Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 1

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Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 1 Part One Multiple Choice 70% Choose the best answer 1. Which of the following textures represents a very slowly cooled igneous rock? A 2.

Which of the following sediments could be lithified to produce a biochemical sedimentary rock? A. desert sands B. glacial outwash C. landslide deposits D. microorganism skeletons 5.

1 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 1 Part One Multiple Choice 70% Choose the best answer 1. Which of the following textures represents a very slowly cooled igneous rock? A 2. Which of the following sediments shows the best sorting? A 3. In the photomicrograph below, Which sand grain has most likely travelled the greatest distance? A. W B. X C. Y D. Z 4. Which of the following sediments could be lithified to produce a biochemical sedimentary rock? A. desert sands B. glacial outwash C. landslide deposits D. microorganism skeletons 5. Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the mineral composition of the metamorphic rock marble? A. the pressure at which it formed B. the temperature at which it formed C. the density of the original parent rock D. the chemical composition of the original parent rock Use the following list of processes to answer question 6.

Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 2 1. cooling of granite 2. melting of sediment 3. weathering of granite 4. lithification of sediment 5. recrystallization of granite 6.

2 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 2 1. cooling of granite 2. melting of sediment 3. weathering of granite 4. lithification of sediment 5. recrystallization of granite 6. transportation of sediment 6. Which of the following gives the correct order for the complete formation of a sedimentary rock? A. 5, 2, 1 B. 3, 6, 4 C. 4, 5, 2 D. 1, 3, 6 7. What term is used to describe the parallel alignment of minerals in a schist? A. graded bedding B. sedimentary layering C. metamorphic foliation D. regional metamorphism Questions 8 12 refer to the diagram below 8. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events (from oldest to youngest) in the geologic history of this area? A. deposition of layers from 6 to 1, intrusion of igneous rock, faulting B. deposition of layers from 1 to 6, intrusion of igneous rock, faulting C. deposition of layers from 6 to 1, faulting, intrusion of igneous rock D. deposition of layers from 1 to 6, faulting, intrusion of igneous rock 9. Which of the layers above likely are limestone? A. 1, 5 B. 2, 6 C. 2, 3 D. 1, Which of the layers are likely to be conglomerate? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D Around which of the following features can we see contact metamorphism A. A B. B C. C D. D 12. Layer 2 is older than layer 3 and older than layer 1. This is an application of which principle? A. succession B. superposition C. uniformitarianism D. catastrophism 13. Geologist James Hutton s concept of how Earth s physical features have changed is called uniformitarianism. According to this concept, which of the following explains how these changes have occurred? A. sudden catastrophes B. hardening of the earth s crust C. eruptions of ancient volcanoes D. natural forces which continue to happen 14. At the end of the Cretaceous period, 70% to 80% of all species on Earth became extinct, perhaps due to an asteroid impact. Which of the following is a major group of organisms that have been increasingly dominant from the end of the Permian to the present? A. trilobites B. dinosaurs C. mammals D. brachiopods

Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 3 15. In which sedimentary environment would you least likely find gravel? A. beach B. deep ocean C. desert D. river channel 16.

The mineral sample was originally 100% radioactive The half-life of the radioactive parent is 1 000 000 years. Which of the following is the age of the mineral represented by the diagram? A.

3 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam In which sedimentary environment would you least likely find gravel? A. beach B. deep ocean C. desert D. river channel 16. The diagram represents the present number of radioactive parent and stable daughter atoms in a mineral sample. The mineral sample was originally 100% radioactive The half-life of the radioactive parent is years. Which of the following is the age of the mineral represented by the diagram? A years B years C years D years 17. What is the most likely cause of rock structures like the one shown in the photograph? A. glacial movement B. extrusion of magma C. crustal plate collision D. deposition of sediments 18. The mineral specimen shown in the photograph can be scratched by a copper penny and fizzes in acid. What mineral is it? A. halite B. quartz C. calcite D. gypsum 19. What accounts for the difference in hardness between graphite and diamond? A. atomic arrangement B. chemical formula C. impurities D. ionic bonding 20. What is formed when chemical bonding joins two or more elements together in definite proportions? A. atom B. compound C. isotope D. Ion

$colour in its powdered form C. resistance to scratching D. splitting along fractured surfaces 23. Which is a negatively charged particle in an atom? A. electron B. neutron C. nucleus D. proton 24.$ Which elements make up the largest percentage of Earth s crust? A. aluminum and iron B. iron and calcium C. oxygen and silicon D. silicon and aluminum 25.

