The Pliocene Flora from the Yushe Basin of Shanxi Province and its Environmental Significance
|
|
- Michael Franklin
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Pliocene Flora from the Yushe Basin of Shanxi Province and its Environmental Significance Jiaxin Cao and Haiting Cui (Department of Geography, Peking University) Scientia Geologica Sinica October, 1989 pp Translated by Will Downs Department of Geology Bilby Research Center Northern Arizona University September l990
2 Abstract Pliocene fluviolacustrine deposits within the Yushe Basin of Shanxi Province are extremely well developed, and contain abundant paleobotanical remains. Representative taxa from the early to middle Pliocene include: Magnolia, Liquidambar, Platycarya, Tsuga, and others, indicating a northern subtropical dense forest for the landscape of the Yushe basin during that period. There was, however, a trend toward a cold and dry climate. The Yushe region during the late stage of the Pliocene maintained a deciduous and broadleaf forest vegetation similar to the extant plant cover of the southern regions of North China. The extensive distribution of fluviolacustrine deposits in combination with these botanical characteristics indicate a seasonal climate for the Yushe region in the Pliocene. It is evident that annual and seasonal xeric to mesic and cold to warm fluctuations occurred. Introduction The Yushe Basin lies on the eastern Shanxi plateau as a synclinal, disc-shaped dendritic basin. The Pliocene floral collections came from localities in the Wuxiang and Yushe County boundary region, including Wangning, Gezuitou, Zhangcun, and other localities. Paleobotanical specimens came from lacustrine sediments in the lower, middle, and upper sections of the Zhangcun Formation (N 2 2 ). These paleobotanical localities produce copious taxonomically abundant assemblages, which is a rare phenomenon in China with the exception of the localities at Shanwang. Additionally, the region produces abundant fossil mammals, fish, turtles, and insects. Consequently, the Yushe basin is an ideal region for Late Cenozoic paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic research (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Paleobotanical Fossil Localities in the Yushe Basin The vast majority of plant macrofossils collected by the authors are leaves, with an additional small quantity of stems, seeds, fruits, and other elements. The flora is taxonomically rich and well preserved, consisting principally of broadleafed and deciduous trees, with small components from conifers and hydrophytes. I Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoflora Yushe and Wuxiang are located in the Zhuozhanghe River Valley in southeastern Shanxi Province at an altitude of approximately 1,110 meters above sea level. This region constitutes a downwarped Cenozoic basin plateau. During the Pliocene, there was a suite of basins that formed lacustrine bodies where the well-developed fluviolacustrine sediments of the Yushe Group (N2-
3 2 Q1) were deposited. Fluviolacustrine sediments within the basin are older in the east becoming younger in the west. Flow direction was west or northwest. The basin is a monoclinal structure. The depositional sequence from east to west consists of: Lower Pliocene Renjianao Formation, Upper Pliocene Zhangcun Formation, and Lower Pleistocene Louzeyu Formation. These formations are recognized as the Yushe Group. * Paleobotanical specimens were derived from the Zhangcun Formation. The Renjianao Formation is composed of gray-purple and gray-yellow thick gravels grading to thinly bedded purple sandy mudstones and yellow sandstones predominantly concentrated along the eastern bank of the Zhuozhang River as nearly north-south trending depositional bands. It maintains a thickness of over 80 meters (Figure 2, Units 1-4), and overlies Triassic sandstones and shales with a noticeable angular unconformity. This formation may be divided into two members: The lower member is composed of gray-purple gravels derived from the Triassic sandstones with cobble diameters exceeding one meter but generally cm, maintain a low degree of rounding, but are intensely weathered. The upper member consists of gray-yellow gravels dominated by yellow Triassic sandstones and a small amount of quartz gravels with diameters slightly less than the lower member, but relatively highly rounded. A slight angular unconformity lies between the upper and lower members. The depositional environments reflected by these two units differ, with the lower member representing rapid fluvial sedimentation, semiheavy aggradation, and slumping. The second member represents large-scale fluvial sedimentation from large streams with distant sources. It is possible that quartz gravels were deposited secondarily in the upper member of the Renjianao Formation, derived from the Jurassic Heifeng Formation in the northwest corner of this region. Fossils have yet to be recovered from the lower member of the Renjianao Formation, but a few mammalian fossils have been recovered from the sandstones of the upper member. An unconformity between the Renjianao and Zhangcun Formation is recognized by the presence of massive yellow sands grading to thinly bedded purple clays and gray-green, grey-blue, gray-white, and gray-black sandy clays, clays, and calcareous muds. This is characteristic of lacustrine sedimentation, extending over 300 meters in thickness. Deposits dip northwest at angles from 5-15, and are extensively distributed in a series of subbasins of the Zhuozhang River Valley (or the Yushe Basin). The Zhangcun Basin is the most well developed of these subbasins containing the principal fossiliferous deposits of the Yushe Group. Three members may be recognized here based upon their sedimentological characteristics. Exposures are best in the Zhangcun, Louzeyu, and Wangning Tunnel region. Lower member of the Zhangcun Formation: Base is sandy gravels with a fining upward transition to lacustrine deposits of black and variegated organic silts and ponded muds grading again to a number of yellow massive sands. These sediments are distributed around the Wangning Tunnel and localities east of it (Figure 2, Units 5-12). Paleobotanical material is contained within Units 9-11, represented by stems, leaves, branches, fruits, and hydrophytes. Middle member of the Zhangcun Formation: Upper and lower sections of this member may be differentiated with the lower section characterized by large-scale planar, interbedded sandy clays, and thin sands representing shallow lakes. Botanical material has yet to be found here (Figure 2, Units 13-14). The upper section represents the middle of a lake with gray, gray-white, and white sandy clays, clays, calcareous muds, and limestones. Fish as well as a small amount of vertebrate fossils have been recovered from the eye-catching "white unit" in the Zhangcun section (Fig. 2, Unit 15). This section possesses extremely well-developed planar beds that are lamellated, and laminated. Within the laminations are numerous microripples characteristic of central lake deposits. The taxon Hemiptelea sp. is found within the fine yellow gypsiferous sands * Based on the Shanxi Province Stratigraphic Subdivision Chart.
