11. The scientists enter the volcano crater by helicopter to check for

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1 Name Dante s Peak 1. Describe two natural phenomena shown in the opening scene during the eruption of the volcano., 2. Why has Harry Dalton been called to the Northern Cascades? 3. U.S.G.S. stands for the United States. 4. What is the depth of the seismic activity at Dante's Peak? 5. What kind of spring are Twonset Springs? 6. Dr. Dalton is not a geologist, he is a. 7. Dr. Dalton is checking the water at the high lake for. What is the reading on the meter? 8. What is Dr. Dalton's theory about the cause for the death of trees and wildlife in the area? 9. Dalton describes the volcano as not dead, but: 10. What tools do the seismologist use to monitor the volcano? 11. The scientists enter the volcano crater by helicopter to check for 12. How did the scientists test the seismometer that they just buried? 13. The instruments recorded microquakes per day. 14. Dr. Dalton says that the 2.9 shallow quake that caused the rock slide was: 15. How has the volcano changed the town's water supply? 16. The scientists know an eruption is imminent because the are swarming and the readings increase. 17. Describe some of the damage effects caused by the strong quakes: 18. What effects occur as a result of the volcano's eruption? 19. How has the lake changed since the eruption? 20. The eruption melts the snow off the top of the mountain (volcano), which effects the surrounding rivers. What problems are caused by the changes in the river? 21. How does the force of the pyroclastic cloud effect trees and structures?

2 Name How Do Igneous Rocks Form? Go to: scroll down to chapter 6 and click on How Do Igneous Rocks Form? Step 1: How Do Igneous Rocks Form? Describe the texture of the four rock samples, use the proper terminology. Sample #1 Sample #3 Sample #2 Sample #4 Step 2: Describing Rock Textures After clicking on each rock sample what are the descriptions for the following? Coarse-grained texture- Glassy texture- Porphyritic texture- Fine-grained texture- In the fine-grained sample, what are vesicles? Step 3: Igneous Rock Textures How is porphyritic texture related to the other two categories of texture? Step 4: Identifying Igneous Rock Textures Identify the texture of each of the igneous rocks below as coarse-grained, fine-grained or porphyritic: Sample #1 Sample #4 Sample #2 Sample #5 Sample #3 Sample #6 Step 5: Igneous Rock Crystallization Animations What occurs in the magma chamber? What type of igneous texture is found in the pyroclastic flow? What occurs in the lava illustration? Step 6: Igneous Rock Textures and Cooling Rates Identify the cooling rate (fast, slow, or two-staged) and cooling environment (magma chamber, eruption from volcano, or deep cooling followed by eruption) of the rock in each image. Sample #1 Sample #4 Sample #2 Sample #5 Sample #3 Sample #6

3 r r.t'"-.,-. NAME DATE ~ ~_ Igneous Rocks Lab Objective: To identify Igneous Rocks. Materials: Igneous Rock Identification Chart, 10 Rock specimens, hand lens, pencil. Procedure: The following instructions are for using the Igneous Rock Identification Chart to aid you in identifying the rocks. 1. Determine if the rock is light (white, light gray, or pink) or dark (black, dark gray, green) in color. If it darker, you will be looking at the right half ofthe chart. Ifit is lighter, you will be looking at the left. half ofthe chart. Find the appropriate column and proceed to step Observe the texture. Is the rock fine grained or coarse grained?': Is it glassy. fine grained with large crystals (porphyritic) or frothy? Locate the texture at.~'~ rock with very fine grains would be Basalt, a Very light, coarse grained rock. would be Granite. 3. After identifying the rock, read down the column to the "Mineral Composition» section. Listthe minerals found in your rock. 4. Refer to your Igneous Rock Chart and fill in the following information about your rock: Your rock's name. color (light, medium, or dark) texture, mineral composition, arid whether the rock is intrusive or extrusive. =~'=,,,,,,,,,,- ~ 'e.,...~_... ",.- the'l6ff61'ftre'totamn:--tdeiffityibe-ro-chllidde,-'phlexampfu.a very <JacJr... Word Bank: These are the names ofthe Rocks you will see in this activity: Rhyolite, Pumice, Gabbro, Granite. Obsidian, Basalt. Andesite, Scoria,...,hS'Y, Diorite. Gi'r I.. Questions: Use complete sentences. 1. What characteristic ofigneous rocks did you find most useful when identifying them? Explain, 2. What causes some rocks having the same composition (for example, Granite.. atldrhyolite) to have d~fferent ap,""pe=... =", 'Ul~...~.c~e~s~?~~~~~~~ Conclusion: For your conclusion, choose one ofthe rocks from the lab and write a short story (a few sentences) about how it was formed. Be sure to mention ifthe rock is intrusive or extrusive and the minerals it's made from.."." - -. '._ -."_.. '".' -."...,.-.,.,...,.. -:."'1-..,..., _.,.~ ~_._ ".'..

