different examples f a given cell type

More information

Chapter 2 GAUSS LAW Recommended Problems:

Chapter 2 GAUSS LAW Recommended Problems: Chapter GAUSS LAW Recmmended Prblems: 1,4,5,6,7,9,11,13,15,18,19,1,7,9,31,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,51,55,57,61,6,69. LCTRIC FLUX lectric flux is a measure f the number f electric filed lines penetrating

More information

Astronomical Orientation of Caves in Ajantha and Ellora

Astronomical Orientation of Caves in Ajantha and Ellora Astrnmical Orientatin f Caves in Ajantha and Ellra M. N. Vahia 1, A. P. Jamkhedkar 2 and Parag Mahajani 3 1. Tata Institute f Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Email: vahia@tifr.res.in)

More information

Author(s) OKANO, Kennosuke; HIRANO, Isamu.

Author(s) OKANO, Kennosuke; HIRANO, Isamu. Title Seismic Attenuatin in Relatin t Vicinity f Kyt Authr(s) OKANO, Kennsuke; HIRANO, Isamu Citatin Bulletin f the Disaster Preventin 22(2): 97-11 Issue Date 1973-2 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124823

More information

UC A-G Earth Science. Gorman Learning Center (052344) Basic Course Information

UC A-G Earth Science. Gorman Learning Center (052344) Basic Course Information UC A-G Earth Science Grman Learning Center (052344) Basic Curse Infrmatin Title: UC A-G Earth Science Transcript abbreviatins: A-G Earth Sci / A-G Earth Sci Length f curse: Full Year Subject area: Labratry

More information

Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell

Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell 6.5 Natural Cnvectin in Enclsures Enclsures are finite spaces bunded by walls and filled with fluid. Natural cnvectin in enclsures, als knwn as internal cnvectin, takes place in rms and buildings, furnaces,

More information

AP Statistics Notes Unit Two: The Normal Distributions

AP Statistics Notes Unit Two: The Normal Distributions AP Statistics Ntes Unit Tw: The Nrmal Distributins Syllabus Objectives: 1.5 The student will summarize distributins f data measuring the psitin using quartiles, percentiles, and standardized scres (z-scres).

More information

Preparation work for A2 Mathematics [2018]

Preparation work for A2 Mathematics [2018] Preparatin wrk fr A Mathematics [018] The wrk studied in Y1 will frm the fundatins n which will build upn in Year 13. It will nly be reviewed during Year 13, it will nt be retaught. This is t allw time

More information

Lecture 17: Free Energy of Multi-phase Solutions at Equilibrium

Lecture 17: Free Energy of Multi-phase Solutions at Equilibrium Lecture 17: 11.07.05 Free Energy f Multi-phase Slutins at Equilibrium Tday: LAST TIME...2 FREE ENERGY DIAGRAMS OF MULTI-PHASE SOLUTIONS 1...3 The cmmn tangent cnstructin and the lever rule...3 Practical

More information

To get you thinking...

To get you thinking... T get yu thinking... 1.) What is an element? Give at least 4 examples f elements. 2.) What is the atmic number f hydrgen? What des a neutral hydrgen atm cnsist f? Describe its "mtin". 3.) Hw des an atm

More information

1.2.1 Vectors. 1 P age. Examples What is the reference vector angle for a vector that points 50 degrees east of south?

1.2.1 Vectors. 1 P age. Examples What is the reference vector angle for a vector that points 50 degrees east of south? 1.2.1 Vectrs Definitins Vectrs are represented n paper by arrws directin = magnitude = Examples f vectrs: Examples What is the reference vectr angle fr a vectr that pints 50 degrees east f suth? What is

More information

Physics 2010 Motion with Constant Acceleration Experiment 1

Physics 2010 Motion with Constant Acceleration Experiment 1 . Physics 00 Mtin with Cnstant Acceleratin Experiment In this lab, we will study the mtin f a glider as it accelerates dwnhill n a tilted air track. The glider is supprted ver the air track by a cushin

More information

Study Group Report: Plate-fin Heat Exchangers: AEA Technology

Study Group Report: Plate-fin Heat Exchangers: AEA Technology Study Grup Reprt: Plate-fin Heat Exchangers: AEA Technlgy The prblem under study cncerned the apparent discrepancy between a series f experiments using a plate fin heat exchanger and the classical thery