Which elements make up the largest percentage of Earth s crust? A. aluminum and iron B. iron and calcium C. oxygen and silicon D. silicon and aluminum 25.

4 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam Which is a native element in Earth s crust? A. aluminum B. gold C. magnesium D. Sodium 22. Which describes the streak of a mineral? A. appearance in reflected light B. colour in its powdered form C. resistance to scratching D. splitting along fractured surfaces 23. Which is a negatively charged particle in an atom? A. electron B. neutron C. nucleus D. proton 24. Which elements make up the largest percentage of Earth s crust? A. aluminum and iron B. iron and calcium C. oxygen and silicon D. silicon and aluminum 25. Which best describes a rock with a porphyritic texture? A. large crystals of equal size B. large crystals surrounded by many small crystals C. small crystals of equal size D. small crystals surrounded by many large crystals 26. Which compares the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water? A. crystal form B. fluorescence C. hardness D. specific gravity 27. Which rock formed in an extrusive environment? A. basalt B. diorite C. gabbro D. granite 28. Which of the following features would most likely be found in a sandstone layer if it was formed from wind-blown sands? A. mud particles B. gabbro pebbles C. bivalve burrows D. rounded quartz particles 29. Which rock sample displays a course-grained texture? C A. Conglomerate B. gneiss C. granite D. limestone 30. On what basis are clastic sedimentary rocks classified? A. colour B. mineral composition C. particle size D. type of bedding 31. Which mineral exhibits the cleavage pattern shown below? A. calcite B. feldspar C. halite D. mica Strong bonds within sheets Weak bonds between sheets

Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 5 31. Which igneous texture indicates the fastest cooling rate? A. coarse grained B. fine grained C. glassy D. Pegmatitic 32.

5 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam Which igneous texture indicates the fastest cooling rate? A. coarse grained B. fine grained C. glassy D. Pegmatitic 32. Which sedimentary rock is paired with its classification? A. coal clastic B. gypsum - clastic C. limestone chemical D. sandstone - chemical 33. The principle of?... states that the geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features A. inclusions B. stratigraphy C. correlation D. cross-cutting relationships 34. The process by which inorganic material is converted into stone or a similar substance is known as?... A. lithification B. carbonization C. petrification D. dessication 35. Which represents the longest span of geological time? A. eon B. era C. period D. epoch 36. Which had an explosion? A. Cambrian B. Permian C. Cenozoic D. Jurassic 37. Which is the correct order of the major divisions of geological time from oldest to youngest? A. Paleozoic. Precambrian Cenozoic Mesozoic B. Paleozoic Precambrian Mesozoic Cenozoic C. Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic D. Precambrian Paleozoic Cenozoic Mesozoic 38. Volcanic ash was deposited at the bottom of a lake as varves. If the sequence contains 120 alternating layers of light and dark sediment, how many years ago did the volcanic eruption occur? A. 30 B. 60 C. 120 D Which diagram best models the relative lengths of the eras of the Geological Time Scale? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D What can be used to find the absolute age of an igneous rock? A. Compare the sizes of crystals found in the rock. B. Determine how many layers are above it and below it. C. Compare the ratio of parent isotopes to daughter isotopes in the rock. D. Look for fossils in the rock. 41. Which of the following sediments could be lithified to produce a biochemical sedimentary rock? A. desert sands B. glacial outwash C. landslide deposits D. microorganism skeletons 42. Which of the following sedimentary structures can give information about current direction at the time the sediment was deposited? A. varves B. mud cracks C. cross bedding D. graded bedding