4 . --~_.._-._- -- Scheme for I neous Rock Identification, I ipforf1{. Granite I Gabbro I I I i ZoNA I I ZOMe I Zone o I ZOft. E \ 10M. I I ~ IJ' 1 I r(/'~ I I I I I I I I :>c..orif,. I O~t I I I ~hyolite :Attltsfk. 80salt I ()b;j.,~ FINE I. ~ ,I---COMPOSITION t--~...~ f------density-. ~~--...:.--+--~ ;...---'---t----. COLOR 'l~.,..... ~.... t... t,!)ci) &1>." DETSIl Pumice- Frothy glass> pure silica, floats in water Obsidian- Volcanic glass, black-with gray spots Opal- smooth, white volcanic rock, opaque

5 r 0\ V\.p. W tv J--O z C S cr ~, z 8 (l).. _ "'~ _....--"_.---',. "'-~'-'-'---' _-.-...~.....-' - ".-"~ - _.-..-~_., ' -,",....-" o >-t... -.'. --. ~ ~ f '-~ 1'-'-.._--,-,...._---_.. 1--'---'~-"-.-._.. o.g 0 ~ S ~~~ 1'-..._'. '.".-.'_.'.-- I---"'-'~-""'-- '---_._~ 0 0.=S _... rn I-i =s g... 2! ti) til _. _. -e -e (l) 0--.

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7 Notes on Rocks and Volcanoes- Chapter 10, 7 Name Date Class Vocabulary List (Number, write and define these words on another sheet of paper, those that have a * please illustrate, be creative!) (39 total) intrusion lava plateau* dike* sill* petrologist extrusion petrology porphyry* laccolith* batholith* stock* igneous rock volcanic neck* volcanic mountain aa* caldera Cinder cone composite volcano* crater felsic lava Fissure hot spot* lapilli lava Mafic lava* magma pahoehoe* pillow lava Pyroclastic material shield volcano* stratovolcano* tephra Vent* volcanic ash volcanic block volcanic bomb Volcanic dust volcanism volcano Introduction to Rocks A. Definition 1. A rock is a consolidated mixture of, rocks are classified by. 2. The earth is almost entirely rock to a depth of 2900 kilometers (1800 miles) B. History 1. Humans have been using rocks for a long time 2. Examples: Stonehenge in, the Great Pyramids of, the Great Wall of China C. Composition 1. Most rocks are composed of a combination of eight elements (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium) 2. make up 75% of the earth s surface D. Terminology 1. - the study of rocks 2. - a scientist who studies rocks 3. - solid rock attached to the earth 4. - a large, loose rock lying on the surface 5. - bedrock visible on the earth s surface 6. - an open pit where rock is taken out of the ground for other uses E. Types of rocks 1. Igneous rocks are rocks formed from the cooling and hardening of molten rock (from the Latin word ignis, which means 2. Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed from the pressing together and cementing of 3. Metamorphic rocks are rocks formed when existing rocks are changed by (meta means change) F. The Rock Cycle

8 1. The earth s surface may seem permanent but over time the surface has changed dramatically 2. Rocks don t remain igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic, they change from one kind to another this is called the Igneous Rocks Types of igneous rocks 1. (plutonic)- form from magma deep inside the earth 2. (volcanic)- form from lava on the earth s surface A. Igneous rocks are classified by their texture (shape, size, arrangement of minerals) 1. Four textures: a. - resembles glass and is shiny, no crystals form (not enough time, cooled instantly) -example: Obsidian b. - made of interlocking minerals crystals that can only be seen under a microscope (cooled rapidly) -example: Basalt c. - made of interlocking mineral crystals that are visible to the naked eye (cooled slowly) -examples: Granite d. - consists of large crystals and small crystals -example: porphyry B. Families of igneous rocks 1. family - light colored (felsic); rich in quartz, muscovite mica and orthoclase feldspar, a. Granite - coarse-grained; forms Mount Rushmore b. Rhyolite - fine-grained; forms when lava flows harden c. Obsidian - glassy; volcanic glass; conchoidal fracture d. Pumice - glassy; volcanic glass; very light; floats on water 2. - dark-colored (mafic), rich in hornblende, biotite mica, plagioclase feldspar and augite a. Gabbro- coarse-grained b. Basalt- fine-grained; forms when lava flows harden C. Igneous rock Formations 1. a. Largest igneous intrusion (covers an area over 100 sq. kil), form core of many mountain ranges 2. a. Similar to batholith but covers less than 100 sq. kilometers 3. a. Lake of rock, magma flows between layers of rock and spreads upward 4.