4 3 of this section. Abundant paleobotanical material and fossil fish are contained in a set of extremely organic argillaceous fluvial silts and sands in the vicinity of Gezuitou where there are exposures of swamp facies in the middle member of the Zhangcun Formation. Figure 2. Stratigraphic Cross-section of the Yushe Group at Renjianao, Zhangcun, and Louzeyu (1) Gravel; (2) Sandy gravel; (3) Sands; (4) Sandy clay; (5) Clays; (6) Calcareous muds; (7) Swamp deposits; (8) "R" laterite; (9) Lishi Loess; (10) Malan Loess; (11) Fossiliferous rocks; Units 1-4 Renjianao Fm. (N 1 2 ); Unit 5 Basal sandy gravels of Zhangcun Fm. (N2 2 ); Units 6-12 Zhangcun lower member variegated lacustrine clays; Units Zhangcun Formation interbedded sands and clays; Unit 15 Zhangcun Formation middle and upper member central lacustrine calcareous muds; Units Zhangcun Formation upper member sands and sandy clays; Units Louzeyu Formation (Q 1 1 ) Upper Member of the Zhangcun Formation: The sediments are composed of yellow sands and silty-sandy mudstones, portions of which are calcareously cemented and grade to silty-sandy mudstones with well-developed lamellations. There is an approximately one-meter-thick layer that is very fossiliferous with paleobotanical material and fossil fish (Figure 2, Units 16-18). The Louzeyu Formation is characterized by massive yellow sandstones grading to thinly bedded gray-purple sandy clays and gray-green sandy clays, with an approximate total thickness of 100 meters, distributed in the upper western tributary basins of the Zhuozhang River, at the western edge of the Yushe Basin. The yellow massive sands are obliquely bedded as well as crossbedded and contain small siliceous gravels. Each sand body may reach up to meters thick. The upper member of this formation grades to three units of grey-green clays and marls. The deposits appear to be dispersed fluvial sediments within the bottom of a desiccated lacustrine basin. The formation dips 3-8 northwest, but where it occurs in the basin's western margins it is deformed and rotated southeast or east, such that there appears to be a small unconformable contact with the underlying Zhangcun Formation, apparently the result of an orogenic erosional surface. The formation is unfossiliferous in paleobotanical material but contains fossil mammals. After preliminary diagnosis of the macro-paleobotanical material, the following taxa have been identified from the lower member of the Zhangcun Formation: Picea sp., Pinus sp., Salix angusta Braun, and Ulmus sp. Hydrophytes include Potamogeton pectinatus L. sp. Pl. (Plate 3), Zannichellia cf. palusturis L. sp. Pl., and others. The middle member of the Zhangcun Formation contains Zelkova ungeri Kouats, Ulmus shansiensis Chaney, and others. The upper member of the Zhangcun Formation contains Quercus miovariablis Hu and Chaney (Plate 4), Q. cf. dentata (Plate 1), Q. cf. liaotungensis Koidz, Q. cf. mongolia Fish and Tarcz, Carpinus cf. miofangiana Hu and Chaney (Plate 4), Carpinus subcordata Nathorst, Acer florinii Hu and Chaney, Acer subpictum Saporta (Plate 2), Acer diabolicum Bl., Zelkova unger Kovat, Ulmus cf. Parvifolia Jacq. Pl., Juglans sp., Pterocarya sp., Cudrania sp., Broutsonetia sp., Populus latior, Salix cf. wallichiana, Albizza sp., Spiraea sp., Evodia sp., Koelreuteria cf. integrifolia, in addition to hydrophytes which include Typha sp.
5 4 Characteristics and Environmental Significance of the Pliocene Yushe Botanical Complex The Pliocene Yushe floral community is dominated by angiosperms with additional small amounts of ferns and gymnosperms. Principal elements include the Fagaceae, Aceraceae, Ulmaceae, and Betulaceae, with secondary occurrences of the Moraceae, Juglandaceae, Salicaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Rosaceae, and the Leguminosae. The most abundant taxa are Quercus, Acer, Fagus, and Carpinus. Warm temperate taxa dominate the assemblage, although there are small amounts of sub-tropical species. The Pliocene lakes of the Yushe basin were extensive with flourishing hydrophytes, hygrophytes, Potamogetonaceae, Typhaceae, and Equisetinae. The presence of these fossil plants represents an important foundation for the interpretation of the paleoclimate and the paleogeographic environment. 1. The Climate and Environment as Interpreted from the Paleobotanical Community Based on their stratigraphic distribution, the Pliocene floral communities of the Yushe Basin may be divided into two phases: the early to middle Pliocene phase, and the late Pliocene phase. The characteristics of these floral complexes reflect climatic conditions during these two phases that were basically the same, both being a semi-mesic monsoonal climate under a southern warm temperate regime. There are also, however, slight discrepancies between the two. The early to middle Pliocene phase botanical fossils found in the black pond and lacustrine mudstones of the lower and middle members of the Zhangcun Formation in the regions around the Wangning Tunnel and the Gezuitou regions are dominated by the deciduous and broadleaf leaves and branches of such genera as Ulmus, Fagus, and Salix, in addition to the Cupressaceae and Pinaceae. Additionally, there are abundant hydrophytes such as Potamogeton. According to additional results of pollen analysis, abundant samples of which were recovered from the grayblack mudstones around the Wangning Tunnel, angiosperm pollen constitutes 82% of the assemblage, while non-arboreal taxa and shrubs constitute 17.5%. Arboreal connifers such as Picea, and the Pinaceae are dominant. The broadleaf Ulmus vastly dominates the assemblage with secondary occurrences of Quercus. Large amounts of the non-arboreal pollen such as the Graminae are also present. Worth noting is the extreme abundance of Pediastrum boryanum in these deposits, reflecting even more the tranquil and clear shallow lake and pond environment during the time of deposition of these sediments. Macrobotanical analysis of a single sample of rock collected by the initial Shanxi Petroleum Brigade from the fluvial muds at the Wangning Tunnel (1973) produced different results, with most abundant taxa being Ulmus, Fagus, and Quercus, and secondarily Celtis, Carya, Liquidambar Platycarya, and Magnolia. In pollen counts, conifers such as the Cupressaceae were most abundant, with secondary occurrences including Pinus and Picea. It may be deduced from the characteristics of the pollen and plant macro-fossils that the early to middle Pliocene floral landscape consisted of mountainous coniferous forests; deciduous broadleaved forests on low mountains or undulating hills; deciduous broadleaf mixed arboreal forests under mesic fluviolacustrine riparian habitats (or mixed forests containing conifers adapted to warm conditions); and hydrophyte communities in shallow lacustrine embayments. These form a single ecological system of clinal habitats. The early to middle Pliocene macro- and microfossils may be divided into the following complexes based upon floral distribution and climatic relationship: 1. Cold semi-mesic to a cold mesic climate typically represented by Picea and Abies: Larix pollen occurs in the lacustrine and pond sediments at Wangning Tunnel indicating the presence of cold winter seasons. Coniferous forests represent the highest altitude habitats.
