PALIN GRANIT OY. o China, Italy, Spain, Poland, Taiwan, Germany, Russia ROCKS AROUND THE WORLD.

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2 PALIN GRANIT OY Founded 1921, family-owned Quarrying and manufacturing blocks Quarries in SW and SE Finland Personnel 100 Annual production m3 Export 90% o China, Italy, Spain, Poland, Taiwan, Germany, Russia

3 Natural stone industry today and the future challenges Olavi Selonen, Palin Granit Oy

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5 CHALLENGES FOR STONE INDUSTRY Role and concept of natural stone industry Availability of stone material Environmental issues Use of left-over stone Availability of skilled work force Growth of export of stone and added value Promotion for use of stone in domestic construction Promotion the culture connected to memorial stone Co-operation with developers in stone sector Strengthening the business management in stone industry Strengthening the technological knowledge in stone industry

6 EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES Mining industry Aggregate industry Natural stone industry

7 GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION Correlation between geology and location of deposits/quality of stone Selonen, O., Ehlers, C., Luodes, H. & Härmä, P Exploration methods for granitic natural stones - geological and topographical aspects from case studies in Finland. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 86, Heldal, T., Kjølle, I., Meyer, G.B. & Dahlgren, S National treasure of global significance. Dimension-stone deposits in larvikite, Oslo igneous province, Norway. Geological Survey of Norway Special Publication 11, 5 18.

8 PROCESS MAGMATIC PROCESSES -intrusions - type - structure - emplacement -volcanism METAMORPHIC PROCESSES -metamorphic grade - mineral composition - parent material -contact metamorphism DEFORMATIONAL PROCESSES -lineaments and shear zones -folding -fault zones and fracture zones -shape preferred mineral orientations (SPO) -foliation -lineation (-magmatic foliation) SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES STONE TYPE Granite Schist Soapstone Marble - sheet-like plutons parallel to the Ultramafic rocks, erosion surface indicate a large area of komatites raw material for granite, whereas Mg, Ca subvertical intrusions cover only a small part of the present peneplane - in mafic layered intrusions the pyroxene bearing phases are potential for black granite - late to post-tectonic/anorogenic intrusions indicate potential areas for granite -high grade areas indicate potential for multi-coloured granites -limited amount of biotite, and pelitic or igneous parent material is beneficial for deposits. -lineaments and shear zones indicate control of emplacement -lineaments and shear zones often border blocks with different metamorphic grades -folding of sheet-like intrusions indicates different amount of exposure (see above) -fold limbs seem to be combined with more intense SPOs than the massive hinges -faults and fractures indicate sparsely fractured areas -regular fracture patterns indicate sparsely fractured areas -subhorizontal SPOs indicate a welldeveloped, but often a dense sheeting (close to the terrain surface), and flat topography -subvertical SPOs indicate sparser sheeting than the subhorizontal fabrics -L>S-tectonites may have a higher potential for natural stone than L<Stectonites Stress/strain Schistosity/lineation Material composition 3-5 kbar C CO2 partial pressure Shear zones as pathways for CO2 fluids Folding -fold limbs seem to be combined with more intense deformation than the massive hinges? P & T contact metamorphism -faults and fractures indicate sparsely fractured areas -regular fracture patterns indicate sparsely fractured areas -fold limbs seem to be combined with more intense deformation than the massive hinges

9 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Environmental impact of natural stone production o groundwater/surface water o noise o vibration o dust o nature values o left-over stone and waste o landscape Landscaping of quarries After-use of quarries Legislation/Permits Sustainability o production o material durability

10 Afteruse of quarries

11 After-use of quarries

12 PROSPECT/QUARRY DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGY Assessment methods o colour, fractures o geophysical methods Quarrying methods o the Finnish method o diamond wire o underground o etc. Quarrying technology o positioning o automation o energy consumption

13 ADDRESSED BY THE STONE INDUSTRY Environmental impact during the life cycle of Finnish natural stone production Best environmental practices in natural stone production After-use of natural stone quarries Dissertation on dust emissions from natural stone quarrying Asrocks project on arsenic concentrations Several studies on left-over stone EPDs Health and safety in quarrying of stone (safequ project) MINIMAN project on discharges of nitrogen from explosives CLASS project on permeable pavements Green Mining programme for extractive industries Testing of all Finnish commercial stones Freeze-thaw testing Projects on prospecting and geology