SPE Brisbane Section. Practical Aspects of Solids Production in CSG Wells. 16 May 2012 Brisbane

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1 SPE Brisbane Section Practical Aspects of Solids Production in CSG Wells 16 May 2012 Brisbane Khalil Rahman, Ph.D. Baker Hughes GMI Geomechanics Services

2 SPE Queensland Section May 2012 Luncheon Talk Topic: Practical Aspects of Solids Production in CSG Wells SPEAKER: Dr Khalil Rahman Technical Geomechanics Advisor, Baker Hughes 16 May 2012 The Queensland Irish Club 171 Elizabeth St, Brisbane

3 Remembering Dr. Henry Salisch Passed away on 3 May 2012, at the age of 87 A dedicated academic; lectured to the last week of his life Longest serving member of the SPE NSW/ACT Section Committee A founding member of the UNSW School of Petroleum Engineering

4 Presentation Outline Solids production in sandstone versus CSG reservoirs, and in USA versus Australian CSG reservoirs. CSG well completions and solids production mechanisms. Solids production assessment methodology: Input elements Theoretical foundations Rock testing issues. One case study from literature. One case study from GMI. Questions/Discussion 4

5 USA & Australia Coal Deposit & Production (SPE ) 5

6 Small Independent CSG Producers in Qld RLMS Report, Nov

7 How is Solids Production Different in CSG Wells? Solids production in sandstone reservoirs is mainly driven by: Depletion-induced stress path causing changes mainly in horizontal stresses; Failure of mainly sandstones apart from interbedded non-depleting shales Often perforation failure in cased and perforated wells (openhole completion is very rare) Solids production in CSG reservoirs are driven by: Depletion plus desorption resulting in higher stress path and hence higher changes in horizontal stresses Interbedded sand failure during the dewatering phase Shear failure of naturally fractured coals on the wellbore wall Coal and/or sandstone failure mainly in openhole completion. 7

8 CSG Solids Production Risks in Australia VS USA Historically, solids production in CSG wells has not been a major issue in the USA. Why may it be in Australia? Reservoir stress condition is different; Australian CSG reservoirs are shallower and hence weaker coals and interbedded sandstones; Stringent environmental restrictions may limit the number of wells that can be drilled. Therefore, CSG wells in Australia are expected to produce longer up to its full potential resulting in higher depletion and higher rock failure risks; Even within Australia, filed to field experience may be different. The best safeguard is to integrate the solids production risk assessment in the field development planning study, which has been almost a routine practice in sandstone reservoir development. 8

9 CSG Well Completion Techniques Four major completion techniques for CSG wells: Topset under-ream (openhole) Openhole cavity Cased hole with hydraulic fracture Horizontal well (mainly openhole) Two good readings: Ramaswamy, S., Ayers, W.B. & Holditch, S. A.: Best drilling, completion and stimulation techniques for CBM reservoirs. World Oil (online), Vol.229, No.10, Palmer, I.: Coalbed Methane Wells are Cheap, but. The Driller s Club, March 22,

10 Sources & Mechanisms of Solids in CSG Wells Failure at fracture face due to injection-induced stress change Increased shear failure when stress differential is higher natural fractures are inclined w.r.t. the in situ stresses. Isotropic pre-stress Shear pre-stress 10

11 Solids/Sand Management Strategy will well produce solids? geomechanical model if so, where from, when, how much? solids prediction model data time resource tolerate or control? transport / erosion models. facilities review options other than active control? delay installation, Select right completion, choke management optimum solids control technique? selection based on quality process and clear criteria 11

12 What Influences Solids Production? Desorption in CSG reservoir 12

13 Solids Production Prediction Approaches Analytical method (SPE116633): Based on elastic properties and requires standard Thick Wall Cylinder (TWC) test data. Uses an Effective Strength Factor (ESF) to consider the effective TWC strength at the reservoir scale and the post-elastic residual strength. Rock failure is predicted if maximum effective stress > effective TWC. Default values of ESF for standard TWC samples can be calibrated with production data. Numerical Finite Element Modelling: A thorough laboratory rock strength testing such as multiple triaxial strength (UCS) and advanced thick wall cylinder tests (ATWC). A finite element analysis calibrating the elasto plastic style of failure seen in the laboratory measurements with available production test or actual production data. 13