6 5 2. Warm semi-mesic complex, or a warm conifer forest represented by Cupressus and Pinus: These taxa suggest a warm to slightly xeric low mountain habitat. Additionally, Quercus- Carpinus forests appear within this type of habitat. Under a xeric and hot habitat the proportion of Ulmaceae such as Ulmus and Celtis increases. 3. Warm mesic complex: A complex dense forest community distributed along low mesic riparian regions dominated by tropically adapted deciduous broad leaf taxa including Carya, Platycarya, Rhus, Liquidambar, Zelkova, and others. Additional taxa found within this complex include a small amount of evergreen trees such as Magnolia, and tropically adapted conifers such as Podocarpus and Tsuga. Within the non-arboreal ground cover are the humidity and shadowadapted ferns. 4. Specialized habitats of concealed regions: These include hydrophyte communities represented by Potamogeton and Zannichellia, in addition to pond and hygrophyte plant communities with components such as Typha, Sparganium and Polygonum. Also included are drought-resistant shrub and nonarboreal communities inhabiting sandy beaches including Ephedra, the Gramineae, Artemisia, and the Chenopodiaceae. From the taxonomically rich dicotyledon components, the dominant non-arboreal plant communities of that time should represent a marshland or forested marsh such as found in the Mesozoic era. The upper Pliocene, represented by fossil plants in the Zhangcun region from the upper part of the Zhangcun Formation, is dominated by Quercus, Acer, Carpinus, Fagus, Populus, Salix, and hydrophytes, with secondary occurrences including Broussonetia, Cudrania, Juglans, Albizzia, Euodia, Koelreuteria, and Spiraea. A gradual alteration to a more xeric and cool climate occurred in the late Pliocene, with a decrease of the initial subtropical elements, and a gradual replacement by typical temperate deciduous broadleaf trees. Analysis of the fossil plants collected indicates that the vegetation was dominated by a typical Quercus-Acer-Carpinus forest. The montane conifer forests were principally Pinus-Cupressus. A taxonomically complex Populus- Salix forest was distributed along the riparian regions. Currently, related species with similar ecological characteristics and habitats may be found in modern plant communities allowing paleoecological reconstruction through modern analogue. The structure of the late Pliocene deciduous broadleaf forests was very similar to present models, with numerous taxa within the arboreal canopy maintaining small leaves or deciduous winter leaves. Underneath this canopy grew deciduous shrubs and other elements. In summary, although climate of the late Pliocene gradually trended to cool xeric conditions, the floral cover was still dominated by a semi-xeric summertime-green broadleaf Mesozoic-type forest, with a climatic model basically similar to the temperate seasonal conditions of modern times. 2. A Comparison of the Yushe Floral Community to Similar Floral Communities A comparison between the Pliocene Yushe flora and the Miocene Shanwang flora suggests that aside from sharing numerous dominant elements such as Quercus, Acer, Fagus, Carpinus, Ulmus, and others, both are botanical assemblages typical of a temperate zone. Subtropical evergreen taxa and subtropical broadleaf deciduous taxa found in the Shanwang community diminish noticeably in the Yushe community, including Cinnamomum, Litsea, Ficus, Carya, Sapindus, and Hamamelis, indicating the waning of a subtropical climate in the Yushe region. Yushe climate did not attain the sweltering humidity of the Miocene Shanwang region. However, some subtropical taxa were present at Yushe, reflecting a certain degree of transition between temperate and subtropical climates. The Pliocene Taiyu floral community compares relatively well with the late Pliocene floral complex from the Zhangcun vicinity which contains such genera as Acer, Fagus, and Ulmus, among others. In addition, another collection was made by the current authors from green-yellow silty mudstones in the lower section of lacustrine deposits at Bandaocun Village that contained
7 6 Ulmus shansiensis, Zelkova ungeri, Gleditsia sp., Pterocarya sp., and others, that in combination with the Ulmaceae represent a mixed deciduous broadleaf forest. According to Chaney (1935) and Song (1958), there are large portions of taxonomic similarities between the Pliocene Yushe flora and the Early Pleistocene Sanmen floral community. However, the Sanmen flora contains several elements that are noticeably different, with tropical adapted elements absent, and drought resistant elements noticeably more abundant, such as Ziziphus, Gramineae, and others. It is apparent from the nature of the several floral communities described above that there is a general developmental tendency toward a xeric and cold environment from the Miocene Shanwang flora to the Pliocene Yushe flora, and continuing with the Early Pleistocene Sanmen flora. Within these complexes, the drought-resistant taxa, cold-resistant taxa, and non-arboreal taxa increase proportionally. However, they predominate with other taxa typical of warm temperate zones. Additionally, all these floras share similar geologic backgrounds, regardless of whether discussing the Miocene Shanwang region, the Pliocene Yushe region, or the Early Pleistocene Sanmen Gorge region. These floras are recovered from rocks representing an extensive distribution of fluviolacustrine waters, swamps and marshes, and lacustrine basins surrounded by low rolling hills with few high mountains. Consequently, the deciduous nature of each of the aforementioned three diachronous regions have unique geographical and ecological characteristics, but also maintain similarities. 