9 a. A intrusion that pushes between layers of rock but does not arch them up. b. example: Palisades of the Hudson River, NY 5. Dike a. A intrusion that cuts across other rock layers b. example: Spanish Peaks in Colorado 6. Lava Plateau a. an extrusive formation that forms when lava flows out over a flat area of the earth and cools b. Example:, northwestern U.S. 7. Volcanic neck a. a plug of hardened magma in the of an old volcano b. examples: Ship Rock, NM; Devil s Tower, WY; Kimberly diamond mines of South Africa 7.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1.What happens when melted rock in the crust? -, slowly pushes up due to being less dense than solid crust sometimes rising to the surface in the form of lava -the opening through which lava flows onto the surface is called the and the buildup of material around the surface is called the volcano 2.What causes volcano formation at a subduction zone? -Heat from the mantle and friction between the moving plates melts the subducted plate into magma, some of it rises to the surface forming either volcanic mountains along a 3.What causes volcano formation along divergent boundaries? -Greatest amount of magma comes to the surface along mid-ocean ridges, magma rises to the surface through 4.What are fissures, and why are they found in Iceland? -Fissures are cracks through which lava flows, - has them because it at the mid-atlantic ridge, one side of the country is on the N. American plate and one side is on the Eurasian plate 5.What are hot spots? -Stationary points in the middle of lithospheric plates where magma penetrates to form volcanoes -Though the hot spot stays in one place, the lithospheric plate moves carrying away a volcano from the hot spot and creating a new one ex: 7.2 Volcanic Eruptions 1.Why are volcanoes considered windows? -The lava that comes from volcanoes provides an opportunity for scientists to study the material that comes from 2.What types of lava can come out of a volcano? - - dark colored, rich in magnesium and iron, usually of oceanic crust origin

10 - -a light colored, contains silica, lesser amounts of magnesium and iron, usually from melted continental crust -Other lavas have a range of compositions that fall between the mafic and felsic lavas 3.How is mafic lava further classified by the Hawaiians? - -lava that cools with a wrinkled harden surface, sometimes ropey - - lava that cools rapidly and breaks into jagged chunks as the liquid below continues to flow, sharp, blocky shapes -Why do you think they called Aa lava by that name? - -when lava flows out of fissures on the ocean floor, it cools rapidly in rounded shapes, found along mid-ocean ridges 4. What determines if a volcano will have a quiet eruption? - usually produce mafic lava which is very hot and thin, flows almost like water, gas can escape so lava flows like a river -ex: Hawaiian Islands produce quiet eruptions 5.What determines if a volcano will have an explosive eruption? -Continental volcanoes usually contain that tend to be cooler and thicker, contain large amounts of trapped gas (water vapor and carbon dioxide), the buildup of gases eventually leads to an explosive eruption sending debris high into the air 6.What is tephra and how is it classified? -Also called are rock fragments ejected from a volcano ->0.25 mm- - can travel around the world in the upper atmosphere -0.25mm-2 mm= ->64mm= (Latin for little stones), generally falls near the vent - - lava that is ejected through the air, cools and develops a round spindle shape - -largest tephra formed from solid rock from the fissure can be as large as a house! 7. What are shield cones? -Volcanoes that are broad at the base and have gentle sloping sides, results of quiet eruptions, layers of mafic lava flow out of the vent and build up to form the cone, sometimes growing to heights of - are shield volcanoes built up from the ocean floor at a hot spot 8. What are cinder cones? -Explosive volcanoes that are formed entirely of solid fragments ejected from the volcano, have very steep sides are rarely more than a 1,800 feet tall -many cinder cones found in 9.What are composite volcanoes? -Also called, have both quiet and explosive eruptions resulting in alternating layers of tephra and lava, reach heights of 5,000-20,000 feet - are examples of composite volcanoes 10.How does a Caldera form? -When a volcano s magma chamber is emptied, the cone may collapse or a large enough explosion can completely destroy the cone leaving behind a basin shaped depression -ex:

