GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology

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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology Lecture 2: Grain size and Descriptive Parameters Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick

2 Lecture 2 Agenda A) Basic sediment grain size B) Ternary plots C) Interpreting grain size data D) Grain size parameters

3 Grain size There are several different schemes: 1) US Army Corp of Engineers (mesh size) 2) Soil scientists 3) Academic geologists (metric)

4 From: Lewis, D.W., Practical Sedimentology.van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 229p. Udden-Wentworth grain size (Wentworth, 1922) Gravel: (>2.00 mm) Sand: (0.063 mm 2.00 mm) Silt: (0.004 mm 0.063mm) Clay: (< 0.004mm)

5 From: Lewis, D.W., Practical Sedimentology.van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 229p. Phi ( ) grain size = -log 2 d

6 From: Lewis, D.W., Practical Sedimentology.van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 229p. Phi ( ) grain size = -log 2 d 16 mm = -4 4 mm = -2 2 mm = -1 1mm = m = m = m = m = +4 4 m = +8

7 Grain size classification (simplified)

8 Grain size classification With grain size data, you have 4 variables that you need to be able to visualize. Graphically, this is not easy as we only have 2 dimensions to work with. The solution..

9 Grain size classification With grain size data, you have 4 variables that you need to be able to visualize. Graphically, this is not easy as we only have 2 dimensions to work with. The solution.. Ternary plots.

10 Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 1 Folk (1954) Symbol Index C-clay; Z-silt; M-mud; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; sm-sandy mud; sz- sandy silt; cs-clayey sand; ms-muddy sand; zs-silty sand

11 Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 2 Sheppard (1954) Symbol Index C-clay; Z-silt; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; zs-silty sand; sz- sandy silt; zc- silty clay cs-clayey sand; szc-sand-silt-clay; cz-clayey silt

12 Gravel-Silt-Fines Scheme Folk (1954) Symbol Index M-mud; G-gravel; S-sand; sm sandy mud; ms-muddy sand; (g)m-slightly gravelly mud; (g)s-slightly gravelly sand; (g)sm-slightly gravelly sandy mud; (g)ms-slightly gravelly muddy sand; gm-gravelly mud; gms-gravelly muddy sand; gs-gravelly sand; mg-muddy gravel; MsG-muddy sandy gravel; sg sandy gravel

13 Plotting data Folk (1954)

14 100% Sand Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 1 Folk (1954) Symbol Index C-clay; Z-silt; M-mud; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; sm-sandy mud; sz- sandy silt; cs-clayey sand; ms-muddy sand; zs-silty sand 100% clay 100% Silt

15 Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 1 Folk (1954) Symbol Index 50% clay, 50% sand, C-clay; Z-silt; M-mud; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; sm-sandy mud; sz- sandy silt; cs-clayey sand; ms-muddy sand; zs-silty sand

16 Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 1 Folk (1954) Symbol Index 50% clay, 50% sand, C-clay; Z-silt; M-mud; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; sm-sandy mud; sz- sandy silt; cs-clayey sand; ms-muddy sand; zs-silty sand 50% clay, 50% silt,

17 Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 1 Folk (1954) 50% clay, 50% sand, 50% silt, 50% sand, Symbol Index C-clay; Z-silt; M-mud; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; sm-sandy mud; sz- sandy silt; cs-clayey sand; ms-muddy sand; zs-silty sand 50% clay, 50% silt,

18 100% line Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 1 Folk (1954) sand triangle 50% line Symbol Index C-clay; Z-silt; M-mud; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; sm-sandy mud; sz- sandy silt; cs-clayey sand; ms-muddy sand; zs-silty sand 0% line

19 Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 1 Folk (1954) Symbol Index C-clay; Z-silt; M-mud; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; sm-sandy mud; sz- sandy silt; clay triangle cs-clayey sand; ms-muddy sand; zs-silty sand

20 Sand-Silt-Clay Scheme 1 Folk (1954) Symbol Index C-clay; Z-silt; M-mud; S-sand; sc-sandy clay; sm-sandy mud; sz- sandy silt; silt triangle cs-clayey sand; ms-muddy sand; zs-silty sand