3. Fossil Plants and Depositional Environment Within the downwarped Pliocene synclinal Yushe Basin were extensively distributed fluviolacustrine river systems with irregularly patterned shorelines in a larger lacustrine basin. These systems also composed a dense network of tributaries flowing into relatively shallow lakes. The lacustrine depositional model is complex, encompassing shore facies, deltaic facies, shallow water, central lake facies, and marsh or swamp deposits. An intimate relationship exists between the taphonomy of the paleobotanical material and the depositional environments, as the flora is principally preserved in well-laminated silty mudstones where fossil leaves are concentrated in deposits representing shallow water facies, swamp facies, and proximal to central lake facies. The plants growing in the vicinity of the lakes at that time were fossilized after transportation by wind or water into the lakes to be entombed within the muddy sands. Fossils of large branches are only recovered from gray-black mudstones representing swamp facies. Several densely compacted leaf units are present, indicating the luxuriant forests surrounding the lakes of that time. These units originated due to depositional conditions favorable to dense concentrations of material where surface waters of the lakes and ponds were tranquil. Based upon analysis of the characteristics reflecting depositional sequence and taphonomic position, the pond and lake environments constituted ideal paleobotanical setting. Contributing to the factors of preservation were the mesic climate around the lakes and ponds, gentle surface relief, fertile soil, shallow lakes with calm surface waters, an abundant source of muddy sands with a rapid rate of deposition, fine and evenly distributed grain size, and well-developed bedding. Consequently, after material such as deciduous leaves dropped into the lacustrine waters they were rapidly buried by muddy sands and preserved as complete paleobotanical specimens that were not readily damaged. The extensive exposures of lacustrine sediments in the Yushe Basin that contain abundant paleontological resources are sufficient to indicate that the Yushe region during the Pliocene was a broad, scenic, vital, and exuberant natural mountain landscape. This is similar to the southeast Shanxi Province region that has a warm temperate, semi-mesic to slightly xeric climate, with an average temperature of 8-10 C, and annual rainfall of mm, dominated by a landscape of deciduous broadleaf forests and thickets of deciduous shrubs.
8 7 Several Points of Conclusion 1. Numerous indicative floral elements occur in the Yushe plant community during the early and middle Pliocene. Taxa including Magnolia, Platycarya, Liquidambar,and Tsuga indicate a certain degree of influence from a persistent subtropical climate, such that a dense forest existed as a northern subtropical transition phase with a large taxonomic proportion of deciduous trees. The presence of drought-resistant herbaceous taxa and small shrubs indicate drrying and cooling climatic trends. This is a noticeably different subtropical forest landscape from that of the Miocene Shanwang region. 2. The late Pliocene Yushe floral community reflects a warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest landscape generally similar to the current flora of the southern regions of North China. This community reflects distinct altitude differentiation regardless of its even distribution. 3. The deciduous nature of the flora in addition to the extensive fluviolacustrine network in the Pliocene Yushe region indicates that atmospheric circulation conditions were similar to current conditions, with features of a seasonal climate. It is evident that xeric to mesic and large temperature fluctuations occurred within a single year. Acknowledgements Guidance and assistance were provided by colleagues Zhaochen Kong and Minghong Chen from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany who reviewed the text. Sincere gratitude is hereby expressed. Bibliography Chaney, R. W., 1935b: An Upper Pliocene Flora from the Sanmenian Series of Shansi Province. Bull. Geol. Soc. China, 14(3), Chaney, R. W., 1933, A Pliocene Flora from Shansi Province. Bull. Geol. Soc China. 14(3), He, Shiyuan et al., 1984: Annals of Peking Botany. Peking Press (in Chinese). Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences et al.: 1978, The Fossil Plants of China (Vol. II) Science Press (in Chinese). Sao, Jiaxin, 1980: Research upon the Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments in the Wuxiang, Taiyu, Yushe Regions of Shanxi. Quaternary Research in China, 5(2), (in Chinese). Sao, Jiaxin, 1985: Depositional Characteristics and Evolution of Late Cenozoic Basin Subsidence at Yushe, Shanxi. Quaternary Research in China, 6(2), (in Chinese). Song, Zhichen, 1958: Research on the Fossil Plants, Spore, and Pollen Complexes from the Sanmen System. Quaternary Research in China 1(1), (in Chinese)
Lab 7: Sedimentary Structures
Name: Lab 7: Sedimentary Structures Sedimentary rocks account for a negligibly small fraction of Earth s mass, yet they are commonly encountered because the processes that form them are ubiquitous in the
More informationSediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment
Sediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment From sediments to sedimentary rocks (transportation, deposition, preservation and lithification) Types of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical and organic) Sedimentary
More informationPaleo Lab #4 - Sedimentary Environments
Paleo Lab #4 - Sedimentary Environments page - 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT Grain size and grain shape: The sizes and shapes of sedimentary particles (grains) are modified considerably during their transportation
More informationDepositional Environments. Depositional Environments
Depositional Environments Geographic area in which sediment is deposited Characterized by a combination of geological process & environmental conditions Depositional Environments Geological processes:
More informationSand. Sand is any eroded material (igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary) that has a grain size from 1/16 th to 2 millimeters in size.