More information

ASTRODYNAMICS. o o o. Early Space Exploration. Kepler's Laws. Nicolaus Copernicus ( ) Placed Sun at center of solar system

ASTRODYNAMICS. o o o. Early Space Exploration. Kepler's Laws. Nicolaus Copernicus ( ) Placed Sun at center of solar system ASTRODYNAMICS Early Space Explratin Niclaus Cpernicus (1473-1543) Placed Sun at center f slar system Shwed Earth rtates n its axis nce a day Thught planets rbit in unifrm circles (wrng!) Jhannes Kepler

More information

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion Writing Assignment Essay n Kepler s Laws. Yu have been prvided tw shrt articles n Kepler s Three Laws f Planetary Mtin. Yu are t first read the articles t better understand what these laws are, what they

More information

Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 8 Thermochemistry (Continued), Electromagnetic Radiation, and Line Spectra

Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 8 Thermochemistry (Continued), Electromagnetic Radiation, and Line Spectra Chem 115 POGIL Wrksheet - Week 8 Thermchemistry (Cntinued), Electrmagnetic Radiatin, and Line Spectra Why? As we saw last week, enthalpy and internal energy are state functins, which means that the sum

More information

Project CONVERGE 1/13/15. How to Read CONVERGE CODAR Imagery Data Primer

Project CONVERGE 1/13/15. How to Read CONVERGE CODAR Imagery Data Primer Hw t Read CONVERGE CODAR Imagery Data Primer Overall Ntes abut the data: Everything is in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which is 5 hurs ahead f the east cst. All time is presented in military time, which

More information

DATING LUNAR SURFACE FEATURES BY USING CRATER FREQUENCIES* T. J. Kreiter

DATING LUNAR SURFACE FEATURES BY USING CRATER FREQUENCIES* T. J. Kreiter DATING LUNAR SURFACE FEATURES BY USING CRATER FREQUENCIES* T. J. Kreiter Divisin f Space Sciences Jet Prpulsin Labratry Califrnia Institute f Technlgy INTRODUCTION Several theries have been advanced relating

More information

AGM PRESENTATION 22 nd MAY Exploration Opportunities in Tanzania: Why Aminex believes in the potential of the Nyuni and Ruvuma PSAs

AGM PRESENTATION 22 nd MAY Exploration Opportunities in Tanzania: Why Aminex believes in the potential of the Nyuni and Ruvuma PSAs AGM PRESENTATION 22 nd MAY 2013 Explratin Opprtunities in Tanzania: Why Aminex believes in the ptential f the Nyuni and Ruvuma PSAs Intrductin Aminex has been in Tanzania since 2002 when the East African

More information

SOIL PROPERTIES STUDY NOTES

SOIL PROPERTIES STUDY NOTES SOIL PROPERTIES STUDY NOTES UNIT I SOIL PROPERTIES Objectives and Values f Getechnical Engineering Physical prperties f sil Phase relatins, Grain size distributin, Atterberg Limits, Sil descriptin and

More information

17 IMPACT PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES

17 IMPACT PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES 17 IMPACT PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES 17-1 Impact resistance is the ability f a material t absrb and dissipate energies under impact r shck lading. The respnse t impact lads ranges frm lcalized damage t ttal

More information

Physics 2B Chapter 23 Notes - Faraday s Law & Inductors Spring 2018

Physics 2B Chapter 23 Notes - Faraday s Law & Inductors Spring 2018 Michael Faraday lived in the Lndn area frm 1791 t 1867. He was 29 years ld when Hand Oersted, in 1820, accidentally discvered that electric current creates magnetic field. Thrugh empirical bservatin and

More information

Electric Current and Resistance

Electric Current and Resistance Electric Current and Resistance Electric Current Electric current is the rate f flw f charge thrugh sme regin f space The SI unit f current is the ampere (A) 1 A = 1 C / s The symbl fr electric current

More information

Department of Economics, University of California, Davis Ecn 200C Micro Theory Professor Giacomo Bonanno. Insurance Markets

Department of Economics, University of California, Davis Ecn 200C Micro Theory Professor Giacomo Bonanno. Insurance Markets Department f Ecnmics, University f alifrnia, Davis Ecn 200 Micr Thery Prfessr Giacm Bnann Insurance Markets nsider an individual wh has an initial wealth f. ith sme prbability p he faces a lss f x (0