14 Engineering Data Required for Solids Production Assessment Initial (non-depleted) Stress and Pressure Model I-90 Target sand 2020m TVDSS (Helix RDS ) Sv S Hmax S hmin P p 14 ~ ppg ~ ppg ~ ppg ~8.33 ppg S hmin < S Hmax < S v Normal Faulting Stress Regime Azimuth of maximum horizontal stress ~ N 10º - N45º (from regional info) Other Inputs: Well/Perf. trajectory (devi. & Azi.) Openhole or C&P completion FBHP for production Pressure and Stress Profile Bunga T Tulip Field Field Pressure and Stress (psi) Percentile Sv Pp hydrostatic Shmin SHmax Pp BK-1 Pp BK-A1 Pp NBR-1 Pp BT-1 Pp BTA-1 Pp BTA-2 Pp BTA-3 MW BT-1 MW BTA-2 MW NBR-1 MW BK-1 LOT QC'd LOT/FIT reported PM3 SHmax modeling points BTA-3 Formation tops BTA-3 Casings Measured Depth (m) Rock Strengths (psi) UCS TWC Log Derived Rock Strength (psi) UCS-Vernick Model TWC_Global Model

15 Solids Production Evaluation Work Flow Drilling & Production Data mud weights/ecd, PWD, survey, drilling history & events, XLOT/XLOT, RFT/MDT DST, production info Core Data Routine &SCAL UCS, TWC, PSD, thin section, SEM, dispersion, chemical Well Logs Caliper, Gr, Rhob, Sonic, image, dipmeter, MWD/ LWD Update the model with new data Geomechanical Model stress magnitudes & orientation, pore pressure & rock strength Solids Production Prediction Geolo. Geophys. & Petrophy. Seismic, Tectonic history, sediment., analogs, etc. Solids Free Operating Envelope Solids Evaluation log Hole Trajectory & Perforation Orientation Optimization 15

16 Rock Mechanical Test Data of Coals - UCS Literature shows that standard triaxial tests of coal samples have been carried out extensively in the mining industry and some in the petroleum industry: UCS and angle of internal friction (φ) usually required for wellbore stability analysis 16 Source: SPE 96872

17 Rock Mechanical Test Data of Coals - TWC Non-existent so far in the literature Proper sampling and testing are warranted There exists a correlation between TWC & UCS Field specific Widely-used correlations for sandstone: TWC = x UCS 0.58 ; for moderate to very strong sandstones TWC = 37.5 x UCS ; for very unconsolidated sandstones The second correlation was used for solids production prediction in US CSG well with openhole completion (presented latter). 17

18 Rock Mechanical Test Design for CSG Reservoirs Hard to get undamaged cores best practice coring and core handling are essential Plugging test samples to represent reservoir: Interbedded sandstone/shale should be sampled; Intact coal matrix can be fairly strong and is usually not average representation of the reservoir; Multiply fractured samples may be better representation of reservoir rock Bedding planes in interbedded sediments are often weak and should be included in samples. Quality control and interpreting test data may be challenging: Do not always expect the nice shear failure planes; Poisson s ratio alone is not the full elastic stress path; Remember to derive the correct strengths for the actual wellbore size in the reservoir scale from the sample strengths (ESF). 18

19 Solids Production Assessment: Example Outputs Solids Free Operating Envelope Solid Prod. Evaluation Log Open hole- P10 TWC BHFP (ps si) Open hole- P50 TWC Open hole- P90 TWC Χ Cased hole, top perfs- P10 TWC Planned FBHP Final Pp Initial Pp Solids Free Drawdown for P50 TWC rock Pp = 2500 psi, MD (ft) Planned Drawdown Pp initial Pp depleted Reservoir Pressure (psi) Critical Drawdown (psi) 19