Sedimentology 001 What is sedimentology? Sedimentology...encompasses the study of modern sediments such as sand [1], mud (silt) [2] andclay [3] and understanding the processes that deposit them.[4] It
More informationLecture Outline Wednesday - Friday February 14-16, 2018
Lecture Outline Wednesday - Friday February 14-16, 2018 Quiz 2 scheduled for Friday Feb 23 (Interlude B, Chapters 6,7) Questions? Chapter 6 Pages of the Past: Sedimentary Rocks Key Points for today Be
More informationLake Levels and Climate Change in Maine and Eastern North America during the last 12,000 years
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities December, 2000 Lake Levels and Climate Change in Maine and Eastern North America during the last 12,000 years Text by Robert A. Johnston, Department of Agriculture,
More informationData Repository item
Data Repository (B25407): Localities and descriptions of measured sections of study areas Table 1. Localities of the measured sedimentary sections in the NW Sichuan Basin Section Number Stratigraphy Locality
More informationBIOMES. Definition of a Biome. Terrestrial referring to land. Climatically controlled sets of ecosystems. Characterized by distinct vegetation
BIOMES An Introduction to the Biomes of the World Definition of a Biome Terrestrial referring to land Climatically controlled sets of ecosystems Characterized by distinct vegetation 1 In a Biome There
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationChapter 3 Sedimentation of clay minerals
Chapter 3 Sedimentation of clay minerals 3.1 Clay sedimentation on land 3.2 From land to sea 3.3 Clay sedimentation in the sea 1 3.1 Clay sedimentation on land Deserts Glaciers Rivers Lacustrine 2 University
More information=%REPORT RECONNAISSANCE OF CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT. October 25, 1977
=%REPORT ON FIELD RECONNAISSANCE OF CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT October 25, 1977 Bruce D. Vincent Imperial Oil Limited, Minerals - Coal, CALGARY, ALBERTA CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT Introduction The Chisholm Lake
More informationFossil Kit Laboratory Investigation 4: Fossil Leaves and Climate Change. Desired Results
Fossil Kit Laboratory Investigation 4: Fossil Leaves and Climate Change Investigation Summary: Students observe the properties of leaf size, shape, and margin. Students categorize, or group leaves and
More informationLoess and dust. Jonathan A. Holmes Environmental Change Research Centre
Loess and dust Jonathan A. Holmes Environmental Change Research Centre Why is dust important? Mineral dust is an important constituent of the solid load in Earth's atmosphere, the total atmospheric aerosol
More informationPractice 3rd Quarter Exam Page 1
Name 1. Which characteristic would most likely remain constant when a limestone cobble is subjected to extensive abrasion? A) shape B) mass C) volume D) composition 2. Which activity demonstrates chemical
More informationMOR SEAWAY TEACHERS. A CHANGING LANDSCAPE Activity Overview BIG IDEA
MOR SEAWAY 03 Activity Overview BIG IDEA The Earth and its landscapes change over time. Scientists use the fossil record to understand the Earth s environments and climates millions of years ago. OBJECTIVE
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL DESCRIPTIONS OF OTHER STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS Cherry Creek In its middle reaches, Cherry Creek meanders between three paired terraces within a narrow bedrock valley. The highest is
More informationGlobal Biogeography. Natural Vegetation. Structure and Life-Forms of Plants. Terrestrial Ecosystems-The Biomes
Global Biogeography Natural Vegetation Structure and Life-Forms of Plants Terrestrial Ecosystems-The Biomes Natural Vegetation natural vegetation is the plant cover that develops with little or no human
More informationThe Nature of Sedimentary Rocks
The Nature of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are composed of: Fragments of other rocks Chemical precipitates Organic matter or biochemically produced materials The Nature of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary
More informationGeoCanada 2010 Working with the Earth
Lithofacies Identification and the Implications for SAGD Well Planning in the McMurray Formation, Christina Lake Area, Alberta Travis Shackleton*, Robert Gardner, Sung Youn, Grace Eng and Lori Barth Cenovus
More informationUNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
UNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WHAT ARE SEDIMENTS Sediments are loose Earth materials (unconsolidated materials) such as sand which are transported by the action of water, wind, glacial ice and gravity. These
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Physical Geology GEOL 100. Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationThe Geology of Sebago Lake State Park
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities September, 2002 43 55 17.46 N, 70 34 13.07 W Text by Robert Johnston, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Map by Robert Johnston Introduction Sebago
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationWorld Geography Chapter 3
World Geography Chapter 3 Section 1 A. Introduction a. Weather b. Climate c. Both weather and climate are influenced by i. direct sunlight. ii. iii. iv. the features of the earth s surface. B. The Greenhouse
More informationThe Long-Term History of Oak Woodlands in California Scott Mensing University of Nevada, Reno
The Long-Term History of Oak Woodlands in California Scott Mensing University of Nevada, Reno Miocene ~20 5 MYA Ancestors of modern oaks present in western U.S. Pliocene ~5 2 MYA By end, oaks restricted
More informationSediments and Sedimentary Rocks
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks (Shaping Earth s Surface, Part 2) Science 330 Summer 2005 What is a sedimentary rock? Products of mechanical and chemical weathering Account for about 5 percent of Earth
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 12 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 12 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationEarth s Major Terrerstrial Biomes. *Wetlands (found all over Earth)
Biomes Biome: the major types of terrestrial ecosystems determined primarily by climate 2 main factors: Depends on ; proximity to ocean; and air and ocean circulation patterns Similar traits of plants
More informationGEL 109 Midterm W01, Page points total (1 point per minute is a good pace, but it is good to have time to recheck your answers!