More information

Erosion and sediment transport measurement

Erosion and sediment transport measurement 49 Ersin and sediment transprt measurement (Prceedings f the Flrence Sympsium, June 1981) Sme bservatins n the mvement f cbbles n a streambed LUNA B. LEOPOLD Department f Gelgy and Gephysics University

More information

o o IMPORTANT REMINDERS Reports will be graded largely on their ability to clearly communicate results and important conclusions.

o o IMPORTANT REMINDERS Reports will be graded largely on their ability to clearly communicate results and important conclusions. BASD High Schl Frmal Lab Reprt GENERAL INFORMATION 12 pt Times New Rman fnt Duble-spaced, if required by yur teacher 1 inch margins n all sides (tp, bttm, left, and right) Always write in third persn (avid

More information

Biplots in Practice MICHAEL GREENACRE. Professor of Statistics at the Pompeu Fabra University. Chapter 13 Offprint

Biplots in Practice MICHAEL GREENACRE. Professor of Statistics at the Pompeu Fabra University. Chapter 13 Offprint Biplts in Practice MICHAEL GREENACRE Prfessr f Statistics at the Pmpeu Fabra University Chapter 13 Offprint CASE STUDY BIOMEDICINE Cmparing Cancer Types Accrding t Gene Epressin Arrays First published:

More information

Lesson Plan. Recode: They will do a graphic organizer to sequence the steps of scientific method.

Lesson Plan. Recode: They will do a graphic organizer to sequence the steps of scientific method. Lessn Plan Reach: Ask the students if they ever ppped a bag f micrwave ppcrn and nticed hw many kernels were unppped at the bttm f the bag which made yu wnder if ther brands pp better than the ne yu are

More information

Comprehensive Exam Guidelines Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University

Comprehensive Exam Guidelines Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University Cmprehensive Exam Guidelines Department f Chemical and Bimlecular Engineering, Ohi University Purpse In the Cmprehensive Exam, the student prepares an ral and a written research prpsal. The Cmprehensive

More information

Differentiation Applications 1: Related Rates

Differentiation Applications 1: Related Rates Differentiatin Applicatins 1: Related Rates 151 Differentiatin Applicatins 1: Related Rates Mdel 1: Sliding Ladder 10 ladder y 10 ladder 10 ladder A 10 ft ladder is leaning against a wall when the bttm

More information

Indnesian Jurnal n Gescience, Vl August 2015: E 110 E 115 E Sumatra Sunda- Asri Basin Belitung Basin J AVA S E A SE limit f Cretaceu

Indnesian Jurnal n Gescience, Vl August 2015: E 110 E 115 E Sumatra Sunda- Asri Basin Belitung Basin J AVA S E A SE limit f Cretaceu Indnesian Jurnal n Gescience Vl. 2. 2 August 2015: 101-110 IDOESIA JOURAL O GEOSCIECE Gelgical Agency Ministry f Energy and Mineral Resurces Jurnal hmepage: h p://ijg.bgl.esdm.g.id ISS 2355-9314 (Print),

More information

12. GEOCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS FROM THE NORWEGIAN-GREENLAND SEA, LEG 38, DSDP

12. GEOCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS FROM THE NORWEGIAN-GREENLAND SEA, LEG 38, DSDP 12. GECHEMISTRY F BASALTS FRM THE NRWEGIAN-GREENLAND SEA, LEG 38, DSDP H. Raschka and F.-J. Eckhardt, Bundesanstalt für Gewissenschaften und Rhstffe, Hannver, Germany INTRDUCTIN The main bjectives f these

More information

Flipping Physics Lecture Notes: Simple Harmonic Motion Introduction via a Horizontal Mass-Spring System

Flipping Physics Lecture Notes: Simple Harmonic Motion Introduction via a Horizontal Mass-Spring System Flipping Physics Lecture Ntes: Simple Harmnic Mtin Intrductin via a Hrizntal Mass-Spring System A Hrizntal Mass-Spring System is where a mass is attached t a spring, riented hrizntally, and then placed

More information

Hubble s Law PHYS 1301

Hubble s Law PHYS 1301 1 PHYS 1301 Hubble s Law Why: The lab will verify Hubble s law fr the expansin f the universe which is ne f the imprtant cnsequences f general relativity. What: Frm measurements f the angular size and