6 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam In which situation would radiometric dating most likely produce an error? A.Volcanic eruptions producing successive lava flows. B. Rock sequences being fractured and faulted. C. Metamorphism removing gaseous daughter product from the rock. D. Fern leaves being fossilized in wetlands. 44. Who was responsible for formulating the Principle of Fossil Succession A. Nicholas Steno B. William Smith C. James Hutton D. James Usher 45. What does the process of radiometric dating depend on? A. atoms B. elements C. stable isotopes D. unstable isotopes 46. Which of the following minerals would exhibit both bubble in the acid test and double refraction? A. gypsum B. quartz C. calcite D. tourmaline ?... fossils are fossils that are geographically widespread and limited to a short span of geologic time. A. Index B. Trace C. Period D. Pseudo 48. Which of the following is fossil fecal matter? A. Gastroliths B. Coal C. Coprolites D. Pooite 49. Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the mineral composition of the metamorphic rock marble? A. the pressure at which it formed B. the temperature at which it formed C. the density of the original parent rock D. the chemical composition of the original parent rock 50. What term is used to describe the parallel alignment of minerals in a schist? A. graded bedding B. sedimentary layering C. metamorphic foliation D. regional metamorphism Turn over your scantron now 51. Which of the following pairs of minerals is commonly found in an evaporite deposit? A. bornite and pyrite B. hematite and halite C. calcite and gypsum D. magnetite and fluorite 52. Which of the following minerals exhibits perfect cleavage? A. apatite B. diamond C. feldspar D. granite 53. Which property is a feature of a sedimentary rock? A. foliation B. glassy texture C. layering D. vesicules 54. Which sedimentary rock would be composed of particles of varying sizes? A. conglomerate B. sandstone C. shale D. siltstone 55. Which of the following economic minerals is commonly concentrated by evaporation of a lake or sea? A. galena B. gypsum C. molybdenite D. chalcopyrite 56. Which of the following is an ore mineral that is an important source of zinc? A. garnet B. quartz C. calcite D. sphalerite 57. Which of the following is used by geologists to determine the relative ages in a rock sequence? A. stratigraphy B. fossils C. cross-cutting relationships D. all of these

Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 7 58. The name of the layer of the Earth that separates the crust from the core is the? A. magma B. lithosphere C. asthenosphere D. mantle 59.

7 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam The name of the layer of the Earth that separates the crust from the core is the? A. magma B. lithosphere C. asthenosphere D. mantle 59. Which of the following is the end product of large amounts of plant material that has been buried and chemically altered over millions of years A. Fossil B. Coal C. Trace D. Tarponds 60. Fossils are most common in which rock types? A. sedimentary B. igneous C. metamorphic D. all of these commonly contain fossils 61. According to the principle of uniformatarianism,... A. geologic process in the past operated at the same rate as they do today B. geologic processes we observe today have operated in the past C. early Earth was covered by a uniform magma ocean D. all of the planets formed from a uniform solar nebula 62. Which of the following processes will produce metamorphic rock? A. cementation of debris B. solidification of magma C. lithification of sediment D. recrystallization of rock Use the following list of Earth s layers to answer questions 63 and 64. Earth s layers Atmosphere hydrosphere (oceans) Crust Mantle outer core inner core 63. The correct order of the Earth s layers is listed above. Which of the following properties is most important in causing the layers to be arranged in this order? A. density B. pressure C. temperature D. physical state (i.e. solid, liquid or gas) 64. Which layers are mainly liquid? A. mantle and crust B. crust and outer core C. mantle and hydrosphere D. hydrosphere and outer core 65. Which branch of Earth Science studies ground water? A. hydrology B. mineralogy C. paleontology D. seismology 66. What is the boundary between Earth s crust and mantle? A. lithosphere B. Moho C. transform D. troposphere 67. What is indicated by X in the diagram below? A. angular unconformity B. disconformity C. fault line D. nonconformity 68. Where does a folded mountain range form? A.continental-continental plate collisions B. divergent plate boundaries C. oceanic-oceanic plate collisions D. volcanic island arcs 69. Which is an example of a trace fossil? A.carbon outlines of plant fossils

8 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 8 B. insects preserved in amber C. mineral replacement in ancient trees D. trilobite tracks and trails 70. Which rock type would be formed furthest from the mouth of a river? A. breccias B. conglomerate C. sandstone D. shale