20 Solids Production Assessment: Example Outputs Optimum Open Hole Trajectory Polar Plot showing Critical Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure versus well trajectory 3730 psi 3850 psi 960 psi CBHFP ~1735 psi 1050 psi CBHFP ~3700 psi vertical and deviated wells in NW-SW directions are most sand prone vertical and low angle wells are least sand prone S Hmax > S v S v = 0.90 psi/ft S Hmax = 1.05 psi/ft S Hmax azimuth = 70ºN S hmin = 0.75 psi/ft Pp = 0.45psi/ft TWC = 3000 psi S Hmax < S v S v = 1.00 psi/ft S Hmax = 0.83 psi/ft 20

21 Field Case 1: Drawdown & Abandonment Planning by Solids Production Assessment (SPE 96872) San Juan Basin Openhole horizontal well Depth ~ 2800 ft Pp ~ 460 psi i Pp~900 psi DD ~ 600 psi Pp ~ 1260 psi S v ~ 1 psi/ft S Hmax = S hmin ~ 0.64 psi/ft P p = 0.45 psi/ft Young s modulus ~ 300,000 psi Poisson s ratio ~ 0.35 psi Solids production assessment: Solids-free drawdown at initial Pp ~ 1050 psi Can be produced solids-free with a constant drawdown of 600 psi until the reservoir depletes to 900 psi For Pp < 900 psi, sloids-free production with adjusted drawdown. No solids-free production for Pp < 460 psi; abandonment. 21

22 GMI SOLIDS PRODUCTION ASSESSMENT IN CSG WELL IN SAN JUAN FIELD IN

23 Developed Geomechanical Model for the Field Pp- constrained using mud weights and pressure buildup results. S hmin ~ 0.83 psi/ft (below 2000 ft) based on a compilation of LOT and minifrac data and wellbore failure experience. Sv- pseudo-density from sonic log S Hmax - below 2000 ft, SFIB modeling. UCS Coals: ~2876 psi Sands: McNally Shales: BP s Worldwide Shale equation S hmin <S v <S Hmax Modeled depths 23

24 Coal strength tests Intact properties So~710 Mu_i~0.66 ->UCS~2648 Properties of cleats So~30 Mu_i~0.58 Traditional triaxial tests can over estimate the strength of coals if highly fractured. However, coals tested above did not appear to be highly fractured. Tests run on cores from this well are expected to be a good measure of the strength. From: GRI Report 24

25 Strengths of Different Lithologies in Reservoir Cum. % 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Coal - from 2100m to 2310m Shale - from 2100m to 2310m Sand - from 2100m to 2310m UCS (MPa) Coal is the weakest lithology, P10 UCS ~ 2000 psi Sands are the strongest lithology, P10 UCS > 3500 psi Shales have intermediate strengths (UCS ~ psi), P10 UCS ~ 2100 psi Shales are differentiated from sands based on a GR cutoff, after filtering out coals 25

26 Coal Failure Assessment for an Assumed Stress Path dsh/dp=1 dsv/dp= Limiting BHFP (dsh/dp=1; dsv/dp=0; azi=azishmax) Horizontal well along ~ 185 o azimuth SHmax Azi. ~ 145 o GMI s current work flow establishes an approximate stress path: 26 Drilling experience data BHFP, psi Approximate function of Poisson s ratio and Biot s constant Reservoir pressure, psi This operating envelop shows mainly coal failure below 2000 psi UCS (p10); so the solids production risk is low

27 Summary CSG reservoir development in Australia is following the US track, though later and slower. Solids production and its management in Australian CSG development should get more attention than USA. Solids production prediction methodology is a mature technology requiring geomecahnics modeling, rock testing and production planning. Rock testing data and techniques, particularly TWC testing for coal samples are not as rich as for sandstones, and hence require: Careful sampling, New learning of testing procedures and interpretations. Every field, every well and every production plan is different and should be assessed case by case basis. Integrating solids production assessment in the workflow of field development planning study is a rational safeguard against potential undesirable production interruption in the CSG industry. 27

28 You can your questions: 28

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