GEL 109 Midterm W01, Page 1 50 points total (1 point per minute is a good pace, but it is good to have time to recheck your answers!) 1. Where in a water flow is there usually a zone of laminar flow even
More informationMinistry of Minerals Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS)
ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ Ministry of Minerals Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) Bentonite Deposits of Omm Ali Area (River Nile State) Sudan By: El Gizouli Ahmed Hamid. February 2011 Abstract The
More informationChapter 7 Part III: Biomes
Chapter 7 Part III: Biomes Biomes Biome: the major types of terrestrial ecosystems determined primarily by climate 2 main factors: Temperature and precipitation Depends on latitude or altitude; proximity
More informationPrimary Structures in Sedimentary Rocks. Engr. Sultan A. Khoso
Primary Structures in Sedimentary Rocks Engr. Sultan A. Khoso Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are those rocks which are formed by the weathered sediments of pre existing rocks (igneous or metamorphic
More informationUnit 3 Review - Surface Processes
Unit 3 Review - Surface Processes 1. Why is the surface of Mercury covered with meteor impact craters, while Earth s surface has relatively few craters? A) Mercury is larger than Earth, so it gets hit
More informationCoso Red Hill and Coso Playa field trip, Prof. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.
HISTORICAL GEOLOGY fall 2016 Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D. FIELD TRIP REPORT: Friday, October 21, 2016: Coso Red Hill & Playa, Coso Junction CA YOUR NAME part 1: COSO RED HILL (you can sample
More informationWhy is it called the "Inland Basins" Region?
Learning Series: Rocks of the Southeastern U. S. The BIG Picture Why is it called the "Inland Basins" Region? Inland from the mountains, the Earth s crust was buckled (downwarped) into a series of depressions
More informationentered a rapid development phase. Annual increased proven reserves are above 500 billion cubic meters (bcm) from 2003, and annual natural gas product
(), entered a rapid development phase. Annual increased proven reserves are above 500 billion cubic meters (bcm) from 2003, and annual natural gas production has increased from 50bcm in 2000 to nearly
More informationSection I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer to each question. Mark your final answer on the answer sheet. (1 pt each)
Sedimentary Rocks & Surface Processes Quest Name: Earth Science 2013 Block: Date: Section I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer to each question. Mark your final answer on the answer sheet. (1 pt each)
More informationObjectives: Define Relative Age, Absolute Age
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth s surface is formed. c. Classify rocks by their process of formation. g. Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface
More informationTropical Climates Zone
Tropical Climates Zone RAIN FOREST CENTRAL AFRICA, SOUTH AMERICA (AMAZON), CENTRAL AMERICA, S.E. ASIA HUMID/WARM ANNUAL RAINFALL 200 CM TYPE #1: TROPICAL DESERT N. AFRICA (SAHARA) & S.W. ASIA < 25 CM
More informationPratice Surface Processes Test
1. The cross section below shows the movement of wind-driven sand particles that strike a partly exposed basalt cobble located at the surface of a windy desert. Which cross section best represents the
More informationSedimentary Environments Chapter 8
Sedimentary Environments Chapter 8 Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. What is a sedimentary rock? Sedimentary rocks are products of
More informationnetw rks Guided Reading Activity Essential Question: How does geography influence the way people live? Earth's Physical Geography
Guided Reading Activity Lesson 1 Earth and the Sun Essential Question: How does geography influence the way people live? Looking at Earth Directions: What are the layers that make up Earth? Use your textbook
More informationFossils, Geologic Time, Absolute & Relative Dating, and Natural Resources. Chapters 5 & 6
Fossils, Geologic Time, Absolute & Relative Dating, and Natural Resources Chapters 5 & 6 How Do Fossils Form? Fossils are found in sedimentary rocks like sandstone, limestone, and shale In Virginia, most
More informationA Pleistocene Mammalian Locality in the Lijiang Basin, Yunnan Province
A Pleistocene Mammalian Locality in the Lijiang Basin, Yunnan Province Yuheng Li (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica) Vertebrata PalAsiatica February, 1961 pp.
More informationGEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History Geology Assignment. DUE: Mon. Sept. 19
GEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History Geology Assignment DUE: Mon. Sept. 19 Part I: Environments of Deposition Geologists can use various clues in sedimentary rocks to interpret their environment of deposition:
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 1) Which event is the best example of erosion? dissolving of rock particles on a limestone gravestone by acid rain breaking apart of shale as a result of water freezing in a crack rolling of a pebble
More informationStratigraphy and structure of the Ganson Hill area: northern Taconic Allochthon
University at Albany, State University of New York Scholars Archive Geology Theses and Dissertations Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences 1985 Stratigraphy and structure of the Ganson Hill area: northern
More informationSedimentary Structures in Metamorphic Rocks
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities November, 2006 Primary Sedimentary Structures in Some Metamorphic Rocks Text by Thomas K. Weddle, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Photo by Thomas
More informationGeologic Trips San Francisco and the Bay Area
Excerpt from Geologic Trips San Francisco and the Bay Area by Ted Konigsmark ISBN 0-9661316-4-9 GeoPress All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission in writing,
More informationIntroduction. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Introduction Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. 1. The interactions between organisms and their environments determine the distribution and abundance
More informationDECIDUOUS FORESTS. Odborná angličtina pro 2. ročník
DECIDUOUS FORESTS Odborná angličtina pro 2. ročník Střední lesnická škola Hranice, Jurikova 588 Autor modulu: Mgr. Jaroslava Jalůvková Deciduous trees Leaves Deciduous trees usually have broad, large leaves
More informationChapter 02 Life on Land. Multiple Choice Questions
Ecology: Concepts and Applications 7th Edition Test Bank Molles Download link all chapters TEST BANK for Ecology: Concepts and Applications 7th Edition by Manuel Molles https://testbankreal.com/download/ecology-concepts-applications-7thedition-test-bank-molles/
More informationGEOLOGY OF TODMORDEN MOOR 2 BACKGROUND
GEOLOGY OF TODMORDEN MOOR 2 BACKGROUND 1) THE CARBONIFEROUS SERIES OF ROCKS The rocks of the Todmorden district are of the Carboniferous Series and were first laid down in an ancient sea, which covered
More informationLAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS
LAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS Learning outcomes The student is able to: 1. understand and identify rocks 2. understand and identify parent materials 3. recognize
More informationES120 Sedimentology/Stratigraphy
Midterm Exam 5/05/08 NAME: 1. List or describe 3 physical processes that contribute to the weathering of rocks (3pts). exfoliation frost wedging many others. roots, thermal expansion/contraction also credit
More informationUNIT 5: ECOLOGY Chapter 15: The Biosphere
CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be stamped after each assigned
More informationGEOLOGICAL AGE OF ROCKS. Absolute geological age
GEOLOGICAL AGE OF ROCKS Absolute geological age The pioneer of nuclear physics discovered at the turn of centuries that atoms of certain elements, the radioactive ones, spontaneously disintegrate to form
More informationDakota Sandstone. of the Moxa Arch and Surrounding Green River Basin
Dakota Sandstone of the Moxa Arch and Surrounding Green River Basin Dakota Sandstones of the Green River Basin Overview The Dakota sandstones of the Moxa Arch and surrounding Green River Basin remain attractive
More informationFigure 1 The map shows the top view of a meandering stream as it enters a lake. At which points along the stream are erosion and deposition dominant?
1. In which type of climate does chemical weathering usually occur most rapidly? 1. hot and dry 3. cold and dry 2. hot and wet 4. cold and wet 2. Figure 1 The map shows the top view of a meandering stream
More informationCh. 17 Review. Life in the Cretaceous
Ch. 17 Review Life in the Cretaceous Diversification of diatoms, planktonic forams, calcareous nannoplankton Diversification of mobile predators (especially mollusks and teleost fishes) Origin of the angiosperms
More informationOutcrops from Every Continent and 20 Countries in 140 Contributions. Tor H. Nilsen, Roger D. Shew, Gary S. Steffens, and Joseph R.J. Studlick.
Paper VIII Tor H. Nilsen, Roger D. Shew, Gary S. Steffens, and Joseph R.J. Studlick Editors Outcrops from Every Continent and 20 Countries in 140 Contributions http://bookstore.aapg.org Length ~ 23 m (75.5
More informationDevelopment of the Global Environment
Development of the Global Environment G302: Spring 2004 A course focused on exploration of changes in the Earth system through geological history Simon C. Brassell Geological Sciences simon@indiana.edu
More informationGeology 252, Historical Geology, California State University, Los Angeles - professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo
LAB # 1 - CLASTIC ROCKS Background: - Mechanical and Chemical Weathering - Production of Clastic Sediment - Classification of Sediment according to size: Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay - Erosion, Transportation
More informationIgneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Classification of sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are products of weathered, fragmented or dissolved,
More informationresiduum resulting from weathering over an extended period of time has vertical layers called soil profile from surface down to fresh parent material
Soil residuum resulting from weathering over an extended period of time has vertical layers called soil profile from surface down to fresh parent material time to develop soil profile varies with intensity
More informationName. 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different soil horizons, A, B, C, and D, are shown.
Name 1. In the cross section of the hill shown below, which rock units are probably most resistant to weathering? 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different
More informationTEST NAME: Biome Test 10/7 TEST ID: GRADE:05 - Fifth Grade SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom
TEST NAME: Biome Test 10/7 TEST ID:1239163 GRADE:05 - Fifth Grade SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom Biome Test 10/7 Page 1 of 8 10/07/16, Biome Test 10/7 Student: Class: Date:
More informationCattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16
Cattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16 Raymond C. Vaughan, Ph.D. What happens if you drop a
More informationModule 9 Sedimentary Rocks
Module 9 Sedimentary Rocks SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Rocks formed from material derived from preexisting rocks by surfacial processes followed by diagenesis There are two main classes of sedimentary rocks Clastic
More information27 Figure 7 Poorly cleaved, massive, light-weathering Bomoseen graywacke outcrop located on Brandon Mountain Road. Figure 8 Photomicrograph of Bomoseen graywacke. Subangular, poorly sorted quartz grains
More informationLecture 24 Plant Ecology
Lecture 24 Plant Ecology Understanding the spatial pattern of plant diversity Ecology: interaction of organisms with their physical environment and with one another 1 Such interactions occur on multiple
More informationGeo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs. LAB 2: Sedimentary rocks and processes
Geo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs LAB 2: Sedimentary rocks and processes Last week we covered the basic types of rocks and the rock cycle. This lab concentrates on sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks have special
More informationSAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR GEOLOGY 103, TEST 1
SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR GEOLOGY 103, TEST 1 The correct answers are listed at the bottom (no peeking!). These questions are to give you an idea of the type of questions that will be asked. They are not a
More informationNathan D. Webb and James L. Best
Nathan D. Webb and James L. Best Background Pennsylvanian oil production Stratigraphy & geologic setting Study area Methods Using geophysical logs & core Results Comparing three channel deposits Implications
More informationUNIT DESCRIPTIONS: Artificial Fill, Undocumented (Afu): Locally derived sandy silt and silty sand, locally with clay and varying amounts of gravel and man-made debris. Abundant concrete rubble, in places
More informationSection 7. Reading the Geologic History of Your Community. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes
Chapter 3 Minerals, Rocks, and Structures Section 7 Reading the Geologic History of Your Community What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Goals Text Learning Outcomes In this section,
More informationChapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Ecology The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecology Integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental
More informationCretaceous, Dakota Formation, Terra Cotta Member South Side of I-70, Salina County, Kansas
Cretaceous, Dakota Formation, Terra Cotta Member South Side of I-70, Salina County, Kansas Written By: Steven D.J. Baumann G-102010-1A Outcrop looking southeast Photo taken by: Steven Baumann on 10-20-2010
More informationSedimentary Geology. Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1
Sedimentary Geology Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1 Sedimentology vs. Stratigraphy Sedimentology is the study of the origin and classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks Mostly the physical and chemical
More informationWhich map shows the stream drainage pattern that most likely formed on the surface of this volcano? A) B)
1. When snow cover on the land melts, the water will most likely become surface runoff if the land surface is A) frozen B) porous C) grass covered D) unconsolidated gravel Base your answers to questions
More informationChapter 6, Part Colonizers arriving in North America found extremely landscapes. It looked different to region showing great.