11 11.What tools and hints does a volcanologist use to predict a volcanic eruption? - - predict small earthquakes around the volcano, result of growing pressure on surrounding rocks due to rising magma - in the rocks -Slight bulging of the surface of a volcano can be detected by sensitive instruments -The composition given off by a volcano -knowledge of Impact on Society: Krakatau (page 125) In 1883, what effects did this huge eruption have on the surrounding S. Pacific area? 1.Series of eruptions from May-August, last eruption 8/27/1883 was heard all the way in - 2.Thick cloud of ash kept the area in total darkness for 2.5 days, ash buried all remaining life that was left on the island 3.Triggered tsunamis over in Java and Sumatra 4.Altered sunsets around the world for and lowered global temperatures by 0.27 Celsius, altering climate worldwide for up to 10 years What would be the advantages and disadvantages of volcanoes? -Advantages:, make fertile soil, attract tourists, allow scientists to study earth s interior (geothermal) -Disadvantages: cause loss of 7.3 Extraterrestrial Volcanism 1.Without convection currents, how could the moon be a site of volcanism? -A long period of intense meteorite bombardment may have created enough heat in the upper layers of 2.What is the largest volcano in the solar system? -, a shield volcano on Mars rises almost 18 miles above the surface (Everest is almost 6 miles tall) 3.Where is the most volcanically active body in the solar system, how is it different than Earth? -, a moon of Jupiter ejects as much material in one month as the Mt. St. Helen s eruption in Io s volcanoes erupt material that is primarily sulfur and sulfur dioxide giving the moon a yellow-red color -Due to the extreme gravity of Jupiter, the surface is under extreme stress probably the reason for volcanism

12 When Yellowstone Explodes (30 Points) What do you already know about Yellowstone? Read the article When Yellowstone Explodes Part I As you read, HIGHLIGHT interesting and important points that you will summarize and reflect on when you are finished. Mark up the article with?? marks to show any areas of confusion. Put a * next to vocabulary that you don t know. 1. What is a Supervolcano? What is the difference between a volcano and a supervolcano? 2. Describe in detail what an eruption of a supervolcano must have been like. 3. What is the Yellowstone caldera? Describe how it formed.

13 4. Describe the most recent of the three super-eruptions. How long ago did this occur? 5. What are the effects that the entire planet must have felt? 6. How does the Yellowstone caldera appear now? 7. Describe two ways the past eruptions are felt in the present.

14 Part II 1. During Doane s time the volcano beneath Yellowstone was thought to be extinct. How was it determined that the volcano was still alive? (In your answer include the findings of Boyd, Christiansen and Smith). 2. Why does Bob Smith refer to Yellowstone as the living, breathing, shaking caldera. 3. How do Smith and his colleagues attempt to see beneath the park? Why is this important?

15 Write a one page reflection: How is the supervolcano of Yellowstone a threat to man and our environment? Include a brief summary of the article and what you found interesting. Reflect on the findings of those who have researched Yellowstone. Compare/contrast the Yellowstone Volcano with the volcano in the Philippines we saw in the video, In the Path of a Killer Volcano. Will Yellowstone erupt again? What do you think will happen?

16 Name "In the Path of a Killer Volcano" 1. Which volcano is the focus of this video? Where is it located? When did it erupt? 2. Every year, about how many volcanic eruptions happen worldwide? 3. What is the difference between an extinct volcano, a dormant volcano, and an active volcano? How long had it been since the volcano in this video last erupted? 4. What volcanic gas do scientists look for when magma rises beneath a volcano? 5. What types of evidence did the scientists use to try to predict when the volcano would erupt? What were the different warning stages? 6. Why might scientists hesitate to evacuate an area around a volcano when there is a possibility of a large eruption? 7. What did Mt. Pinatubo do during the first throat-clearing part of the eruption? 8. From what distance away from the volcano were people evacuated? 9. What damage resulted from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo? 10. How did the size of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption compare to the Mt. St. Helens eruption?

17 11. What atmospheric/climatic effects did the eruption of Pinatubo have? 12. How successful were the scientists in predicting the eruption?