More information

Unit 5: Surface Processes

Unit 5: Surface Processes Unit 5: Surface Prcesses What are the prcesses that shape ur Earth? Name: 1 Tpics: Weathering: Physical vs. Chemical Sil Frmatin Agents f Ersin Stream Velcity and Transprted Particle Size Changes caused

More information

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF OUTFLOW OPENING FOR PREDICTING CROSS-VENTILATION FLOW RATE

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF OUTFLOW OPENING FOR PREDICTING CROSS-VENTILATION FLOW RATE EXPERIMENTAL STUD ON DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF OUTFLOW OPENING FOR PREDICTING CROSS-VENTILATION FLOW RATE Tmnbu Gt, Masaaki Ohba, Takashi Kurabuchi 2, Tmyuki End 3, shihik Akamine 4, and Tshihir Nnaka 2

More information

Chapter 11: Atmosphere

Chapter 11: Atmosphere Chapter 11: Atmsphere Sectin 1: Atmspheric Basics Objectives 1. Describe the cmpsitin f the atmsphere. 2. Cmpare and cntrast the varius layers f the atmsphere. 3. Identify three methds f transferring energy

More information

ABSORPTION OF GAMMA RAYS

ABSORPTION OF GAMMA RAYS 6 Sep 11 Gamma.1 ABSORPTIO OF GAMMA RAYS Gamma rays is the name given t high energy electrmagnetic radiatin riginating frm nuclear energy level transitins. (Typical wavelength, frequency, and energy ranges

More information

Multipole Vortices in an ECR Plasma

Multipole Vortices in an ECR Plasma J. Plasma Fusin Res. SERIES, Vl. 4 (2001) 363-36'l Multiple Vrtices in an ECR Plasma OKAMOTO Atsushi*, ISHIHARA Tatsuz, NAGAOKA Kenichi, YOSHIMURA Shinjit and TANAKA Masayshi y.r Nagya University, Nagya

More information

Name: Period: Date: ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY

Name: Period: Date: ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Name: Perid: Date: ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant

More information

COASTAL ENGINEERING Chapter 2

COASTAL ENGINEERING Chapter 2 CASTAL ENGINEERING Chapter 2 GENERALIZED WAVE DIFFRACTIN DIAGRAMS J. W. Jhnsn Assciate Prfessr f Mechanical Engineering University f Califrnia Berkeley, Califrnia INTRDUCTIN Wave diffractin is the phenmenn

More information

Standard Title: Frequency Response and Frequency Bias Setting. Andrew Dressel Holly Hawkins Maureen Long Scott Miller

Standard Title: Frequency Response and Frequency Bias Setting. Andrew Dressel Holly Hawkins Maureen Long Scott Miller Template fr Quality Review f NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-1 Frequency Respnse and Frequency Bias Setting Basic Infrmatin: Prject number: 2007-12 Standard number: BAL-003-1 Prject title: Frequency

More information

NAME TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY. I. Introduction

NAME TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY. I. Introduction NAME TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY I. Intrductin Temperature is the single mst imprtant factr in determining atmspheric cnditins because it greatly influences: 1. The amunt f water vapr in the air 2. The pssibility

More information

Activity Guide Loops and Random Numbers

Activity Guide Loops and Random Numbers Unit 3 Lessn 7 Name(s) Perid Date Activity Guide Lps and Randm Numbers CS Cntent Lps are a relatively straightfrward idea in prgramming - yu want a certain chunk f cde t run repeatedly - but it takes a

More information

Flipping Physics Lecture Notes: Simple Harmonic Motion Introduction via a Horizontal Mass-Spring System

Flipping Physics Lecture Notes: Simple Harmonic Motion Introduction via a Horizontal Mass-Spring System Flipping Physics Lecture Ntes: Simple Harmnic Mtin Intrductin via a Hrizntal Mass-Spring System A Hrizntal Mass-Spring System is where a mass is attached t a spring, riented hrizntally, and then placed

More information

Subject description processes

Subject description processes Subject representatin 6.1.2. Subject descriptin prcesses Overview Fur majr prcesses r areas f practice fr representing subjects are classificatin, subject catalging, indexing, and abstracting. The prcesses

