Quiz Three (2:00 to 2:05 PM)
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1 Quiz Three (2:00 to 2:05 PM)
2 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 6: Plate Tectonics and Volcanism Calbuco volcano (Chile) (March, 2015) 33vhxp/psbattle_calbuco_volcano_erupting_on_22_april/s Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
3 Last Time 1. Crystal Chemistry (Crystallography) 2. Mineral Classification ( classes ) 3. The Silicates Web notes 5 and 6
4 Crystal Structures: CaF 2 (Fluorite) Source: -Ca 2+ -F -
5 Polymorphs: Two minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystal structures e.g. Graphite (C) Diamond (C)
6 Mineral Classification Class Name Anion(s) Examples Dominant Bond I Native Elements none Metals: Gold, Copper, Silver Semi-metals: Arsenic (As) Non-metals: diamond, graphite, sulfur Metallic II Sulfides S - Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Galena Covalent III Oxides\hydroxides O 2- OH - hematite, magnetite, limonite IV Halides Cl -, Fl - halite, fluorite V Carbonates CO 3 2- calcite, aragonite, malachite VI Sulfates SO 4 2- gypsum, anhydrite Largely Ionic VII Phosphates PO 4 3- apatite VIII Silicates SiO 4 4- >3000 (i.e., most minerals)
7 Silicate Classification SiO 4 4- The basic silicate tetrahedra
8 Silicate Classification The basic silicate tetrahedra (ball and stick)
9 Silicate Classification Nesosilicates (garnet, olivine) (0 shared oxygen) Inosilicates (pyroxenes) (2 shared oxygens) Sorosilicates (1 shared oxygen) Inosilicates (amphiboles) (2 ½ shared oxygens) Cyclosilicates (2 shared oxygens) Phyllosilicates (micas) (3 shared oxygens)
10 Tektosilicates (quartz, feldspars) (4 shared oxygens) Silicate Classification
11 Today s Agenda 1. Review of where volcanoes occur 2. Properties of magma/lava (viscosity) 3. Basic types of volcanoes Web notes 6
12 Where Volcanoes Occur
13 Where Volcanoes Occur
14 Where Volcanoes Occur 1) Divergent P. B.
15 Where Volcanoes Occur 2) Convergent P. B. 1) Divergent P. B.
16 Where Volcanoes Occur 2) Convergent P. B. 3) Hot Spots. 1) Divergent P. B.
17 Divergent Plate Boundaries Hot
18 Divergent Plate Boundaries Rapid rise of magma to surface because of multiple fractures and faults (low resistance) Magma (molten rock inside the Earth) rises upwards along fractures and fault as plutons (inverted tear dropshaped blebs 100 s to 1000 s of m in diameter). Why?...
19 Divergent Plate Boundaries Rapid rise of magma to surface because of multiple fractures and faults (low resistance) Magma (molten rock inside the Earth) rises upwards along fractures and fault as plutons (inverted tear dropshaped blebs 100 s to 1000 s of m in diameter). Why?... Buoyancy. Hot magma is less dense than cool country rock
20 Sometimes the magma can make it all the way to the Earth s surface. Once there, it is called lava and the point where it is erupting from is called a volcano. Divergent Plate Boundaries
21 Convergent Plate Boundaries
22 Subduction Convergent Plate Boundaries 35 km Plutons rise at convergent plate boundaries too. but they have to burn their way up. This is not an easy trip to the surface.
23 Hot Spots
24 Hot Spots Yellowstone (continental hotspot) Hawaii (oceanic hotspot)
25 Properties of Magma/Lava
26 Properties of Magma/Lava 1. Magma derived from just below the lithosphere (e.g., 100 km down) is hot (2000 C) and very fluid (low viscosity)
27 Properties of Magma/Lava 1. Magma derived from just below the lithosphere (e.g., 100 km down) is hot (2000 C) and very fluid (low viscosity) 2. Lava erupted at divergent plate boundaries and oceanic hotspots has made it to the surface of the Earth quickly and is still hot (up to 1800 C) and fluid (low viscosity).
28 Properties of Magma/Lava 1. Magma derived from just below the lithosphere (e.g., 100 km down) is hot (2000 C) and very fluid (low viscosity) 2. Lava erupted at divergent plate boundaries and oceanic hotspots has made it to the surface of the Earth quickly and is still hot (up to 1800 C) and fluid (low viscosity). 3. Lava erupted at convergent plate boundaries and continental hotspots has made it to the surface of the Earth very slowly. It is cooler (as low as 800 C) and very contaminated by country rock and water (high viscosity)
29 Properties of Magma/Lava Volcanoes at Divergent Plate Boundaries Volcanoes at Convergent Plate Boundaries
30 Types of Volcanoes
31 Types of Volcanoes
32 Types of Volcanoes
33 Cinder cone in Hawaii
34 Cinder cone
35 Cinder cone
36 Shield Volcanoes (Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, HI)
37 Shield Volcano
38 Shield Volcano on Mars (Olympus Mons)
39 Lava Fountain
40 Lava stream Lava Lake
41 Annoying eruptions (but generally not disasterous)
42 Fissure Eruption Kilauea Hawaii
43 Mt. Taranaki Composite Volcanoes in New Zealand Mt. Ruhapehu
44 Composite Volcanoes in Japan (Mt. Fuji)
45 Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand
46
47 Minor eruption
48 Phreatic eruption
49 Plinian eruption
50 From the international space station
51 Pyroclastic flows
52 Petal to the metal or else!
53 Air fall deposits (volcanic ash)
54 Today s Homework 1. Download and read web notes 6 Next Time 2. Volcanic landforms and case studies (AKA Death 101 part 1) webnotes 7
55 GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 6: Plate Tectonics and Volcanism Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.
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