Apply Rock Mechanics in Reservoir Characterization Msc Julio W. Poquioma

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1 Apply Rock Mechanics in Reservoir Characterization Msc Julio W. Poquioma Chief Reservoir Engineer PetroSA Mobil: Aberdeen, April / 2012

2 Content Introduction Theory Tools Application Conclusion

3 Introduction Geomechanics is an Engineering discipline that study the mechanical behaviour of the geological materials (rock and soil) under extremes changes (stress, strain, temperature, chemical).

4 Rock Mechanics in Field Development

5 Reservoir Characterization Process GEOPHYSIC STUDY Horizonts Correlations Fault Maps Seismic Stratigraphy Isopac Maps Seismic Attributes Seismic Inversion Facies Map, Porosity GEOLOGICAL MODEL Depositional Distribution Facies Distributions Petrophysical Prop. Distribution Structural Configuration Geological History Flow Units Barriers GEOSTATISTIC ANALYSIS Reservoir Properties Maps Facies Map Well Tendency Distribution Geostatistical Modeling Equiprobable Geological Models EXPLOTATION STRATEGY ECONOMICAL EVALUATION GEOLOGICAL STUDY Stratigraphycs Correlations Core Descriptions Sedimentology Facies Interpretation Structural Analysis Petropysical Analysis Diagenisis Geometry/Pore Type GEOMECHANIC STUDY Tests: Mechanics Strengh, Stress Direction and Magnitud, Inyectivity Test Breakouts, Ovalizations Digital Sonic Wells Operation Evaluation Natural Fracture Orientation PETROPHYSICAL STUDY Cut-offs determination Parameters : m, n, Qv Properties: Sw, K, ANP Fluid contacts Reservoir zonification Cross Plot GEOMECHANICAL MODEL Areal Distribution on: Stress Magnitud Stress Direction Rock Mechanic Strength Rock Modulus Natural Fracture RESERVOIR ENG. STUDIES Well Testing Analisis (WTA) Production by Flow Unit Decline Curves PVT Analysis Drive Mechanism Special Core Analysis (SCAL) Production Logs (PLT) Productivity Index (PI) Material Balance Reserves Calculations Development Potential RESERVOIR MODEL Grid Building Rock and Fluid Properties Flow Units Zonification Units Geometries Barriers and Acuifers NUMERICAL SIMULATION Initialization History Match Petropysical Properties Dist. Facies with Petropysical Properties Structural Configuration Geological History Flow Units Barriers Production Forecast Value Forecast Regulation and Costs Distribución Propofisicas Market Behaviour Sensibilities DEVELOPMENT PLAN Well Drilling Infrastructure Well Stimulation Workovers Enhanced Oil Recovery EXECUTION STRATEGIC Workflow and Plan Costs Risks

6 Geological Stress State There are three stresses originally in equilibrium: Sv or vertical stress, SH or maximum horizontal stress and, Sh or minimum (least) horizontal stress.

7 Mechanical Shear Resistance t co f : Shear resistance. : Cohesive resistance. : Internal friction angle.

8 Principal Stresses Direction From Core Analysis ASR DSA New Technology Old Technology

9 Principal Stresses Direction From Log Analysis Six Arms Caliper Image Logs

10 Principal Stresses Magnitude Vertical Stress (Overburden) From Density logs From Correlation

11 Principal Stresses Magnitude Minimum and Maximum Horizontal Stresses From Injectivity Test (Microfrac / Minifrac or XLOT)

12 Rock Mechanics Tools Laboratory Test Field Test Geological Core Analysis Petrophysical Logs Well Model Numerical Reservoir Simulation Coupled with Geomechanics

13 Theoretical Analysis Stress State Rock Properties Analytical Solutions Elasticity and Poroelasticity Plasticity and Poroplasticity Numerical Solutions Finite Differential Method Finite Elements Method

14 Modelling and Simulation Well Modelling. Structural Geological, Modelling Stress, Strain, Temperature and Flow. Numerical Reservoir Simulation, Coupled with Rock Mechanics.

15 Application of Rock Mechanics Structural Geology Wellbore Stability Hydraulic Fracturing Sand Production Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Unconsolidated Sand Reservoirs Tight Sand and Shale Gas

16 Wellbore Stability

17 Mud Window Pp Pore Pressure Mw Minimum Mud Weight Sh Minimum Horizontal Stress Fp Fracture Pressure

18 Hydraulic Fracturing

19 Sand Production Mechanical Resistance vs Destabilizing Stresses. Mechanical Resistance Depends on Rock Properties and Stresses State Around It. Destabilizing Stresses Depends on Stress, Pressure Drawdown and Drag Forces Inherent to the Fluid.

20 Sand Production A reduction of Pwf causes an increase in the tangential stress and a reduction in the radial stress. Thus, increase the shear stress. The increase of drawdown causes an increase in the shear stress, until achieve the limit of the shear resistance.

21 Perforation Stability in Consolidated Sand

22 Erosion in Surface Tools Due Sanding From Sand Management Forum, 2004.

23 Separator Full of Sand From Sand Management Forum, 2004.

24 Sand Control Gravel Pack Prepack Borehole screen Optimum choke size according critical Pwf (sonic / simulator) and production monitoring Hydraulic fracturing High inclined (slant) wells Oriented perforation under balance

25 Gravel Pack Conventional casing High shoot density Charges with big diameter, bypassing the damaged zone After perforation, cleaning and crossover circulation Very useful technique

26 Prepack Screens

27 Fracpack More than 60% of offshore wells in USA has been completed fracpack Tip screenout fractures (short and wide fracs) combined in a gravel pack operation. Bypassing damaged zone Reduce the production of fines due an optimum drawdown and flow velocity

28 Perforation Phase and Density Model

29 Oriented Perforation Under Balance Results, experience somewhere in Venezuela

30 Conclusions Reduce uncertainties in the Reservoir Characterization Optimize Drilling Trajectory/Completion Activities Optimize Perforations/Hydraulic Fracturing Sand Control (Preventive / Corrective Methods) Naturally Fracture Reservoirs Subsidence and Compaction Strategic Optimal Development Plan by Numerical Reservoir Simulation Coupled with Geomechanics

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