GY 111: Physical Geology
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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 31: Mountain Building 1: Isostasy and Thrusting
2 Last Time Earthquakes A) Earthquake intensity and magnitude B) Seismographs C) Case Studies Web notes 29: GY 111 Lab Manual Chapter 7
3 Seismic Waves P and S-waves are called body waves because they travel through the Earth. P-waves travel through all media and are the fastest (4+ km/s) S-waves cannot pass through liquids and are slower (3+ km/s)
4 Seismographs Seismic waves are recorded using seismographs. The traces are called seismograms. More about seismograms shortly, but first Earthquake magnitude.
5 Earthquake Magnitude The intensity of an earthquake can be measure through one of two ways. 1) A people method: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (I to XII) 2) A geophysical method: Modified Richter Scale (1 to 10)
6 Earthquake Magnitude
7 Earthquake Magnitude Magnitude Effects (source # per year (worldwide) Source: USGS 1 Not perceptible to people? ,300, Often felt, but rarely cause damage. 130, , At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. 6 Can cause damage to poorly constructed buildings and other structures in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live. Substantial deaths, especially if epicenter is in a major city 7 "Major" earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. 8 "Great" earthquake. Can cause serious damage and loss of life in areas several hundred kilometers across. 9 Rare great earthquake. Can cause major damage over a large region over 1000 km across , ,000 Strength compared to a Magnitude 3 quake <1 1,000, Impossible unless you make bad movies 10,000,000
8 Death 101 The worst earthquakes (as far as death is concerned) Date Location Deaths Magnitude Jan. 23, 1556 Shansi, China 830,000 ~8 July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China 255, Aug. 9, 1138 Aleppo, Syria 230,000 n.a. Dec. 26, 2004 off west coast of northern Sumatra 225, Dec. 22, Damghan, Iran 200,000 n.a. May 22, 1927 near Xining, Tsinghai, China 200, Dec. 16, 1920 Gansu, China 200, March 23, Ardabil, Iran 150,000 n.a. Sept. 1, 1923 Kwanto, Japan 143, Oct. 5, 1948 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, USSR 110, Dec. 28, 1908 Messina, Italy 70, ,000 3 Sept Chihli, China 100,000 n.a. Oct. 8, 2005 Pakistan 80, Nov Shemakha, Caucasia 80,000 n.a. Nov. 18, 1727 Tabriz, Iran 77,000 n.a. Dec. 25, 1932 Gansu, China 70, Nov. 1, 1755 Lisbon, Portugal 70, May 31, 1970 Peru 66, May 30, 1935 Quetta, Pakistan 30,000 60,
9 Weird Earthquake Stuff 1) Japanese video coverage of the Kobe 1993 earthquake 2) Japanese Tsunami ) New Zealand 2016 observations 4) Other near death experiences in New Zealand earthquakes 5) Liquefaction and building failures (Japan, 1960) 6) California bridge collapses (1974, 1994)
10 Indonesia, December 26, 2004
11 Seismicity of Australia, Indonesia and New Zealand: Source:
12 Indonesia Geopolitical Map Source:
13 Indonesia Tectonic Map Source:
14 Indonesia Seismicity Map Source:
15 Seismograms
16
17 December 26, 2004 Tsunami
18 Source: IOC Tsunami Arrival Times (hours:minutes)
19 The Aftermath 230,000? dead
20 Whole villages washed away
21 Coastlines permanently changed
22 Source:
23 IOC ICG/ITSU Early Warning System
24 SEISMOGRAPHIC NETWORK
25 Today s Agenda Mountain Building 1 A) Distribution of mountain belts (the return of plate tectonics) B) Isostasy and the Rock Cycle (again) C) Thrust Faults in the Rockies Web notes: 31
26 Mountain Belts
27 Mountain Belts
28 Mountain Belts
29 Mountain Belts New Mountains Old Mountains
30 Mountain Belts Northern Transect Southern Transect
31 Mountain Belts The older the mountain range, the more time erosion and weathering has had to destroy the mountains.
32 Mountain Belts The older the mountain range, the more time erosion and weathering has had to destroy the mountains. The northern Appalachian Mountains are older than the southern Appalachian Mountains (500 MA versus 300 MA), so it stands to reason that they would be more eroded.
