Rocks and Minerals. Unit 2 Minerals

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1 Rocks and Minerals Unit 2 Minerals

2 Why are minerals important? Give us insight to Earth s history and development Essential to Industry- Copper, iron, aluminum Seen in our daily lives- Mica in toothpaste, talc in makeup, hematite in steel, TV needs silica, iron, copper

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4 What is a mineral? A mineral is: naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, that has a definite chemical composition, and a crystal structure. 1. a. b. Naturally occurring: Minerals- quartz, pyrite Not minerals- cement, steel

5 Minerals 2. Inorganic: NOT formed from living things or the remains of living things. a. Coal is NOT a mineral because it comes from Plants. b. Amber is NOT a mineral because it comes from Sap. c. Pearls are NOT a mineral because it comes from Oysters.

6 Definite Chemical Composition- Pg 16 ESRT Halite NaCl Sodium Chloride 1 Sodium/ 1 Chlorine Quartz SiO2 Silicone Dioxide 1 Silicon/ 2 Oxygen Pyrite FeS2 Iron Sulfide 1 Iron/ 2 Sulfur Hematite Fe2O3 Iron Oxide 2 Iron/ 3 Oxygen Magnetite Fe3O4 Iron Oxide 3 Iron/ 4 Oxygen

7 Definite Chemical Composition- Pg 16 ESRT Calcite CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate 1 Calcium/ 1 carbon/ 3 oxygen Graphite C Carbon 1 carbon Diamond C Carbon 1 carbon Sulfur S Sulfur 1 sulfur

8 Minerals 4. Solids- have a definite SIZE/VOLUME and a definite SHAPE. Oil is not a mineral because it is a liquid. 5. Crystal Structure: Atoms arranged in repeating patterns, characteristic geometry of its internal structure of atoms.

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10 The following minerals are both made of pure Carbon, why do they look different? Graphite Diamond Because the atoms are arranged differently.

11 Formation of Minerals 1. From cooling of lava/magma

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13 Formation of Minerals 2. When water evaporates, dissolved minerals remain behind. Ex: When a solution (water) is saturated with minerals, minerals will settle out of the solution. PRECIPITATES.

14 Dead Sea

15 Identifying Minerals Identifying minerals- minerals can be identified by their physical and chemical properties. 1. a. (1) (2) Color: Some minerals have only one color: Malachite- green Sulfur- yellow B. Other minerals have many colors: (1) (2) Quartz- clear, pink, purple, white, brown Hematite- black, grey, reddish brown, dark red

16 Color can vary as a result of: (1) Natural coloring agents: Impurities (2) Weathering: Exposure to the environment. Ex: air, temperature changes, pollution -Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors. Thus, color is not reliable.

17 Streak Streak- the color of the powder when a mineral is rubbed on a streak plate. a. Hematite Streak: Reddish Brown b. Quartz Streak: white/colorless

18 Luster Luster- the way a mineral shines or reflects light from its surface a) Metallic- shines/reflects light like the surface of a polished metal. Examples: galena, pyrite, graphite, magnetite b) Nonmetallic (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Pearly- mica Glassy- quartz, halite Dull, earthy- bauxite Waxy- talc Brilliant- diamond

19 Hardness 4. Hardness- a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched. a. b. Softest mineral- TALC Hardest mineral- DIAMOND 2.5 Fingernail 3.5 Copper 4.5 Iron Nail 5.5 Glass 6.5 Steel File 7 Streak Plate

20 Hardness Now try to answer the questions on page 5 of your note packet. E. What determines hardness? Minerals internal structure- the strength of the bonds between the atoms.

21 Cleavage a. Cleavage- when a mineral splits along smooth flat surfaces Examples of cleavage: The mineral mica cleaves in ONE direction. The mineral galena cleaves in THREE directions.

22 Cleavage What determines cleavage? Internal structure of mineral- types of bonds between atoms. Cleavage should not be confused with crystal shape. Cleavage is a property of the way a mineral BREAKS, while crystal shape is a property of the way a mineral GROWS. When minerals have plenty of space to grow, they form CRYSTALS.

23 Fracture Fracture- when a mineral breaks unevenly into curved or irregular pieces with rough and ridged surfaces. Examples of Minerals that show fracture: Sulfur, bauxite, hematite, quartz

24 Density or Heft A piece of gold has 8 times as much mass as a piece of halite that is the same size.

25 Chemical/Special Properties CALCITE reacts with hydrochloric acid. It forms bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. Lodestone, a form of the mineral MAGNETITE, is naturally MAGNETIC.

26 Special Properties Iceland spar, a form of the mineral CALCITE, produces DOUBLE REFRACTION. PITCHBLENDE is an example of a mineral that is RADIOACTIVE.

27 Uses of Minerals Ore- a mineral that contains METALS AND NONMETALS THAT CAN BE MINED AND REMOVED IN USABLE AMOUNTS FOR A PROFIT. Metals- elements that have shiny surfaces and are able to conduct HEAT and ELECTRICITY.

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29 Uses of Minerals 1. Iron Hematite 2. Aluminum Bauxite 3. Copper Chalcopyrite 4. Lead Galena 5. Silver Argenite 6. Gold Gold 7. Mercury Cinnabar

30 Alloy- a mixture of two or more metals or a mixture of metals and nonmetals Tin + copper = bronze Copper + zinc = brass Iron + chromium + limestone = steel Lead + tin = pewter

31 Nonmetals Nonmetals- elements that have dull surfaces and are poor conductors of HEAT and ELECTRICITY. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Halite- table salt Gypsum-wallboard Sulfur-matches Talc-powder Graphite- pencil lead Kaolinite-Bricks Calcite-Cement

32 Gems and Precious Stones Gems- minerals that have the following desirable qualities. Hardness, color, luster, clarity, durability, rarity Precious stones- diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds Semiprecious stones- amethyst, garnet, topaz Gems that are NOT minerals- pearls, amber

33 Rocks! How are rocks related to minerals?

34 Why study rocks?? They can tell us about the history of the Earth-Plants and animal fossils to tell us past living conditions. We can read these rocks to discover past climates. Predict where to search for oil and gas resources.