21 Plotting data Folk (1954) Example data point: Sand: 46%; Clay 25%; Silt: 29% Step 1: Plot sand (46%) Step 2: Plot clay (25%) Step 3: Confirm silt (29%)

22 Plotting data Folk (1954) Example data point: Sand: 46%; Clay 25%; Silt: 29% 46% Step 1: Plot sand (46%) Step 2: Plot clay (25%) Step 3: Confirm silt (29%)

23 Plotting data Folk (1954) Example data point: Sand: 46%; Clay 25%; Silt: 29% Step 1: Plot sand (46%) Step 2: Plot clay (25%) Step 3: Confirm silt (29%) 25%

24 Plotting data Folk (1954) 30% Example data point: Sand: 46%; Clay 25%; Silt: 29% Step 1: Plot sand (46%) Step 2: Plot clay (25%) Step 3: Confirm silt (29%)

25 Plotting data Folk (1954) 30% Example data point: Sand: 46%; Clay 25%; Silt: 29% 46% Step 1: Plot sand (46%) Step 2: Plot clay (25%) Step 3: Confirm silt (29%) Your sample is sandy mud (sm) 25%

26 Grain Size Histograms: Case Study 1

27 Grain Size Histograms: Case Study 1 Fine grained sediment. Depositional energy?

28 Grain Size Histograms: Case Study 2

29 Grain Size Histograms: Case Study 2 Moderately sorted sediment. Depositional energy?

30 Grain Size Histograms: Case Study 3

31 Grain Size Histograms: Case Study 3 Bimodal sediment. Depositional energy?

32 Grain Size Histograms: Case Study 3 Bimodal sediment. Depositional energy? Depositional environment:?

33 Descriptive parameters Source: Blatt, Middleton and Murray (1980)

34 Descriptive parameters Source: Blatt, Middleton and Murray (1980)

35 Descriptive parameters Source: Blatt, Middleton and Murray (1980)

36 Descriptive parameters Median = Φ 50 Source: Blatt, Middleton and Murray (1980)

37 Descriptive parameters Mean (average) = Φ 16 + Φ 50 + Φ 84 3 Source: Blatt, Middleton and Murray (1980)

38 Descriptive parameters Source: Blatt, Middleton and Murray (1980) Sorting = Φ 84 - Φ 16 + Φ 95 - Φ

39 Descriptive parameters Mode = the most frequent particle size Source: Blatt, Middleton and Murray (1980)

40 Descriptive parameters Skewness: Φ 16 + Φ Φ 50 + Φ 16 + Φ Φ 50 2(Φ 84 - Φ 16 ) 2(Φ 95 - Φ 5 ) Positive (fine) skewness Symmetrical Negative (coarse) skewness

41 Descriptive parameters Kurtosis (curve peakedness) = Φ 95 - Φ (Φ 75 - Φ 25 ) Platykurtic Mesokurtic Leptokurtic

42 Other descriptive parameters Roundness Particle shape

43 Other descriptive parameters Roundness very angular very round Particle shape square rectangular

44 Other descriptive parameters Roundness Particle shape Both of these can be quantitatively measured but what a pain in the ass! Much better to use qualitative methods.

45 Roundness (comparison of determination techniques) Qualitative (Powers, 1953)

46 Roundness Figure 14: Grain Sphericity: Composite Sample 4 Percentage Modal A Modal B Bulk Roundness Scale (Powers, 1953)

47 Descriptive parameters (simple visual comparisons)

48 Sampling Techniques Unconsolidated (soft) sediment (grab, coring, hand sampling) Lithified sedimentary rock (hammer, drill, saw)

49 Upcoming Stuff Homework Writing Assignment 1 (Paper structure): Due Thursday 2) Read Grain Size Lab Manual (online) 3) Formalize your 2 person sed team Thursday: No Lecture Botanical Gardens walkabout (grain size assignment prep) meet as usual at 11 AM in LSCB 316 This Weekend Think about your project; get your samples Next Tuesday: Sedimentary Rock Classification

50 Check the Calendar!

51 Writing Assignment 1

52 GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology Lecture 2: Grain Size Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.

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