33 Mountain Belts The older the mountain range, the more time erosion and weathering has had to destroy the mountains. The northern Appalachian Mountains are older than the southern Appalachian Mountains (500 MA versus 300 MA), so it stands to reason that they would be more eroded. The surprising thing is that the southern Appalachians are still mountains after 300 Million Years of erosion. Why are the mountains still there?
34 The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. Isostasy (Isostacy)
35 Isostasy (Isostacy) The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. Styrofoam sheets on water
36 Isostasy (Isostacy) The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. erosion
37 Isostasy (Isostacy) The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. isostasy
38 Isostasy (Isostacy) The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. erosion
39 Isostasy (Isostacy) The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. isostasy
40 Isostasy (Isostacy) The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. erosion
41 Isostasy (Isostacy) The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. isostasy
42 Isostasy (Isostacy) The depression of the asthenosphere beneath mountain belts due to loading followed by rebounding as erosion occurs. Erosion
43 Isostasy (Isostacy) When you build up mountains, depression of the asthenosphere produces continental roots below the continental crust
44 Isostasy (Isostacy) Isostasy will continue as long as continental roots still exist. Once isostasy stops, the mountains will get completely eroded away (it takes about 500 MA for this to occur).
45 The Rock Cycle Mountain belts involve all types of rocks and minerals and all types of geological processes. For example, consider the Himalayan Mountains
46 The Rock Cycle
47 The Rock Cycle
48 The Rock Cycle So in conclusion, mountain building (and mountain erosion) are excellent examples of the rock cycle in action. Incidentally, mountain building is itself, cyclic (see you in GY 112!)
49 Thrust Faulting in the Rockies
50 Today s Homework 1. Start Prepping for the Final Exam 2. Assignment 4 due 3. Mobile Rock and Gem Society Show Next Time 1. Appalachian Mountains, final prep
51 GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 31: Mountain Building 1 Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick dhaywick@southalabama.edu This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.
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Name Date Period Earth s Interior StudyGuide 1. The two main elements that make up the Earth s crust are and. 2. The Earth s inner core is made of solid and. 3. When one plates slides under another plate
Disclaimer. This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC member countries.
Disclaimer This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC member countries. The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADRC. The boundaries and
Earthquakes = shaking of Earth because of a rapid release of energy
There are more than 30,000 earthquakes worldwide each year! Earthquakes = shaking of Earth because of a rapid release of energy usually because of movement of tectonic plates Most earthquakes last for
Warm-up #15. How does magma move throughout the mantle? What is another example of this movement in nature?
Warm-up #15 How does magma move throughout the mantle? What is another example of this movement in nature? Earth s Structure Lithosphere = crust & upper mantle; tectonic plates Asthenosphere = lower mantle
SEISMOLOGY. - The study of earthquakes waves and how they move through the body and around the surface of the earth.
EARTHQUAKES SEISMOLOGY - The study of earthquakes waves and how they move through the body and around the surface of the earth. Seismic Waves - vibrations generated in the earths interior that carry energy
Figure Diagram of earth movements produced by (a) P-waves and (b) S-waves.
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 10: Earthquakes When the stresses in a rock (which may or may not already be faulted) exceed the tensile strength of the rock, the rock ruptures at a point called the focus or
Magnitude 7.1 PERU. There are early reports of homes and roads collapsed leaving one dead and several dozen injured.
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake has occurred offshore Peru. The earthquake struck just after 4 a.m. local time and was centered near the coast of Peru, 40 km (25 miles) south-southwest of Acari, Peru at a depth
The Structure of the Earth
The Structure of the Earth Structure of the Earth The Crust Outer layer of solid rock Quite thin (10km 60 km) Contains the earths plates The Mantle Hot, soft rock (4000 o C) Made up of molten rock (magma)