More information

Forensic Science. Group: Background information

Forensic Science. Group: Background information Frensic Science Grup: Backgrund infrmatin One f the graduate students in the Department f Bilgy n the campus f the University f Flrida went missing. A week later, a crime scene was discvered n a remte

More information

General Chemistry II, Unit I: Study Guide (part I)

General Chemistry II, Unit I: Study Guide (part I) 1 General Chemistry II, Unit I: Study Guide (part I) CDS Chapter 14: Physical Prperties f Gases Observatin 1: Pressure- Vlume Measurements n Gases The spring f air is measured as pressure, defined as the

More information

Phys101 Final Code: 1 Term: 132 Wednesday, May 21, 2014 Page: 1

Phys101 Final Code: 1 Term: 132 Wednesday, May 21, 2014 Page: 1 Phys101 Final Cde: 1 Term: 1 Wednesday, May 1, 014 Page: 1 Q1. A car accelerates at.0 m/s alng a straight rad. It passes tw marks that are 0 m apart at times t = 4.0 s and t = 5.0 s. Find the car s velcity

More information

A Quick Overview of the. Framework for K 12 Science Education

A Quick Overview of the. Framework for K 12 Science Education A Quick Overview f the NGSS EQuIP MODULE 1 Framewrk fr K 12 Science Educatin Mdule 1: A Quick Overview f the Framewrk fr K 12 Science Educatin This mdule prvides a brief backgrund n the Framewrk fr K-12

More information

Analysis of Curved Bridges Crossing Fault Rupture Zones

Analysis of Curved Bridges Crossing Fault Rupture Zones Analysis f Curved Bridges Crssing Fault Rupture Znes R.K.Gel, B.Qu & O.Rdriguez Dept. f Civil and Envirnmental Engineering, Califrnia Plytechnic State University, San Luis Obisp, CA 93407, USA SUMMARY:

More information

ENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL THERMODYNAMIC, FLUID AND PROCESS ENGINEERING C106 TUTORIAL 5 THE VISCOUS NATURE OF FLUIDS

ENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL THERMODYNAMIC, FLUID AND PROCESS ENGINEERING C106 TUTORIAL 5 THE VISCOUS NATURE OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL THERMODYNAMIC, FLUID AND PROCESS ENGINEERING C106 TUTORIAL 5 THE VISCOUS NATURE OF FLUIDS On cmpletin f this tutrial yu shuld be able t d the fllwing. Define viscsity

More information

Modelling of Clock Behaviour. Don Percival. Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA

Modelling of Clock Behaviour. Don Percival. Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA Mdelling f Clck Behaviur Dn Percival Applied Physics Labratry University f Washingtn Seattle, Washingtn, USA verheads and paper fr talk available at http://faculty.washingtn.edu/dbp/talks.html 1 Overview

More information

3. Design of Channels General Definition of some terms CHAPTER THREE

3. Design of Channels General Definition of some terms CHAPTER THREE CHAPTER THREE. Design f Channels.. General The success f the irrigatin system depends n the design f the netwrk f canals. The canals may be excavated thrugh the difference types f sils such as alluvial

More information

Chariot Oil & Gas Limited

Chariot Oil & Gas Limited Charit Oil & Gas Limited Giant Namibian Prspects defined fr the first time n 3D Seismic - The next phase: Drilling NAPE Exp HOUSTON 10 12 February 2010 www.charitilandgas.cm NAMIBIA A FRONTIER BASIN The

More information

Computational modeling techniques

Computational modeling techniques Cmputatinal mdeling techniques Lecture 2: Mdeling change. In Petre Department f IT, Åb Akademi http://users.ab.fi/ipetre/cmpmd/ Cntent f the lecture Basic paradigm f mdeling change Examples Linear dynamical

More information

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Waterloo. Introduction

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Waterloo. Introduction Sectin 4: Sequential Circuits Majr Tpics Types f sequential circuits Flip-flps Analysis f clcked sequential circuits Mre and Mealy machines Design f clcked sequential circuits State transitin design methd

More information

Homology groups of disks with holes

Homology groups of disks with holes Hmlgy grups f disks with hles THEOREM. Let p 1,, p k } be a sequence f distinct pints in the interir unit disk D n where n 2, and suppse that fr all j the sets E j Int D n are clsed, pairwise disjint subdisks.

More information