9 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 9 PART TWO Constructed Response Answer any THREE complete questions (a and b) 30% 71a. On the grid below, sketch a radioactive decay curve for an element with a half-life of 3 million years. Your sketch must contain a smooth and clearly drawn decay curve for four half-lives. 71b. Sediment is being deposited in the centre of a lake in BC at the current rate of 1 mm/year. A drill hole in the centre of the lake reveals that the thickness of sediment is 11 m. (Note: 1 m = 1000 mm). a) How long has the sediment been accumulating in the lake? Show all calculations. b) Describe a geological assumption you made in order to perform this calculation. UNIFORMITARIANISM We are assuming that the processes determining the rate of sedimentation have remained constant for the past years... or however long this sedimentation took to occur

10 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 10 72a. Describe two pieces of evidence that could be found in or near the dark igneous layer at X to establish that it was a sill, and not a buried lava flow. that a buried lava fl ow will only exhibit contact metamorphism (i.e. baking) in the rock below the lava fl ow; whereas, an intrusion of magma will exhibit contact metamorphism in the rock below and above the intrusion. crystals in the lava or magma will grow larger where cooling is slower (i.e. not near an edge); whereas, crystals in the lava or magma will grow smaller where cooling is faster (i.e. near an edge). inclusions within the rock formed from lava or magma are called rafts and belong to adjacent rock. 72b. A geologist found an unknown colourless, transparent mineral. List and describe two mineral properties that can be used to identify this mineral. A scientist could rely on a number of different physical properties to identify minerals, however, the four most reliable include the following; hardness, cleavage, specific gravity and streak. The streak, which is the true color of the mineral in powdered form may not be of much use in this case since the minerals in question are colorless and transparent. Hardness, which is the resistance of a mineral to scratching would be one property used to help identify the colorless mineral. Cleavage, which is the minerals ability to split or break along definite planes of weak bonding would be another property used to identify the colorless mineral. Specific gravity, which is the weight of a mineral compared to that of an equal volume of water could also be used to identify the colorless mineral. Other properties can be used depending on the minerals in question, such as, fluorescence, and acid test. 73a. Based on the definition of a mineral, ice would be considered a mineral and coal would not. Explain why this is true. solid; naturally occurring; inorganic; defi nite chemical composition; and definite chemical structure ice agrees with all these criteria 73b Both granite and rhyolite are classified as felsic rocks; however, their textures are very different. Describe the texture of each and explain why these textural differences occur. texture is controlled by cooling rate, which is determined by the environment in which the rock formed. A fi ne-grained rock originates from lava that cools quickly on or near Earth s surface. Note that rocks formed from lava are also referredto as either volcanic or extrusive., rhyolite is examples of extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks A coarse-grained rock originates from a magma that cools slowly under Earth s surface. Note that rocks formed from magma are also referred to as either plutonic or intrusive., granite is an example

Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 11 74a. Give an example of an environment where regional metamorphism occurs and describe the conditions necessary for regional metamorphism to occur there.

11 Earth Systems 3209: Mid Year PRACTICE Exam 11 74a. Give an example of an environment where regional metamorphism occurs and describe the conditions necessary for regional metamorphism to occur there. Regional metamorphism occurs in environments that are exposed to conditions of extreme heat and pressure. Such environments include deep within mountain systems along convergent boundaries and also deep within geosynclines along the margins of continents 74b. Choose any three types of fossilization listed below and explain how the fossils formed. Choose from petrification, dessication or mummification, carbonization, freezing Petrification A process of fossilization in which dissolved minerals replace organic matter. Remains of animals that have been found thoroughly dried include camel, ground sloth and even marsupial wolf. These remains were found in caves in arid and semi-arid areas of the Southwestern United States, South America, New Zealand and Australia. The dried dung of cave dwelling giant ground sloths have also been found in caves. Carbonaceous film fossils are traces of plants or animals preserved as a thin film of carbon. All living organisms contain carbon. If they are compressed by layers of sediment fine details of the organism may be preserved. Freezing is a type of preservation in which an animal falls into a crevasse or pit and remains frozen. Such ideal remains are rare and almost always never very old. Animals have been restricted to ice age rhinoceros and hairy mammoth. These remains have preserved bone, skin, muscle, hair and even internal organs. 75. Refer to the diagram below. Describe, in chronological order, each of the events illustrated in the cross section below. Deposition of layers below layer C Deposition of layers (in order) C B A The fault occurred then the intrusion D Finally there was erosion at the surface

Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals

Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.