Social Studies 9 Unit 1 Worksheet Chapter 6, Part 1. 1. Colonizers arriving in North America found extremely landscapes. It looked different to region showing great. 2. The Earth is years old and is composed
More informationThe Upper Paleolithic Longwangcan Site at Yichuan in Shaanxi
The Upper Paleolithic Longwangcan Site at Yichuan in Shaanxi The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology Key words: Longwangcan site; microliths;
More informationEnvironmental Science
Environmental Science A Study of Interrelationships Cui Jiansheng Hebei University of Science and Technology CH06 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, you
More informationremain on the trees all year long) Example: Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada
Coniferous Forest Temperature: -40 C to 20 C, average summer temperature is 10 C Precipitation: 300 to 900 millimeters of rain per year Vegetation: Coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that produce cones
More informationBulletin of Earth Sciences of Thailand
Depositional Environments and Stratigraphic Development of the Grand Taman Sari Circuit Outcrop: an Analogue for Transgressive Mahakam Delta Successions Ridha Santika Riadi Petroleum Geoscience Program,
More informationInterrelationships. 1. Temperature Wind Fire Rainfall Soil Type Floods Sunlight Altitude Earthquake
Interrelationships Abiotic Factors A. A Partial List 1. Temperature Wind Fire Rainfall Soil Type Floods Sunlight Altitude Earthquake B. Aquatic Adaptations 1. Pumping salt out a. Salt water fish 2. Pumping
More information4. The map below shows a meandering stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream bottom.
1. Sediment is deposited as a river enters a lake because the A) velocity of the river decreases B) force of gravity decreases C) volume of water increases D) slope of the river increases 2. Which diagram
More information1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart.
1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 4. Which process involves either a physical or chemical breakdown of earth materials?
More informationFacies Analysis Of The Reservoir Rocks In The. Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh. Abstract
Facies Analysis Of The Reservoir Rocks In The Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh Joyanta Dutta Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
More informationStarting at Rock Bottom: A Peculiar Central Texas PreClovis Culture
Starting at Rock Bottom: A Peculiar Central Texas PreClovis Culture Background Brushy Creek grades, overall, west-northwest (WNW) to east-southeast (ESE) through the easternmost portions of the central
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Weathering. Mechanical & Chemical Weathering. Sediments. Lithification. Deposition. Transport. Erosion.
Lithification Sedimentary Rocks Sediments Deposition Transport Erosion Weathering Weathering The sediments that make up sedimentary rocks are produced by: Mechanical & Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering
More informationAbiotic Dominant Dominant Factors Plants Animals
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES Abiotic Dominant Dominant Factors Plants Animals Tropical Rain Forest Hot & wet year round Ferns Woody vines Broad leaved evergreen trees Sloths Jaguars Monkeys Toucans Tropical Dry
More informationLaboratory Exercise #4 Geologic Surface Processes in Dry Lands
Page - 1 Laboratory Exercise #4 Geologic Surface Processes in Dry Lands Section A Overview of Lands with Dry Climates The definition of a dry climate is tied to an understanding of the hydrologic cycle
More informationRosids (fabids part II), plant biogeography Today s lecture
Rosids (fabids part II), plant biogeography Today s lecture Salicaceae Fagaceae Betulaceae Class exercise Biogeography Exam review Angiosperm phylogeny Soltis et al., 2011 Rosids' Saxifragales' Caryophyllales'
More informationSome Geological Features at Smalls Falls, Maine
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities July, 2005 Some Geological Features at Smalls Falls, Maine 44 51 30.47 N, 70 30 58.74 W Text by Robert Marvinney, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry
More informationThe boundary between two formations (or any distinct layers) is called a contact. Sedimentary rocks cover 75% of continents.
Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks form at the Earth s surface through interactions of the hydrologic system and the crust. Fortunately, many of these processes are in operation today, and geologists
More informationTHE QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF NEWARK BAY AND KILL VAN KULL CHANNEL, NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. and
THE QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF NEWARK BAY AND KILL VAN KULL CHANNEL, NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY Stephanie Beda, W. Bruce Ward, William Murphy, Robert Fleming, Gary Fleming, Beckett Boyd Earthworks LLC 27 Glen
More informationLand subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in Hanoi, Vietnam
Land Subsidence (Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Land Subsidence, The Hague, October 1995). 1AHS Publ. no. 234, 1995. 55 Land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in Hanoi, Vietnam
More informationNational Wildland Significant Fire Potential Outlook
National Wildland Significant Fire Potential Outlook National Interagency Fire Center Predictive Services Issued: September, 2007 Wildland Fire Outlook September through December 2007 Significant fire
More information