35 Geology- the branch of science that studies rocks. Rocks are CLASSIFIED on the basis of their FORMATION/ORIGIN. The three groups of rocks are: SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS METAMORPHIC

36 Rocks in relation to minerals Many kinds of rocks are composed of MINERALS. B. Some rocks are MONOMINERALIC - composed of ONLY ONE MINERAL. C. Most rocks are POLYMINERALIC- composed of TWO OR MORE MINERALS.

37 Common rock-forming minerals There are almost 3000 types of minerals, but only 8 of these minerals make up 90% of the rocks of Earth s crust. 1. Quartz 12% 2. Potassium Feldspar 12% 3. Plagioclase Feldspar 38% 4. Pyroxene 11% 5. Hornblende/Amphibole 5% 6. Biotite Mica 5% 7. Clays 4.6% 8. Olivine 3% 9. Other 8.4%

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39 Sedimentary Rocks Rocks that usually form in layers from accumulation of sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates.

40 Sedimentary Rocks

41 Types of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic- form from rock particles/sediments that are pressed and cemented together. Compaction- pressed by weight of overlying rocks Cementation- glued by natural cement in water (Calcite)

42 ESRT-Page 7 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Rock Name Grain Size (cm) Comment Conglomerate Boulders 25.6 Cobbles 6.4 Pebbles.2 Various size rock Particles and mud Silt and Sand Cemented together Sandstone Sand.006 Fine to coarse grains cemented together Siltstone Silt.0004 Very fine grained Shale Clay Compact, may split easily Map Symbol

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45 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Chemical- form from dissolved minerals in water that settle-out/precipitate. Dissolved minerals left behind when water evaporates.

46 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks-Pg. 7 ESRT Rock Name Limestone Rock Salt Rock Gypsum Dolostone Composition Comment Map Symbol

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48 Bioclastic Sedimentary Rocks 3. Bioclastic- formed from the accumulation of plant/animal matter that undergoes a transformation into rock. Rock Name Composition/Comment Limestone Cemented shell fragments Coal Carbon from plant remains

49 Formation of Coal-Bioclastic Sedimentary Rock

50 Formation of Coal PEAT- accumulated plant material LIGNITE known as BROWN COAL BITUMINOUS known as SOFT COAL ANTHRACITE known as SOFT COAL

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52 Important Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks 1. a. They are composed of rock fragments or organic particles. Some have a range of particle or sediment size. CONGLOMERATE B. others consist mainly of one size of sediments- due to sorting during deposition SANDSTONE

53 Characteristics of Sedimentary rocks 2. Some are organic-they form from plant and animal remains. FOSSIL LIMESTONE 3. FORM IN LAYERS CALLED STRATA OR BEDS. SHALE

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58 Igneous Rocks Formation A. Forms from the cooling and solidification/ crystallization of molten lava and magma. 1. When molten lava or magma COOLS and SOLIDIFIES, crystals of different minerals form the rock. The rock contains a crystalline structure of ingrown crystals of different SIZES, SHAPES, and COMPOSITION.

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61 Types of Igneous Rocks 1. Extrusive/Volcanic: forms from the fast cooling of lava on or near Earth s surface. Fast cooling does NOT allow time for crystals to grow. Rocks have small or no crystals and thus a smooth/fine texture.

62 Types of Igneous Rocks Intrusive/Plutonic: forms from slow cooling of magma within the Earth. Slow cooling allows time for large crystals to grow. Rocks have large crystals, thus a coarse/rough texture.

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64 Label the top diagram on page 17 with the following Lava Magma Extrusive Intrusive

65 Extrusive (Volcanic) Intrusive (Plutonic) Rate of Cooling Very Fast Fast Slow Grain Size non-crystalline Less than 1mm 1mm or larger Texture glassy fine coarse Examples obsidian basalt/rhyolite granite

66 Igneous Rocks Relationship between CRYSTAL SIZE and RATE OF COOLING. a. As the rate of cooling increases, the crystal size decreases.

67 Metamorphic Rocks Form from other pre-existing rock (sed, meta, ign) that have been changed.

68 Conditions that cause rocks to undergo metamorphism Heat Pressure Chemical Activity

69 Metamorphic Rocks Under conditions of high temperature and high pressure, many metamorphic rocks form by the process of RECRYSTALLIZATION. This is the growth of new mineral crystals from the crystals of an IGNEOUS or METAMORPHIC rock. Recrystallization occurs without true melting.

70 Metamorphic Rocks D. Changes in rock caused by metamorphism Increased density Chemical change/new minerals Banding Distorted Structure

71 Types of Metamorphism 1. Foliated- has mineral crystals arranged in parallel layers of bands. 2. Unfoliated- does NOT have mineral crystals in bands. Does not break in layers/sheets.

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74 Contact Metamorphism

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76 What will limestone and shale change into??

77 Review of the Rock Cycle

78 What should I study?? Make sure you know how to read/interpret pages 1, 6, 7, and 16 in ESRT Go over your note packets. Go over your practice Regents review questions. Look over your study guide and quizzes.

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(1) naturally occurring (2) inorganic (3) solid that has a (4) definite chemical composition and (5) crystal structure

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